2018/06/05

1.1 Fluid properties

and definitions
BY: DR. RA JE N DRA SHRE STHA
C O N DUCTED O N 2 0 1 8-5-08
M S E /MSR

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Definition of fluid and fluid mechanics:

The matters in the world are classified in three states
that are solid liquid and gas.

The gas and liquid are called fluid.

Most of the matters we come in our daily life are the

various forms of the fluid.

Fluid is not only important for our daily life, it also use
full for the generation of electricity, different
phenomena of surface and ground water.

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Definition of fluid and fluid

mechanics:
we are only specific on the normal conditions of
atmosphere.

We will consider the effects of temperature and

pressure in compressible flow.

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Fluid mechanics:
The study of fluid is one of the important subjects in
the study of science and technology.

The study of fluid and different phenomena of it is

called Fluid mechanics.

We study theoretical and expt characterises of fluid.

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Fluid mechanics:
In context of Nepal fluid is not only
important for the study of science, it
equally important of the generation of
electricity from its rich resource of water.

The fluid of liquid is also classified as an

ideal fluid and real fluid.

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Ideal fluid and Real fluid:

Ideal fluid: Real fluid:

Viscosity no yes
Surface Tension yes yes
Compressibility no yes
Density yes yes

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Properties of fluid:

The study of fluid mechanics urges to identify

the liquid in terms of different properties.

We could get the benefits of fluid phenomena

until we use the correct types of fluid. For
example, we use different types of liquids as a
manometers fluid according to its properties.

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Other properties of fluid:2

 Density
 Specific Volume
 Specific Weight
 Specific Gravity
 Viscosity
 Newtonian and non-Newtonian
fluid

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Other properties of fluid:2

 Cohesion and adhesion
 Surface tension
 Compressibility
 Vapor pressure
 Capillarity
 Thermodynamic Properties (Equation
of state of perfect gas)

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Fluid statics-1
Fluid pressure
Pressure variation in a fluid ( fundamental
equation of fluid static)
Pressure head

Atmospheric pressure
Gauge and absolute pressure
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Fluid statics-2
Measurement of pressure
Barometer
Manometer
Total force on plane and curved surface area
Center of pressure and gravity
Centroid (C.G.) and measurement
Bouyancy and flotation

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Kinematics of fluid flow

Description of fluid motion
Line of flow:
Path line
Stream line
Stream tube
Different types of displacement of fluid particles
Translation
Rotation
Distortion and deformation

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Kinematics of fluid flow

General types of fluid flow

Steady and unsteady flow
Uniform and non-uniform
Laminar flow and Turbulent flow
Compressible and incompressible Flow

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1.2 Continuity of Flow

Conducted on 2018-05-08 MSR/MSE

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Continuity of Flow
Matter is neither created nor destroyed. This principle
conservation of mass can be applied to a flowing fluid.

Considering any fixed region the flow constituting a

control volume.

Mass of fluid entering per unit time=

Mass of fluid leaving per unit time+
Increasing/decreasing of mass of fluid in the control volume
per unit time

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Continuity of Flow contd.

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Continuity of Flow contd.

For steady flow, the mass of fluid in the control volume remains
constant (mi1=mi2; me2=me2) and relation reduces to

Mass of fluid entering per unit time = Mass of fluid leaving per unit
time

Applying this principle to steady flow in a stream tube having a

cross sectional area small enough for the velocity to be considered
as constant over any given cross-section, for the region between
sections I and 2, since there can be no flow through the walls of a
stream tube;

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Continuity of Flow contd.

Mass entering per unit time at section 1 = Mass leaving
per unit time-at section 2

Suppose that at section 1 the area of the stream tube is

A1, the velocity of the fluid u1 and its density 1while at
section 2 the corresponding values are A2, u2 and 2while

Mass entering per unit time at 1 = A1 u1 1

Mass leaving per unit time at 2 = A2 u2 2

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Continuity of Flow contd.

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Continuity of
Flow contd.
A1 u1 1= A2 u2 2 = Constant

A1 u1 1= A2 u2 2 = m dot

where A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas and

m dot is the mass rate of flow.

This is the equation of continuity for the flow of a compressible fluid

through a any fixed region in stream tube, u1 and u2 being the velocities
measured at right angles to the cross-sectional areas A1 and A2.

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Continuity of Flow contd (real fluid , incompressible)

For the flow of a real fluid through a pipe or other conduit,
the velocity will vary from wall to wall. However, using the
mean velocity, the equation of continuity for steady flow can
be written as

A1 u1 1= A2 u2 2 = m dot

If the fluid can be considered as incompressible, so that 1 =2

equation reduce to,

A1 u1 = A2 u2 = Q dot

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Continuity of Flow contd (application):

The continuity equation can also be applied to determine the relation
between the flows into and out of a junction. In Figure, for steady
conditions,

Total inflow to junction = Total outflow from junction,

1Q1 =2Q2 +3Q3

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Continuity of Flow contd.

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Continuity of Flow contd.

For an incompressible fluid, 1 =2 =3 so that
Q1 =Q2 +Q3
A1v1= A2v2+ A3v3

In general, if we consider flow towards the junction as

positive and flow away from the junction as negative,
then for steady flow at any junction the algebraic sum of
all the mass flows must be zero:
Q=0

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1.2b Continuity Equation for 3D

flow using cartesian coordinate
C ONDUCTED O N 2018-05-08 MSR/MSE

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The control volume ABCDEFGH in figure below

is taken in the form of a small rectangular
prism with sides x, y and z in the x, y and z
directions, respectively.

The mean values of the component velocities

in these directions are vx, vy and vz.

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Considering flow in the x direction,

Mass inflow into ABCD in unit time = vxyz
In the general case, both mass density  and velocity vx will change in the x
direction and so,

Mass out flow through EFGH in unit time =

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Net rate of mass flow into the box in the X-

direction = -

Net rate of mass flow into the box in the Y-

direction = -

Net rate of mass flow into the box in the Z-

direction = -

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Total net rate of mass flow into the X,Y and Z direction

= -

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The sum of the rate of inflow in the 3Ds must equal to the time rate of
change of mass in the box.

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Equation holds for every point in a fluid flow weather

steady or U/S, compressible or U/C.

However for incompressible flow, the density is constant,

For 2D incompressible flow

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Problem:

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1.3 Bernoulli’s Equation of motion along

a streamline: MSESPM/MSR
A total energy in the fluid (hydro) is constant
unless external energy is added or extracted from
the system.

The energy in the system is expressed in terms of

pressure energy, velocity energy and elevation
energy – Bernoulli’s theorem
p/g + v2/2g + z = constant

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The fluid forces are:

1. Pressure of the fluid all around the body.

2. Gravity force is considered.

3. Viscosity, surface tension, electricity,

magnetism, chemical or nuclear
energy/reactions are assumed negligibly
small.

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Consider:
1. A stream tube surrounding the streamlines and
having a cross-sectional area small enough for the
velocity to be considered constant over the cross-
section.

2. The force due to pressure at the side of the element

have component in the flow direction and
perpendicular to it.

3. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid, there will be no

shear stresses on the sides of the stream tube.
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Figure:

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Conditions:
It is also assumed that the flow is steady.

Curvature of the streamlines over this distance may be neglected.

The pressure, velocity and so on will (in general) vary with s.

Each variable may be regarded as a function of s only.

p is negative.

At the sides of the element the pressure varies along the length, but a mean
value of p + kp may be assumed and k is a fraction less than unity.

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Total force:
The total force acting on the element in the direction of flow is:

= pA -(p + p)(A + A) + (p + kp)A - gAs cos

= -Ap -gAs cos = -Ap -gAz (since, s cos = z)

Newtons IInd Law, Force = m˟ a= As du/dt

-Ap -gAz = As du/dt

Dividing by As and taking limit s0

(1/) dp/ds + du/dt + g dz/ds = 0

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Total force:
(1/) dp/ds + du/dt + g dz/ds = 0
du/dt = u/s s/t +u/t= u u/s +u/t

But for steady flow the local acceleration

u/t = 0 and so du/dt = u(du/ds)

(1/) dp/ds + u du/ds + g dz/ds = 0

It is called Euler’s Equation.

For fluid of constant density, and integrating,

p/ + u2/2 +gz = constant It is called Bernoulli’s Equation.
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Limitation:
Bernoulli's equation applies.

The fluid must be frictionless (inviscid) and of

constant density; the flow must be Steady.

The relation holds in general only for a single

streamline and stream tube.

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Numerical:
A pipe line carrying oil (S= 0.8) change in
diameter from 300 mm at position 1 to 600 mm
diameter at position 2 which is 5 m at a higher
level. If the pressures at position 1 and 2 are
100kN/m2and 60kN/m2 respectively and the
discharge is 300 L/s. Determine the loss of head
and the direction of the flow.

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1.4 Impulse
Momentum
CONDUCTED ON 2017-2-05 MSR
CONDUCTED ON 2017-2-05 MSE

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Development. of impulse momentum principle

It is derived from 'Newton's Second Law of Motion' and
which states:

"The resultant external force acting on any body in any

direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum”

What may be the fluid or flow type, i.e. compressible or

incompressible, real or ideal, steady or unsteady the
impulse equation is applied to all of them.

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Impulse momentum principle:

Also it can be stated as

'' the impulse of a force F acting on a fluid mass

'm' in a short interval of time dt is equal to the
change of momentum d(mv) in the direction of
force".

Fdt = d(mv)

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Application of Impulse momentum

principle:
To determine the resultant force acting on the boundary of flow
passage.
(I) Pipe bends
(II) Reducers
(III) Moving and stationary vanes
(IV) Jet Propulsion

To determine the characteristic of flow when there is abrupt change of

flow section.
(I) Sudden Enlargement in pipe
(II) Hydraulic Jump in Channel etc.

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Force on a pipe bend:

Let us consider a flow in a pipe bend and stream tube as shown
below. Flow parameters can be assumed to normal to the inlet and
outlet areas.

Let V1, 1= average velocity and density at inlet

V 2,  2 = average velocity an density at outlet

Again suppose that the mass of fluid in the region 1234 shifts to new
position 1'2'3'4' due to the effect of external forces on
the stream tube after a short interval.

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Due to gradual increase in the flow area in the direction

of flow, velocity of fluid mass and hence the momentum
is gradually reduced.

Since the area 1'2'34 is common to both the regions

1234 and 1'2'3'4' therefore it will not experience any
change in momentum.

Obviously then the changes in momentum of the fluid

masses in the sections 122'1' and 433'4' will have to be
considered.

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Momentum of fluid contained in the region 122'1'

= (1A1ds1)V1 = (1A1V1dt)V 1

Momentum of fluid contained in the region 433'4'

= (2A2ds2)V2 = (2A2V2dt)V 2
Change in momentum
= (2A2V2dt)V2 - (1A1V1dt)V 1
For incompressible flow 1 = 2=
And from continuity equation A1 V 1 = A2 V 2 =
Q
Change in momentum = Q (V 2 –V1) dt .
Using impulse momentum principle,
Fdt= Q (V2 –V1) dt
F= Q (V2 –V1)

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Resolving (V 2 and V 1) along x-axis and y -axis, we get:

Components along X-axis: V1 cos1 and V2 cos2
Components along y -axis: V1 sin1 and V2 sin2

Where, 1 and 2 are the inclinations with the

horizontal of the centerline of the pipe at 1-2 and 3-4

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Now, Components of force along X-axis and Y-axis are:

Fx =(Q )(V2 cos2 - V1 cos1)
Fy =(Q )(V2 sin2 - V1 sin1)
These are the forces on fluid by the bend,

To determine the force on bend by fluid simply change the

direction.
Fx =(Q )(V1 cos1 – V2 cos2)
Fy =(Q )(V1 sin1 – V2 sin2)

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The magnitude of the resultant force acting on the

pipe bend is given by,
F =  (Fx2 +Fy2)

And the direction of resultant force with x-axis is

given by,
 = tan -1 Fy / Fx

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Dynamic forces and static pressure

forces:
Since the dynamic forces must be supplemented by the
static pressure forces acting over the inlet and outlet
sections, therefore, we have:

Fx =(Q )(V1 cos1 – V2 cos2) + p1A1cos1 – p2A2cos2

Fy =(Q )(V1 sin1 – V2 sin2) +p 1A1sin1 – p2A2sin2

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Problems: St Eg. 3.16 pp 120

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1.5 STREAMLINES AND

THE STREAM FUNCTION

Dr. Rajendra Shresth

2018-05-22

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STREAMLINES :
The streamline is the one which is a purely theoretical line in space
defined as being tangential to instantaneous velocity vectors.

From this definition of a streamline, it follows that there can be no

flow across it.
The concept of the streamline is very useful in ideal flow, as
occurring in patterns of streamlines.

These patterns may be described mathematically.

The stream function , describes a flow field.
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STREAM FUNCTION:
 Two adjacent stream- lines of a
two-dimensional flow field.

 Let  (x, y) represent the

streamline nearest the origin. Then
 + d  is representative of the
second streamline.

d  represents the flow carried

between the two SLs of the figure.

There is no flow across a streamline.

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STREAM FUNCTION:
For continuity referring to the triangular fluid element of
incompressible fluid of unit distance apart,

 d = -vdx˟1 +udy ˟1
 d = ( / x) dx + ( / y) dy

 Comparing the last 2 Eq.

 u=  / y, v= - / x
According to 2D continuity eq. condition is ( u/ x) + ( v/ y) =0
[ ( / y )/ x] - [ ( / x) / y] =0
Flow described by  automatically satisfies the continuity equation
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Straight streamlines flow:

Streamlines are straight,
parallel. and evenly spaced .

In this case v = 0 and u =

constant , U=velocity of flow
a= distance between stream
lines

d = -vdx +udy
or d = udy
or = Uy

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Source or a sink flow:

 source or a sink, the flow field consists of

 radial streamlines symmetrically spaced as shown in figure.

 If q is the source strength, or rate of flow from the source

  = q/2
 Customarily, for this case, the  = 0, streamline is defined as that
coincident with the direction of the x axis.
 For sink (inward flow), the stream function is:
  = - q/2

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Combined by superposition Flow:

 For example, let us combine a source and sink of

equal strength with a rectilinear flow.

 Let 2a be the distance between the source and

sink. Referring to the figure and defining 1 and
2 as shown, we can write for the combined field.

  = Uy + q1/2 -q2/2

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1.7 Velocity potential (Introduction):

The flow takes place in a pipe line if there is a difference of
pressure.

The direction of flow will take place from higher to the lower
pressure.

Thus the velocity of flow in a certain direction will depend

upon the potential difference which is known as velocity
potential and denoted by  (phi).

The velocity potential is scalar function of position and time.

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Velocity potential function is a function of x, y and z such

that its partial derivative with respect to displacement in
any direction is equal to the velocity component.

u = / x , v= / y, w= / z

u, v and w are the velocity components in x, y and z

directions respectively.

Potential line and stream line are orthogonal to each other.

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1.8 Flow Net

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