CERTIFICATE

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “ EHV Operation
and maintenance “ is an automatic record of our own work carried out under the supervision of Mr
Anil Kumar.
Submitted by:
1. Himanshu bansal (2k12/EL/038)
2. Japneet singh (2K12/EL/041)

This is to certify that above statements made by the students are best to the correct of my
knowledge. The report was made under my supervision and i express my delight on its successful
completion .

MENTOR
MR. ANIL KUMAR
(DGM, EHV-O&M,SOUTH-EAST)
CONTENTS

1.Circuit breakers
(a) Circuit breaker testing
(b) Operation
(c) Standard current ratings
(d) Types of circuit breakers
2.Buchholz relay
3.Electrical substation
(a) elements of sub station
(b) transmission and distribution of electrical power.
4.Instrument transformers
(a) Current transformers
(b) Potential transformers
7. Precaution in substation
(a) Pressure relief valve
(b) Sudden pressure relay
8. Marshalling box
9. Tap changer
10. Conservator
11. Earth isolator
12. Bus Coupler
Electrical substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system. The
assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage ,p.f control etc.) of an
electrical supply is called a substation.
Some of the main operations of substations are:
1. To receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations.
2. To decrease the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution.
3.To provide switching facilities.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and
its voltage may change in several steps.

Elements of a substation
1. Disconnect switch
2. Circuit breaker
3. Current transformer
4. Potential transformer
5. Main transformer
Transmission and distribution of electrical power

By transmission and distribution of electrical power is meant its conveyance from the central
station where it is generated to the places where it is demanded by the consumers (like pumping
stations,residential and commercial buildings, mills, factories etc.)

1. The maximum generated voltage in advanced countries is 33Kv while that in India is 11kV.
2. The amount of power that has to be transmitted through transmission lines is very large and of
this power is transmitted at
11kV (or 33kV) the line current and power loss would be very large. Therefore this voltage is
stepped up to a higher value by using step up transformers located in sub-stations.
3.The transmission voltages in India are 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV.
4. The transmission lines and feeders are 3-phase 3-wire circuits.
5. The distributors are 3-phase 4-wire circuits because a neutral wire is necessary to supply the
single-phase loads of domestic and commercial consumers.
6.The transmission network is commonly known as Grid.
Current transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents. Current
transformers, together with voltage (or potential) transformers (VT or PT), are known
as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very
high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry.
Design
The current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core and a secondary winding.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which
then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding circuit. An essential objective of
current transformer design is to ensure the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled,
so the secondary current is linearly proportional to the primary current.
Usage
The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. The rated secondary current is
commonly standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT secondary winding will supply
an output current of 5 amperes when the primary winding current is 4000 amperes. The secondary
winding can be single or multi-ratio, with five taps being common for multi-ratio CT's.
Safety precautions
Care must be taken that the secondary of a current transformer is not disconnected from its load
while current is in the primary, as the transformer secondary will attempt to continue driving
current across the effectively infinite impedance up to its core saturation voltage. This may
produce a high voltage across the open secondary into the range of several kilo volts,
causing arcing , compromising operator and equipment safety, or permanently affect the accuracy
of the transformer.
Potential transformer (Voltage transformer)
Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase
shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to
have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may have
several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use in different metering or
protection circuits. The primary may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The
secondary is usually grounded on one terminal.
There are three primary types of voltage transformers(VT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical.
The electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire-wound transformer. The capacitor voltage
transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost
than an electromagnetic VT. An optical voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of
optical materials. measurement of high voltages is possible by the potential transformers.
Advantages of Instrument Transformers
1.The measuring instruments can be placed for away from the high voltage side by connecting long
wires to the instrument transformer. This ensures the safety of instruments as well as the
operator.
2.This instrument transformers can be used to extend the range of measuring instruments like
ammeters and voltmeters.
3.The power loss in instrument transformers is very small as compared to power loss due to the
resistance of shunts and multipliers.
4.By using current transformer with tong tester, the current in a heavy current circuit can be
measured.
WHY TRANSFORMERS EXPLODE?

During a transformer short-circuit, the electrical arc vaporizes oil and creates a Dynamic pressure
peak which travels at the speed of 1,200 meters per second (4,000 feet per second). This
phenomenon occurs within a few milliseconds. Because of reflections in the tank the pressure peak
will generate pressure waves. The integration of all of the waves pressure peaks creates static
pressure. Then, the pressure becomes equal throughout the entire transformer tank within 50 to
100 milliseconds after the electrical arc, and causes the transformer tank to rupture.
Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual
household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an
entire city.

Circuit Breaker testing

CONTACT RESISTANCE METER
Operation
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low voltage circuit breakers this is usually done
within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the trip
opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a
separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current
transformers, protective relays and an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;
some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained
within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be
obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated, larger units
have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made
of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials. Service life of the
contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current.
Miniature and molded-case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn,
but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts.

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

Types of circuit breakers
1. LOW VOLATAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
2. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3. THERMAL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS
4. COMMON TRIP BREAKERS
5. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
6. HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
7. SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
8. DISCONNECTING CIRCUIT BREAKER
9. CARBON DIOXIDE HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER

MARSHALLING BOX
The transformer is provided with certain fittings directly mounted on the transformer at various
locations. These fittings are having electrical contacts or terminals which are required to be
connected to the protection schemes to give alarm/annunciation under abnormal conditions and if
further required to disconnect the transformer from mains. In order to facilitate connections of all
such devices to the protective scheme, the cables from all such contacts are wired upto a weather
proof terminal box. This box called marshalling box, is also used for housing Oil Temperature
Indicator (OTI) and winding Temperature Indicator (WTI)The Marshalling box is made of sheet metal
and is provided with a glass window for observing OTI& WTI .Is has a hinged door with locking
facility to prevent unauthorized access. The capillaries from OTI& WTI come out from the bottom of
the Marshalling box through suitably recessed gland plate thus preventing ingress of dust.
TAP CHANGER
tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer winding that
allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable
turns ratio is produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap selection may
be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism.
On-load tap changers (OLTC) are mostly with oil-immersed transformer connected to the utility
power supply at a voltage level exceeding 34.5kV.Because the majority of power companies
stipulated a voltage variation of ± 10 % in the power contract, the tap changer is provided with an
equivalent range of voltage regulation of ± 10 % in 16 or 32 steps.16 step tap changer provides
5/4% voltage change in each step.32step tap changer provides 5/8% voltage change in each step
thus more preferred.
When the tap-changer design requires an oil-expansion tank, it shall be piped to a separate
compartment in the conservator. A separate tap-changer gas-detector relay is located in this pipe.

CONSERVATOR
The Conservator is a cylindrical component of the transformer. The conservator is located at the top
of the transformer. The Conservator is designed to act as a reservoir for the transformer oil. The
level of the oil in the transformer can rise and fall due to temperature. The increase
of temperature can be caused either by a rise in ambient temperature or due to increased load on
the transformer.

An increase in temperature causes the oil in the transformer to expand. The conservator provides
space for this expansion of the oil. The oil level indicator in the conservator needs to be monitored
to ensure that the level of oil does not fall below the alarm limit.

As the level of oil rises and falls inside the conservator, air enters and leaves the chamber. The air
may carry moisture which may cause the oil to deteriorate. Breathers filled with silica gels are
provided to separate moisture from the aspirated air.

The silica gel turns blue when it becomes saturated with moisture after which it needs to be
replaced.
EARTH ISOLATOR
In electrical engineering a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that
an electrical circuit is completely de-energised for service or maintenance. Such switches are often
found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source
of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of
the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or
automatically (motorized disconnector).

Bus coupler
Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption
in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two
busbsar in order to perform maintenance on other circuit breaker associated with that busbars.
It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.
PROTECTION ON POWER TRANSFORMERS

In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a
fault is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils
operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as
over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over- and under- frequency. Microprocessor-based
digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing types of protection
and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays. In many cases a single microprocessor
relay provides functions that would take two or more electromechanical devices. By combining
several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over
electromechanical relays. However, due to their very long life span, tens of thousands of these
"silent sentinels" are still protecting transmission lines and electrical apparatus all over the world.
An important transmission line or generator unit will have cubicles dedicated to protection, with
many individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.
1. Over current relay
A digital over current relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current
exceeds a pickup value. The ANSI device number is 50 for an instantaneous over current (IOC) and
51 for a time over current (TOC). In a typical application the over current relay is connected to a
current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay
operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker.
2. Current differential protection
Another common form of protection for apparatus such as transformers, generators, busses and
power lines is current differential. This type of protection works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff's
current law, which states that the sum of the currents entering and exiting a node will equal zero.
Differential protection requires a set of current transformers (smaller transformers that transform
currents down to a level which can be measured) at each end of the power line, or each side of the
transformer. The current protection relay then compares the currents and calculates the difference
between the two.
As an example, a power line from one substation to another will have a current differential relay at
both substations which communicate with each other. In a healthy condition, the relay at
substation A may read 500 amps (power exporting) and substation B will read 500 amps (power
importing). If a path to earth or ground develops there will be a surge of current. As supply grids
are generally well interconnected the fault in the previous example will be fed from both ends of
the power line. The relay at substation A will see a massive increase in current and will continue to
export. Substation B will also see a massive increase in current, however it will now start to export
as well. In turn the protection relay will see the currents traveling in opposite directions (180
degrees phase shift) and instead of cancelling each other out to give a summation of zero it will see
a large value of current. The relays will trip the associated circuit breakers. This type of protection
is called unit protection, as it only protects what is between the current transformers.
3. Buchholz relay
In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device
mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead
oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the
effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment.
Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow
accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating
oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is
used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow
oil leaks.
If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil
operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will
operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.
Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.
Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing,
whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak.
Buchholz relays have been applied to large power transformers at least since the 1940s. The relay
was first developed by Max Buchholz (1875–1956) in 1921.
4.OIL SURGE RELAY
The OSR (Oil Surge relay) are located on the OLTC (On load tap changer) chamber, the principal of
OSR relay is also same as BH relay, as we know OLTC has Moving parts and here more sparking
come in picture due to which gas pressure builds up in OLTC chamber, this pressure is sensed by
the OSR and circuit is tripped,
5. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Pressure Relief Valve is a safety element of the transformer employs to prevent heavy damages of
the tank in the case of sudden rise of the internal pressure. These Valve have been designed in
order to remove the excess pressure in a very short time as soon as the pressure in the tank rises
above predetermined safe limit the valve operates and allow the pressure to drip instantaneously,
it avoids damage to transformer body.
6.SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY-

Modern sudden pressure relays consist of three bellows (see figure) with silicone sealed inside.
Changes in pressure in the transformer deflect the main sensing bellows. Silicone inside acts on
two control bellows arranged like a balance beam, one on each side. One bellows senses pressure
changes through a small orifice. The opening is automatically changed by a bimetallic strip to
adjust for normal temperature changes of the oil.

The orifice delays pressure changes in this bellows. The other bellows responds to immediate
pressure changes and is affected much more quickly. Pressure difference tilts the balance beam
and activates the switch.

This type relay automatically resets when the two bellows again reach pressure equilibrium. If
this relay operates, do not re-energize the transformer until you have determined the exact cause
and corrected the problem.

Old style sudden pressure relays have only one bellows. A sudden excessive pressure within the
transformer tank exerts pressure directly on the bellows, which moves a spring-loaded operating
pin. The pin operates a switch which provides alarm and breaker trip. After the relay has
operated, the cap must be removed and the switch reset to normal by depressing the reset
button.

7.MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE

This device is used to indicate the position of transformer insulating oil level inconservator of
transformer. This is a mechanical device.
Working Principle of Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG

All oil immersed distribution and electrical power transformers are provided with expansion vessel
which is known as conservator of transformer. This vessel takes care of oil expansion due to
temperature rise. When transformer insulating oil is expanded, the oil level in the conservator tank
goes up. Again when oil volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the oil level in the
conservator goes down. But it is essential to maintain a minimum oil level in theconservator tank of
transforer even at lowest possible temperature. All large electrical power transformers are
therefore provided with a magnetic oil level indicator or magnetic oil gauge. In conventional
conservator tank, a light weight hollow ball or drum floats on the transformer insulating oil. The
float arm is attached with bevel gear as we already explained during the discussion on the
construction of magnetic oil gauge. Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending
upon the oil level in the conservator and consequently the alignment of float arm changes.
Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of bevel gear is transmitted to the pointer
outside the conservator, as this pointer is magnetically coupled with the bevel gear. The pointer of
magnetic oil level indicator is also incorporated with a mercury switch. So it is need not say, when
oil level in the conservator goes up and down, the pointer moves on the MOG dial to indicate the
actual level of transformer insulating oil in conservator tank. As the alignment of mercury switch
changes along with the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible alarm when pointer
reaches near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event alerts us for topping up
oil in electrical power transformer.

8.WINDING AND OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATION

These are generally precision instruments. A temperature indicator of power transformeris
specially designed for protection of transformer in addition to its temperature indication and
cooling control features. That means, this device performs three functions

1) These instruments indicate instantaneous temperature of oil and windings of transformer.

2) These also record maximum temperature rise of oil and windings.
3) These instruments operate high temperature alarm at a predetermined value of allowable
temperature limit.
4) Temperature indicators of transformer can also trip the circuit breakers associated with
the power transformer when the temperature of oil or winding reaches a predetermined limit.
5) These devices also control the cooling system of transformer. Switch on the cooling equipment
when the winding attains a preset high temperature and switch it off when the temperature drops
by an established differential.

Types of Temperature Indicator of Transformer

There are mainly two types of temperature indicators used in transformer. Principally both of the
instruments are the same but, one is used for oil temperature and the other is used for winding
temperature. There is another type of temperature indicator often used in power transformer,
which is little bit different principally and this is remote temperature indicator.

The types of temperature indicator of transformer are

1) Oil temperature indicator (OTI)

2) Winding temperature indicator (WTI)

9.RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current transformer of the
affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer,
hence the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will not be actuated for
external earth fault. But during internal fault the neutral current transformer only carries the
unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth Fault Relay takes place. This scheme
of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for internal earth fault of electrical power
transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively cheaper than differential protection scheme
Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing internal
earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical
power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then common terminals are
connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current Transformer or NCT. The CT or Current
Transformer connected to the neutral of power transformer is called Neutral Current Transformer
or Neutral CT or simply NCT. Whenever there is an unbalancing in between three phases of
the power transformer, a resultant unbalance current flow through the close path connected to the
common terminals of the CT secondaries. An unbalance current will also flow through the neutral
of power transformerand hence there will be a secondary current in Neutral CT because of this
unbalance neutral current. In Restricted Earth Fault scheme the common terminals of phase CTs are
connected to the secondary of Neutral CT in such a manner that secondary unbalance current of
phase CTs and the secondary current of Neutral CT will oppose each other. If these both currents
are equal in amplitude there will not be any resultant current circulate through the said close path.
The Restricted Earth Fault Relay is connected in this close path. Hence the relay will not response
even there is an unbalancing in phase current of the power transformer.