Areva CT CVT Presentation

Instrument Transformers
Basics, Features, Monitoring and

Maintenance
K. MOHANA
Products Profile and Details
26/03/2009
Bangalore Site
3 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 3

AREVA T&D
Instrument Transformers India Private Limited
Built area : 16,350 sq.m

People : 250
Workers : 173
Engineers & Employees : 77
Activities
HV Instrument Transformers
Line Traps
Condenser Bushings
Bangalore
India - Bangalore Site

AREVA T&D
Instrument Transformers India Private Limited
India - Bangalore Site

HV Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers (Paper-oil) up to 765 kV
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (Paper/Film/Oil) up to 765 kV
Line Traps up to 1mh / 3150A & 800kV
Condenser Bushings up to 420 kV

Bangalore Site at a Glance
An History of Innovative Excellence

1976 - WSI is created
(Line Traps and Capacitor Voltage Transformers)
1977 - Started Bushings manufacture
1983 - WSI started Current Transformers production (420 kV)
1991 - ISO-9001 Certification
2000 - WSI Bangalore unit sold to ALSTOM group
2002 - Commercialization of mixed dielectric technology (CCV)
for Capacitor Voltage Transformers as per AREVA T&D
design
2005 - IS0-14001:2004 certification for environmental system
2005 - Plant becomes part of AREVA T&D
2005 - Top core Current Transformers (CTH) transferred from
AREVA T&D

Bangalore Site at a Glance
A leader and a Pioneer

30 years of operating experience in India
First manufacturer in India for
3600 Amps Current Transformers
Only manufacturer of Wall-to Wall
and Oil-Oil bushings in India
First manufacturer of 400 kV (8800pF)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers in India
First manufacturer of 1mH / 3150 Amps
Line Traps in India
Over 25,000 Current Transformers
and Capacitor Voltage Transformers
in operation
Over 40,000 Line Traps on site

Basics of Instrument Transformer

Instrument Transformer
Sensing function
Voltage sensor Magnetic circuit (core)

Primary
Windings
Secondary
Windings
U1
U2

Sensing function
Current sensor
I2
I1

Sensing function
Current sensor
Multiple secondary
I2
I2
I1

Definition of an
Voltage Transformer :
Primary
U1
U1 n1
= =K
n1 U2 n2
K:
Transformation
ratio
n2
U2
Secondary

Definition of an
Current Transformer :
I1 Primary
n1 .I1 = n 2 .I 2
n1 I1 n 2
= =K
K: I 2 n1
Transformation
ratio Ampere-Turns
Conservation
n2 Law
Secondary I2

Instrument Transformer Error
Primary
Up
Voltage
VoltageTransformer
Transformer::
Up (theoretically = k.US)
K
φ: Phase error
K.Us
Us ε:Rat
io e
rror
Secondary
Up
k=
Us
Instrument Transformer Error
Primary
Ip
Current
Currenttransformer
transformer::
Ip
K
φ: Phase error
K.Is
ε:Rat
io e
rror
Secondary Is
Ip
TC : K=
Is

Reminder
EMF Equation
Eeff = 4,44.n.f.B.S Volts,W/m²,m²

Eeff = 2.n.B.S.10−6 at 50 Hz,Gauss, cm²
D
Electrodynamical Forces
2.I1 .I2 .L −7 I1 I2 L
F= .10 [N,m,A] F F
D

Current Transformers
Eye Bolt Design - IT range

Full Range of HV Technologies
Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 245 kV - IT range
1. Oil filling plug

2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling valve
4. Collar
IT 245 Cross section 5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores
Eye bolt design

Eye Bolt Design
Vacuum Treatment
Oven
Target :
Remove all the water trapped in
the paper (and in other
materials) during insulation
process
Duration :
Up to 3 weeks
Active part
IT range

Eye Bolt Design
Vacuum Treatment
Oven
Target :
Remove all the water trapped in
the paper (and in other
materials) during insulation
process
Duration :
Up to 3 weeks
Active part
IT range

Hair-Pin Design - ITT / IT range

Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 420 kV - ITT 245

- IT 400
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
IT 400 Cross section 5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Hair-Pin design

Hair-Pin Design
Technical Data
Rated voltage : 245 to 420 kV

Technology : Hair-Pin
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Rated primary current : up to 3000
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1” (245 kV)
- 60 kA 1” (420 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 245 420
kg 1400 2300
ITT range

Protection accuracy classes
CEI
CEI600
60044-1
44-1
Accuracy classes (Protection)

Maximum current error in % of IP
Accuracy limit primary current = fL.IN
Burden :SN
C l a sse Ra t i o e r r o r Ph a se C o m p o si t e
a t In d i sp l a c e m e n t erro r a t
a t In f L. I N
5 P ± 1 % ± 6 0 m in . ± 5 %
10 P ± 3 % ± 10 %

Factors for Protection
Over Current and Earth Fault Protection
Parameters
1. ALF ( accuracy limiting factor)
2. Composite error

1. Accuracy Limiting Factor
What is Accuracy Limiting factor ?
It is the factor of over current above the rated current which

determines the capability of CT to maintain the error at such
a condition.
2. Composite error
It is the error of the CT when this over current is applied.

CEI
CEI600
60044-1
Composite error : 44-1
Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the

difference between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current, and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary
current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio
T
εc =
100 1
(Kn Is − ip )2.dt
Ip T 0
Kn is the rated transformation ratio;

Ip is the r.m.s. value of the primary current;
ip is the instantaneous value or the primary current;
is is the instantaneous value of the secondary current;
28
T is the duration of one cycle.
> Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 28
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error
For e.g if the class designation is 5P20
20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when

20 times the rated primary current is applied the composite
error of 5P( +/- 5%) is maintained.
Typical Class designations are
5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

Transformer and Busbar Differential Protection
Parameters
1. Knee Point Voltage requirement(Vk)
2. Exciting current ( Io)
3. Resistance of CT (Rct)

Saturation curve
Induction
B [T] 18500 gauss
Protection CT
8000 gauss
Metering CT
Primary current
Ip/In
10 20 30 40

1. Knee Point Voltage(Vk):
Knee point voltage is point beyond which an

application of 10% of voltage increases the exciting
current by 50%.
The typical equations for Vk ( based on relay used)
Vk > 24 In (Rc t+2RL)- for Transformer Differential
Where In: Relay rated current

RL = Total lead Resistance
Rc t = CT secondary resistance

Type Tests
Type tests
IEC
IEC600
60044-1
44-1
a) short-time current tests
b) temperature rise test
c) lightning impulse test
d) switching impulse test
e) wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) determination of errors

Current Transformer
Routine tests
CEI
CEI600
60044-1
44-1
CEI
CEI60-1
60-1
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformers:
a) verification of terminal markings
b) power-frequency withstand test on primary winding
c) partial discharge measurement
d) power-frequency withstand test on secondary windings
e) power-frequency withstand tests, between sections
f) inter-turn overvoltage test
g) determination of errors
The order of the tests is not standardized, but determination of

errors shall be performed after the other tests.

Causes of Failure and Monitoring/Maintenance

CT Failure and remedial action
Generally failures can happen due to the following

reasons
• Opening of C terminal (used for tan delta and

capacitance measurement) when CTs are in
energisation.This leads to very high voltages
resulting in failure.

CT Failure and remedial action
Remedial actions in CT at site to avoid failures
• Tangent delta and Capacitance measurement from the

C terminal at periodic intervals once in three years or
during shutdown.
• Dissolved gas analysis of oil taken out from CT alteast

once in five years.
• Thermo vision scanning of CTs of rating 400kV ( or

above).

CT - Specification Upgradation

Dissolved Gas Analysis -
Roger’s Method
CH4 / H2 C2 H6 / CH4 C2H4 / C2 H6 C2H2 / C2 H4 EVALUATION
0 0 0 0 IF RATIO CH4 / H2<=0.1 NORMAL

1 0 0 0 SLIGHT OVERHEATING <150Deg C
1 1 0 0 SLIGHT OVERHEATING 150 -200 Deg C
0 1 0 0 OVERHEATING 200 -300 Deg C
0 1 1 0 GENERAL CONDUCTOR OVERHEATING
1 0 1 0 CIRCULATING CURRENT/OVERHEATED JOINT
0 0 0 1 FLASHOVER WITH POWER FOLLOW THROUGH
0 1 0 1 TAP CHANGER SLECTOR BREAKING CURRENT
0 0 1 1 ARC WITH POWER THROUGH/ PERSISTENT SPARKING
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Ethylene C2H4
Acetylene C2H2
Hydrogen H2

Partial discharge test
COMPARISON OF EXISTING AND NEW METHOD OF PARTIAL

DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
SL STANDARD PRE STRESS VOLTAGE PD MEASURING LIMITS
NO VOLTAGE OF PD
1 EXISTING STANDARD 0.8*1.3*Um For One Minute 1.1Um/sqrt3 <10pC

IS:2705 eg 151kV for 132kV system 92 kv for 132kV
2 NEW STANDARD 80% of Power frequency 1.2Um/Sqrt3 <5pC

IEC 60044-1 voltage for one minute 100.5kV
Cl 5.1.2.2 & 8.2.2.2 220kV for 132kV system Um = 145kV <10pC
Where Um is the Highest system voltage of the CT.

Multiple Chopped Impulse test
As per IEC 60044-1 ( 2002)
Application of 100 chopped impulses of negative polarity

on CTs of ratings above 300kV. These impulses will be
applied at the rate of one impulse per minute. The test
Voltage shall be 60% of the rated lightning impulse voltage
Before the test and three days after the test the dissolved
gas analysis of oil taken from CT will be carried out.Analysis
procedure and fault diagnosis shall be as per IEC 60599.

Special test
A. Thermal Stability test :
This involves simultaneous application of rated voltage
(1.1Um/Sqrt3) and rated simultaneous current
(1.2,1.5 etc)
by using a synthetic test circuit.Capacitance, tangent
delta,
secondary resistance and temperature of primary
terminal
are recorded until stable values are acquired.
This test demonstrates the insulation capacity (

healthiness)
under energised conditions.

Special test
B. Temperature coefficient test:

The CT is heated in a oven to approximately 90Deg C.
The tan delta is measured at ambient, 80 and 90 deg C
at voltages of 0.3,0.7,1.0 and 1.1Um/Sqrt3.
This test demonstrates the healthiness at high extreme

temperature conditions.

Capacitor Voltage Transformers
CCV range

Capacitor Voltage Transformers (Paper/Film/Oil) up to 765 kV

CCV range
1
2
3 1. Oil level indicator (optional)
4 2. Expansion device
3. Capacitor units
5 4. Insulating oil
5. Porcelain insulator
6
6. Sealing
7. Electromagnetic unit
8. Low voltage terminals box/
HF terminal
9. Series inductance
7
10. Medium voltage transformer
11. Damping circuit against
ferroresonance effects
8
9
10
11

Accurate Measurement of HV

Coupling Capacitors CCV / CC 72.5 to 765 kV
Line protection
HF transmission
Compliance with IEC, ANSI or equivalent standards
Reduce the slope of the RRRV (Rate of Rise of Recovery
Voltage (Ik >40 kA)
Performance:
72.5 to 765 kV
Cn from 2.500 to 20.000 pF
Thermal capacity up to 1000 VA

Accurate Measurement of HV

Coupling Capacitors CCV / CC 72.5 to 765 kV
Characteristics:
Capacitor elements are made of paper-
polypropylene and aluminum foils, insulated
with synthetic dielectric oil
Up to four secondary windings
Carrier accessories
(transmission from 30 up to 500 kHz) on request
Oil expansion by metallic bellows

Capacitor Voltage Transformers - CCV Range
Thousands of installed units attest to their reliability

Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Definitions
Element
ElementPack
Pack
(or
(orpack)
pack)
Pile of elements : ± 10 to 25 kV

Definitions
HV Power line
Capacitor
CapacitorUnit
Unit
(or
(orunit)
unit)
Assembly of elements in an
insulating container: ± 245 kV.
Can be connected to a HV line
Ground

Definitions
HV Power line
Capacitor
CapacitorSTACK
STACK
(or
(orstack)
stack)
Assembly of elements to reach

higher voltage levels : ± 800 kV
In general, the term

CAPACITOR
stands for a capacitor element
as well as a capacitor stack.
Ground

Definitions
HV Power line
Capacitor
CapacitorVoltage
VoltageDivider
Divider
((or
orCVT
CVT))
Connecting an MV inductive
voltage transformer to a tap.
Ground

Basics
P1 Intermediate
Voltage :
10 to 20 kV/√3
C1
S1
C2
P2 S2

Magnetic Transformer
Equivalent
Equivalent Diagram
Diagram
Ce La Ra Lfs Rs
Vp . C1
U’P = L Rw Us Zc
k . (C1+C2)
Lµ = Inductance equivalent to magnetic losses of the magnetic circuit.

Rw = Resistance equivalent to the watt losses of the magnetic circuit.
Lfs = Secondary leakage inductance of the magnetic VT.
Rs = Resistance of the secondary winding
RMK - CVT
Capacitor stack
Inductive VT

RMK
RMK -- CVT
CVT
CCV 72.5 to 765 kV
Oil expansion device
Capacitor elements
Capacitor column
Insulating oil
Insulator flange
Secondary terminal box
Inductance
MV Transformer
Damping circuit
Diagram
HV Terminal
C1
C2
L P
GS MV
D S S S S
MCB
GS HF DC HF N 11 11 11 11
12 12 12 12
14 14 14 14
2a
2n
4n
3a
3n
4a
1a
1n
GROUND

PLC System

PLC system
Line trap
HV line
During HF communication,
C1
earthing of signals or entry
into magnetic part must be
avoided. P2
C2
Inductive
Part
HF Draining coil and grounding

switchcould already be
included in HF generator.

Magnetic Transformer
Accuracy
Accuracyat
atnominal
nominalfrequency
frequency
Reduce nominal secondary burden
Good quality of windings

Ratio error :
VA 1
ε (en %) = 100. . R . cos ϕ + L .ω - . sin ϕ
V 2 a C .ω
s e
Good tuning
High intermediate voltage
Phase error :
VA 1
ψ (enminutos)= 3440. . R.sinϕ − La.ω - .cosϕ
V2 C .ω
e
s
Damping Circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
Transient
Response
Response
Ce Rs
La
Rp
Rw Lam
Vi Lµ
Vs
Zc
Rpam
Ram

Damping Circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
Transient Response
Response
• In steady state, the CVT secondary voltage is a

reliable representation of the primary voltage.
• In case of sudden change in the primary voltage
(like a short circuit), the voltage output will be
distorted (high error) during a few cycles.
• The above transient error will depend on:
• The burden connected to the CVT
• The moment of the voltage interruption.
• The transient response will be improved by adding
a damping circuit connected on the secondary
Damping Circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
Transient Response
Response
Vi Primary voltage
Short-circuit at zero crossing
Vs Secondary voltage

Damping Circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
Transient Response
Response
Vi Secondary error Primary voltage
IEC today :
max 10% after 20ms
10% t
Short-circuit at zero crossing

5%
Vs Secondary voltage t
0 100 200 t
300 [ms]
IEC 186 20 ms
error limits
Necessary
Necessaryto
toadd
addaadamping
dampingcircuit
circuit

Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance according IEC 186
a) After clearance of a short-circuit at the secondary

terminals (fuse blown) , the CVT being energized
at 120% of the rated voltage, the crest value of the
secondary voltage must return to less than 10% error
after 10 cycles.
b) After short-circuit clearance, at 150% of the rated

voltage, the ferroresonnance must be eliminated within
less than 2 seconds

Damping Circuit
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
Transient Response
Response
How to solve transient problems :
R R-L-C R-L-R
••High
High
burden ••Efficient
Efficient ••Efficient
Efficient
burden
••jeopardize ••Easy
Easyto todesign
design ••Sophisticated
Sophisticateddesign
design
jeopardize
accuracy
accuracy ••Expensive
Expensive ••Economical
Economical
Ferroresonance
Secondary
SecondaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit
C1 C
C2 SGC
Ith
N2 Z
N1
L R1 Ferroresonance
D R2 Damping device
on inductive PT
L'1
L1
"Transformer type" Ferroresonance
compensating RL SGL Damping device
inductance L2
on inductance
L'2

Capacitor Voltage
Primary Voltage
200
Transformer
Tension primaire
Damping Circuit150
100
50
0
-50
Primary
PrimaryShort
Short Circuit
Circuit&&Transient
-100
-150
-200
Transient Response
Response
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Tension secondaire
Secondary Voltage
200
100
R-L-R
R-L-R -100
0
-200
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
% error
% Erreur at secondary
secondaire (transitoire)
7
-1
-2
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
150
Ferroresonance
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
Primary voltage
300
400
500
600
700
1000
800
Fuse
600 operation
Short-circuit
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600 Secondary
-800
current
300
400
500
600
700
500
400
300
Without
200
100
damping
0
-100
device
-200
-300
-400 Secondary
-500
voltage
300
400
500
600
700

250
200
Ferroresonance
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150 Primary
voltage
-200
-250
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60 Secondary
-80
-100 current
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
10 cycles : error < 10%
600 With
400
damping
200
device
0
-200
-400 Secondary
-600 voltage
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Typical Error Curve
Typical
Typicalgraph
graphof
of variation
variationof
of errors
errorswith
withVA
VA&&frequency
frequency
Ratio error Nominal burden
OVER-ESTIMATED
+0.5 Real load < 25% VAN
Excessive 25% VA
Frequency
Variations f+∆f
f
- 20’ +20’
Phase error
f -∆f
100% VA
Nominal burden - 0.5

UNDER-ESTIMATED
Real load > 100% VAN
Voltage transformers
IEC
IEC600
60044-2
44-2
Accuracy classes (Protection)

Maximum error in % of VP
- Voltage between 5 % and fT x VNP
- Burden between 25% and 100% of SN
- Maximum error doubled for VNP=2%
Accura cy Volta ge Pha se
cla ss (ra tio) displa cement
error [minutes]
Cl 3P ±3% ± 120
Cl 6P ±6% ± 24O

Routine tests (IEC 60044-5)
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformer:
a) Verification of terminal markings
b) Power-frequency withstand tests on primary windings
c) Partial discharge measurement
d) Power-frequency withstand tests on secondary
windings
e) Power-frequency withstand tests between sections
f) Determination of errors.
G) Ferroresonance test
h) Sealing test
Type tests (IEC 60044-5)
a) Temperature-rise test
b) Short-circuit withstand capability test
c) Lightning impulse test
d) Switching impulse test
e) Wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) Determination of errors.

Causes of Failure and Monitoring/Maintenance

Monitoring and maintenance
Causes of Failure
Due to Ferroresonance caused by primary/secondary
disturbances
Oil leak at sealing points leading to ingress of moisture and
degradation of capacitor
Monitoring
Capacitance and tangent measurement using the tan delta
kit at periodic intervals or whenever there is a shut down
Using thermovision camera especially for 400kV to detect
any high temperature abnormalities
IR check on secondary
To check the resistance of the damping wdg externally and
also the condition of the Lightning arrester in the sec
terminal box

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Instrument Transformers

Basics, Features, Monitoring and

3 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 3

Built area : 16,350 sq.m

India - Bangalore Site

4 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 4

India - Bangalore Site

5 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 5

An History of Innovative Excellence

6 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 6

A leader and a Pioneer

7 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 7

8 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 8

Voltage sensor Magnetic circuit (core)

9 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 9

10 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 10

11 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 11

12 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 12

13 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 13

15 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 15

Eeff = 4,44.n.f.B.S Volts,W/m²,m²

16 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 16

17 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 17

Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 245 kV - IT range

1. Oil filling plug

Eye bolt design

18 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 18

21 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 21

21 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 21

22 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 22

Current Transformers (Paper/Oil) up to 420 kV - ITT 245

23 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 23

Rated voltage : 245 to 420 kV

24 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 24

Accuracy classes (Protection)

25 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 25

Over Current and Earth Fault Protection

1. ALF ( accuracy limiting factor)

26 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 26

1. Accuracy Limiting Factor

What is Accuracy Limiting factor ?

It is the factor of over current above the rated current which

It is the error of the CT when this over current is applied.

27 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 27

Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the

Kn is the rated transformation ratio;

1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error

For e.g if the class designation is 5P20

20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when

Typical Class designations are

5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

29 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 29

Transformer and Busbar Differential Protection

1. Knee Point Voltage requirement(Vk)

2. Exciting current ( Io)

30 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 30

31 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 31

1. Knee Point Voltage(Vk):

Knee point voltage is point beyond which an

The typical equations for Vk ( based on relay used)

Vk > 24 In (Rc t+2RL)- for Transformer Differential

Where In: Relay rated current

32 > Instrument Transformers - (ITR)- RMK Site - December 2005 32

1 EXISTING STANDARD 0.81.3Um For One Minute 1.1Um/sqrt3 <10pC