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History
Mortar
Grout
Brick
Types
Bond
Joints
Structural Clay Tile
Concrete Block (CMU)
Gypsum Block
Glass Block
Stone
Stone Masonry
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One of the oldest manufactured building materials
Mesopotamia - Sumer
Building materials were scarce
▪ Timber was completely absent and stone was very scarce
Mud was used to create bricks in 6000 B.C.
▪ Highly soluble in water
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Must conform to ASTM C270
4 basic types of mortar used:
M, S, N, O
M is the strongest, O is the
weakest
Hardening
Bond Strength – very important
Durability –resist water penetration
Compressive Strength –depends on amount of
portland cement in mix
Watertightness –fine cracks mostly in vertical joints
Color
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Type Avg Compressive Use
Strength
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Solid brick used where holes may be
unsightly (steps or window sills)
Holes in Brick:
Promote bonding with mortar
Reduce overall weight
Make units easier to handle
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Mud was used to create bricks in 6000 B.C. in
what ancient civilization?
A. Egypt
B. Mesopotamia
C. Romans
D. Justinians
4 basic types of mortar used: M, S, N, O.
Which is the strongest?
A. M
B. S
C. N
D. O
Mortar has a tendency to shrink very little.
A. T
B. F
What is the soft white powder appearing on
the face of brick pictured below called?
Fluorescent
Chalking
Lightening
Efflorescence
Cells should not exceed 50 % of the volume of
the unit.
A. T
B. F
Adobe – sun-dried clays and a binder
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Burning of brick is done in 4 stages
Water smoking: 400 °F
Dehydration: 300 -1800 °F
Oxidation: 1000 – 1800 °F
Vitrification: 1600 – 2400 °F
Grading criteria:
SW – severe weathering for exposure to heavy
rainfall & freezing
MW – moderate weathering for avg. moisture
and minor freezing
NW – Negligible weathering for exposure to
moisture & freezing
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Made from clay, shale, fire clay, or a mixture, under
controlled conditions
Appearance types:
FBS- general use in exposed & interior walls where wide
color ranges & variation in sizes are permitted
FBX- used in exterior & interior walls where a high degree
of mechanical perfection, narrow color range & little
variation of size is required
FBA- nonconformity in size, color, & texture
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Units sprayed with a
ceramic glaze and
fired at high
temperature to fuse
glaze to the brick
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Units are burned at much higher
temperatures to make them resist water and
wear from traffic
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Unit Nominal Dimension (in.) Actual Dimension (in.) **
WxHxD WxHxD
Modular 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 3 5/8 x 2 ¼ x 7 5/8
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Bond – the arrangement of bricks in rows
(courses).
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Faced walls – brick masonry units bonded to a
backup wall of another material (common brick,
hollow structural clay tile, or CMU)
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The most widely used type of brick is:
A. Kiln-burned
B. Sand-lime
C. Adobe
D. Concrete
A vertical section of wall one brick thick is
called a:
A. Rowlock
B. Course
C. Soldier course
D. Wythe
Purpose of a weep hole:
A. Escape of moisture
B. Aesthetic purposes
C. Join two wythes
D. Area for an expansion joint
A. Rowlock
B. Common Bond
C. Stretcher
D. Soldier
A. Flemish
B. Common
C. Running
D. Stack
Burned-clay units, larger than bricks, with
vertical or horizontal cells
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Lightweight, used in non-load bearing
applications, fire-resistant, interior locations
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Often used for their decorative effect but also:
Provide controlled light transmission
Good insulation
Condensation protection
Good sound reduction
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The blocks are formed of 2 cast glass shells that are
fused together to form a hollow unit containing a
partial vacuum. The vacuum decreases heat
transmission and surface condensation.
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Common sizes are 6”, 8”, 12” sq. by 4 “ thick
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Stone Color Major Use Minor Use
Granite Wide Range Ext. & Int. wall facing Paving, Flooring
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Walls classified in 3 categories (based on
shape & surface finish)
Rubble – stones as they are collected (fieldstone)
or as they come from quarry
Ashlar – constructed of squared stones set in
random or uniform courses
Cut stone (dimension)- fabricated and finished at
the mill ready to set in place per the specifications
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Fieldstone (rubble)
Ashlar (squared) 54
4 causes of deterioration
Freeze/Thaw Cycle – causes fractures
Wet/Dry Cycle – capillary action produces force
that is stronger than the masonry
Thermal Expansion/Contraction – entire structure
expands/contracts with change in temperature
Salt Crystallization – if on surface of masonry will
cause efflorescence; if under surface may lead to
crumbling
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Water Mist – will remove surface deposits; problem
is entrapment of moisture
A. T
B. F
Which of the following characteristics do not
apply to CMU:
Not economical
Have a good fire-rating
Good thermal storage capability
Good resistance to sound transmission
Glass blocks are hollow
A. T
B. F
Construction Materials and Processes, 3rd Edition. Watson, Don
A.. McGraw-Hill, 1986. Imprint 2000. ISBN: 0-07-068476-6
Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Seventh
Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
Olin’s Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Eighth
Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007.
Architectural Materials for Construction, Rosen, Harold J. and
Heineman, Tom. McGraw-Hill, 1996. ISBN: 0-07-053741-0
Basic Construction Materials, 6th Edition. Marotta, Theodore W.
Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN: 0-13-089625-X
Building Construction: Materials and Types of Construction, 6th
Edition, Ellison, Donald C., Huntington, W.C., Mickadeit,
Robert E.. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0-13-090952-1.
Architectural Graphic Standards: Student Edition, Abridgment
of 9th Edition. The American Institute of Architects. John Wiley
& Sons. ISBN: 0-471-34817-1
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