John Francis C. Mina B.S.G.E.

GE321

II. – 25%

1.) Describe briefly the Philippine reference system of 1992.

* It is the geodetic control points, and marked by survey monuments or mojons, that has been
established using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. By virtue of EO 45, PRS92 became the
standard reference system for all surveying and mapping activities in the Philippines. The order also
mandated that all new surveys and maps shall be referred to the new network and all old surveys shall
be integrated into it.

2.) Describe briefly the GPS and its relationship to WGS84.

* The GPS reference system is WGS 84. GPS users directly receive WGS 84 coordinates from a GPS
receiver. This method results in a yearly step-wise adjustment of WGS 84 coordinates delivered through
GPS broadcast orbits. For example, GPS broadcast orbits at the time of this writing have an epoch of
2012.5. Reference frame station locations are updated for any sudden displacement such as an
earthquake.

3.) Describe briefly the advantages of using GNSS like GPS in surveying.
* The advantage to having access to multiple satellites is accuracy, redundancy and availability at all
times. Though satellite systems don't often fail, if one fails GNSS receivers can pick up signals from
other systems. Also if line of sight is obstructed, having access to multiple satellites is also a benefit.

4.) Name a classical method of positioning and the instrument used and an advanced method
of positioning and the instruments used.
* The navigation have taken place in developed and positioning techniques in the fast 20 years. These
occurred not solely within the additional classical radio and acoustic strategies. Radio navigation
remains the first ordinarily used surface navigation and positioning techniques. It spans a good vary of
application from the additional localized high accuracy positioning system to worldwide navigation. The
proliferation of system reflects their relative deserve and disadvantages. There, being specially, a
tradeoff between vary and accuracy. Moreover, totally different various techniques might not solely be
supported different coordinate system.

5.) Define briefly Geometric Geodesy.

* It’s schematic view of the reference ellipsoid upon which meridians (curves of constant longitude) and
parallels (curves of constant latitude) form an orthogonal network of reference curves on the surface.
III. – 25%

1.) Describe briefly the PPCS and its importance to current surveying practice in the Phil.

2.) A place is east of the Central Meridian. Describe briefly its Easting.

* The easting coordinate of a point is measured from the false origin 500,000 meters to the west of the
central meridian of the UTM zone. Within a zone, easting values increase towards east. A point lying 8
meters east of central meridian has an easting of 500,000 + 8 = 500,008mE. The easting of a point 350m
west of central meridian would be 500,000 – 350 = 499,650mE. The east-west distance between two
points is obtained by the difference of their easting values. The distance between the above points is
500,008 – 499,650 = 358m.

3.) Differentiate Conversion from Transformation.

* The conversion regards to the changing of unit to another unit like “centimeter” to “meter”,
unlike to transformation it’s changing in form like “boat” and years ago we have “ships”.