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Department of the Interior Prepared for the Scientific Investigations Map 3316
U.S. Geological Survey National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sheet 1 of 2
180° 0°
55° –55°
Ro wland
15 MAP DESCRIPTION used for printing. However, some selected well-known features less that 85 km in diameter or E 30
0°E 0°E length were included. For a complete list of the IAU-approved nomenclature for the Moon, see the 0° °E
21 33
This image mosaic is based on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle
60° Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature at http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. For lunar mission C l a v i u s –60°
–60˚
Camera (WAC; Robinson and others, 2010), an instrument on the National Aeronautics and
names, only successful landers are shown, not impactors or expended orbiters.
Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft (Tooley and
others, 2010). The WAC is a seven band (321 nanometers [nm], 360 nm, 415 nm, 566 nm, 604
Emde n nm, 643 nm, and 689 nm) push frame imager with a 90° field of view in monochrome mode, and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
B i r k h o f f
60° field of view in color mode. From the nominal 50-kilometer (km) polar orbit, the WAC This map was made possible with thanks to NASA, the LRO mission, and the Lunar Recon-
acquires images with a 57-km swath-width and a typical length of 105 km. At nadir, the pixel Scheine r
Av o ga dro naissance Orbiter Camera team. The map was funded by NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophys-
scale for the visible filters (415–689 nm) is 75 meters (Speyerer and others, 2011). Each month, ics Cartography Program. Blanca nus
So mme rfe ld the WAC provided almost complete coverage of the Moon. Ro se nbe rger
REFERENCES Curtius
PROJECTION Archinal, B.A. (Chair), A’Hearn, M.F., Bowell, E., Conrad, A., Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R.,
Ste bbins The Mercator projection is used between latitudes ±57°, with a central meridian at 0° Fukushim, T., Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A., Neumann, G.A., Oberst, J., Grue mbe rge r
longitude and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0°. The Polar Stereographic projection is used Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P., Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P., 2011, Report of –70° Manzinus
70° Gamo w
va n't Ro be rts for the regions north of the +55° parallel and south of the –55° parallel, with a central meridian the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements—2009: Celestial
Ho ff set for both at 0° and a latitude of true scale at +90° and -90°, respectively. The adopted spherical Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v. 109, no. 2, p. 101–135, doi:10.1007/s10569-010- Moretus
0°E
12
60
0°
Yablochkov radius used to define the maps scale is 1737.4 km (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar 9320-4. Klapro th
0°
°E
30
24
E
Karpinskiy Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011). In projection, the Davies, M.E., and Colvin, T.R., 2000, Lunar coordinates in the regions of the Apollo landers:
pixels are 100 meters at the equator. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. E8, p. 20,277–20,280.
Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2008, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Ca sa tus
COORDINATE SYSTEM
Se a re s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Memorandum IOM 343R-08-003, 31 p., at
Milankovič The Wide Angle Camera images were referenced to an internally consistent inertial coordi- ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421.iom.v1.pdf.
nate system, derived from tracking of the LRO spacecraft and crossover-adjusted Lunar Orbiter
Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., and Boggs, D.H., 2009, The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE 421: Bo ussinga ult
Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data that were used together to determine the orbit of LRO in inertial Po nté coula nt
Interplanetary Network Progress Report 42-178, 34 p., at
space (Smith and others, 2011). By adopting appropriate values for the orientation of the Moon, Schombe rge r Bo gusla wsky
http://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-178/178C.pdf.
80° S c h w ar z s c h i l d as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU; Archinal and others, 2011), the images –80°
were orthorectified into the planet-fixed coordinates (longitude and latitude) used on this map. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008, A Pingré He lmho ltz
B a i l l y
Co mpto n The coordinate system defined for this product is the mean Earth/polar axis (ME) system, standardized lunar coordinate system for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and lunar datas-
Plaske tt
sometimes called the mean Earth/rotation axis system. The ME system is the method most often ets: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar
used for cartographic products of the past (Davies and Colvin, 2000). Values for the orientation Geodesy and Cartography Working Group White Paper, v. 5, at
P o c z o b u t t of the Moon were derived from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (DE) http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/library/LunCoordWhitePaper-10-08.pdf. De mona x
Sco tt
421 planetary ephemeris (Williams and others, 2008; Folkner and others, 2008; 2009) and rotated Mazarico, E., Rowlands, D.D., Neumann, G.A., Smith, D.E., Torrence, M.H., Lemoine, F.G., and Malapert
Rozhdestvenskiy
into the ME system. The LOLA-derived crossover-corrected ephemeris (Mazarico and others, Zuber, M.T., 2012, Orbit determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Journal of Le Gentil
2012) and an updated camera pointing provide an average accuracy of ~1 km in the horizontal Geodesy, v. 86, no. 3, p. 193–207. Ca be us
position (Scholten and others, 2012).
Neumann, G.A., 2011, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter reduced data Shoemaker
Longitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric, as allowed in accordance with record and derived products software interface specification, version 2.42, LRO-L-LOLA-4-
Dry ga lski
Cre mo na Na nse n Ha use n
He rmite Be l'ko v ich current NASA and U.S. Geological Survey standards (Archinal and others, 2011). The intersec- Amundse n
270°E 90°E GDR-V1.0, NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), at 270°E 90°E
er tion of the lunar equator and prime meridian occurs at what can be called the Moon’s “mean Shackleton
Bria ncho n st http://imbrium.mit.edu/DOCUMENT/RDRSIS.PDF
l ve
Sy Peary sub-Earth point.” The concept of a lunar “sub-Earth point” derives from the fact that the Moon’s
na Robinson, M.S., Brylow, S.M., Tschimmel, M., Humm, D., Lawrence, S.J., Thomas, P.C., Denevi,
e rotation is tidally locked to the Earth. The actual sub-Earth point on the Moon varies slightly due
at B.W., Bowman-Cisneros, E., Zerr, J., Ravine, M.A., Caplinger, M.A., Ghaemi, F.T., Schaff-
C Ha yn to orbital eccentricity, inclination, and other factors. So a “mean sub-Earth point” is used to
ner, J.A., Malin, M.C., Mahanti, P., Bartels, A., Anderson, J., Tran, T.N., Eliason, E.M., Ashbroo k
define the point on the lunar surface where longitude equals 0°. This point does not coincide with
By rd McEwen, A.S., Turtle, E., Jolliff, B.L., and Hiesinger, H., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance
Xenophane s any prominent crater or other lunar surface feature (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Lunar Siko rsky
Pa scal MARE Orbiter Camera (LROC) instrument overview: Space Science Reviews, v. 150, no. 1-4, p. nge
r
Geodesy and Cartography Working Group, 2008; Archinal and others, 2011). rö di
HUMBOLDTIANUM 81–124, doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9634-2. Sch
s
Robinson, M.S., Speyerer, E.J., Boyd, A., Waller, D., Wagner, R., and Burns, K., 2012, Exploring Va l l i
MAPPING TECHNIQUES
the Moon with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera: International Archives of the
The WAC global mosaic shown here is a monochrome product with a normalized reflec- Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, v. XXXIX-B4, XXII
tance at 643 nm wavelength, and consists of more than 15,000 images acquired between Novem- International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress, Melbourne,
Pe tzv a l
80° –80° S c h r ö d i n g e r
ber 2009 and February 2011 (Sato and others, 2014) using revised camera pointing (Wagner and Australia.
others, 2015). The solar incidence angle at the Equator changes ~28° from the beginning to the Ze e man
Py tha gora s
end of each month. To reduce these incidence angle variations, data for the equatorial mosaic Sato, H., Robinson, M.S., Hapke, B., Denevi, B.W., and Boyd, A.K., 2014, Resolved Hapke
Ba illaud
were collected over three periods (January 20, 2010 to January 28, 2010, May 30, 2010 to June 6, parameter maps of the Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, v. 119, p. 1775-
2010, and July 24, 2010 to July 31, 2010). The South Pole mosaic images were acquired from 1805, doi: 10.1002/2013JE004580.
Lippma nn
August 10, 2010 to September 19, 2010, and the North Pole images were acquired from April 22, Scholten, F., Oberst, J., Matz, K.-D., Roatsch, T., Wählisch, M., Speyerer, E.J., and Robinson,
2010 to May 19, 2010. Remaining gaps were filled with images acquired at other times with M.S., 2012, GLD100 - The near-global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo Va
Me ton lli
s
Ba bba ge similar lighting conditions (Robinson and others, 2012). There is a brightness difference where image data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. E12, doi:10.1029/2011JE003926.
Goldschmidt the polar mosaics meet the equatorial mosaics because the polar images were acquired in a Smith, D.E., Zuber, M.T., Neumann, G.A., Mazarico, E., Head, J.W., III, Torrence, M.H., and the
Pl
an
different season than the equatorial images, and the lunar photometric function is not perfectly ck
0°E
30
°E
LOLA Science Team, 2011, Results from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA)—global,
24
Numerov
0
Ba rro w
60
known (Sato and others, 2014).
12
°E
°E
Arno ld high-resolution topographic mapping of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference Cro mme lin
De La Rue The equatorial WAC images were orthorectified onto the Global Lunar Digital Terrain
70° XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2350. –70°
So uth J. Hersche l Mosaic (GLD100, WAC-derived 100 m/pixel digital elevation model; Scholten and others, 2012) Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., Denevi, B.W., and the LROC Science Team, 2011, Lunar Recon- Anto nia di
while the polar images were orthorectified onto the lunar LOLA polar digital elevation models naissance Orbiter Camera global morphological map of the Moon [abs.]: Lunar Planetary
(Neumann and others, 2010). Science Conference XLII, Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 2387.
Fizea u P l a n c k
Minnae rt
To create the final base image, the original WAC mosaic that was produced by the Lunar Tooley, C.R., Houghton, M.B., Saylor, R.S., Peddie, C., Everett, D.F., Baker, C.L., and Safdie,
Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera team in a Simple Cylindrical projection with a resolution of K.N., 2010, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission and spacecraft design: Space Science
Pra ndtl
Birmingham W. Bond 100m/pixel was projected into the Mercator and Polar Stereographic pieces. The images were Reviews, v. 150, no. 1, p. 23–62, doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9624-4. Le ma ître
Gärtne r
then scaled to 1: 10,000,000 for the Mercator part and 1:6,078,683 for the two Polar Stereo- Be rlage
graphic parts with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch. The two projections have a common scale Wagner, R.V., Speyerer, E.J., Robinson, M.S., and the LROC Science Team, 2015, New mosaicked
at ±56° latitude. data products from the LROC Team [abs.]: Lunar Planetary Science Conference XLVI,
Woodlands, Tex., Abstract 1473. Minko wski
MA
RE NOMENCLATURE Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H., and Folkner, W.M., 2008, DE421 Lunar orbit, physical librations, and
surface coordinates: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Interoffice Memorandum IOM
FR
60° Feature names on this sheet are approved by the IAU. All features greater than 85 km in –60°
33 IGO 335-JW,DB,WF-20080314-001, at 21
0° 0°
E diameter or length were included unless they were not visible on the map due to the small scale 0°E P o i n c a r é 0°E
E RIS 3 ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/ioms/de421_moon_coord_iom.pdf. 15
55° –55°
0° 180°
SCALE 1:6 078 683 (1 mm = 6.078683 km) AT 90° LATITUDE SCALE 1:6 078 683 (1 mm = 6.078683 km) AT -90° LATITUDE
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS 1000 500 0 500 1000 KILOMETERS
90° 90° –90° –90°
70° 70° –70° –70°
55° 55° –55° –55°
NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION
North
180° 210°E 240°E 270°E 300°E 330°E 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E 180°
57° 57°
Ro wland MARE
B i r k h o f f HUMBOLDTIANUM Co mpto n
Co ulo mb
Vo lta MARE FRIGORIS
Endymio n
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–50° –50°
Maginus Ly o t Hopmann
Sc
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Pho cy lide s
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Vlacq
Bose
P la n c
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Lippmann Ho mmel
Minko wski Ro se nbe rger P o i n c a r é
k
P l a n c k
–57° –57°
180° 210°E 240°E 270°E 300°E 330°E 0° 30°E 60°E 90°E 120°E 150°E 180°
(150°W) (120°W) (90°W) (60°W) (30°W) South
Descriptions of nomenclature used on map are listed at SCALE 1:10 000 000 (1 mm = 10 km) AT 0˚ LATITUDE Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program,
http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ MERCATOR PROJECTION Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
2000 1000 500 0 500 1000 2000 KILOMETERS Edited by Kate Jacques; digital cartography by Vivian Nguyen
Manuscript approved for publication October 28, 2014
57° 57°
40° 40°
20° 20°
0° 0°