3g & UMTS Networks

3G SYSTRA
Introduction to 3G & UMTS

Networks
Training Document
CTUX0004Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 1 (48)

Introduction to 3G & UMTS Networks
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2 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004Issue 2.0en

Contents
Contents
1 Objectives............................................................................................4
2 Background and History.....................................................................5
3 Network Evolution.............................................................................18
4 Basics of the Air Interface and Path to WCDMA.............................29
5 Motives for 3rd Generation Networks..............................................42
6 Review of 3G Networks.....................................................................46

1 Objectives
The aim of this module is to give the participant the introductory knowledge
needed for explaining how the UMTS networks have evolved. Topics to be
covered in this module include understanding the historic factors driving the
system development and how mobile networks have evolved. Furthermore, the
student should gain a basic understanding of the different types of air-interface
and list the key benefits of UMTS for the operator and the end-user.
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:
• Identify what is meant by the term 3G and briefly outline the work
completed by the specification bodies. Furthermore, discuss significant
events in the history of GSM and CDMA leading to UMTS network
evolution and list the sub-systems.
• Taking a step-by-step approach, identified how existing GSM networks
have evolved to support additional services, data and how networks act as
a platform for future technologies.
• List the four basic Air interface access technologies. Also, give an
example of how CDMA technology works, and identify properties of the
interface, such as codes and spreading. Finally, Describe the basic
differences between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation networks.
• List key benefits of WCDMA and furthermore, identify the advantages of
3G networks for the operator and the end-user.

Review of 3G Networks
2 Background and History

Nowadays people are in general talking about three different generations as far
as mobile communication is concerned. The first generation, 1G, is the name
for the analogue or semi-analogue (analogue radio path, but digital switching)
mobile networks established after the mid 80’s such as NMT (Nordic Mobile
Telephone) and AMPS (American Mobile Phone System). These networks
offered basic services for the users and the emphasis was on speech and services
related matters. 1G networks were mainly national efforts and very often they
were specified after the networks were established. Due to this the 1G networks
were incompatible with each other and mobile communication was considered
some kind of curiosity and added value service on top of the fixed networks in
those times.
As the need for mobile communication increased, also the need for a more
global mobile communication system increased. The international specification
bodies started to specify what the second generation, 2G, mobile
communication system should look like. The emphasis on 2G is/was on
compatibility and international transparency; the system should be a global one
and the users of the system should be able to access it basically anywhere the
service exists. Due to some political reasons, the concept of globalisation did
not succeed completely and there were some 2G systems available on the
market. Out of these, the commercial success story is/was GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communications) and its adaptations: it has clearly exceeded all the
expectations set both technically and commercially.
The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalisation process of
the mobile communication. Again there are national interests involved and
difficulties can be foreseen. Anyway the trend is that 3G will mostly be based
on GSM technical solutions due to two reasons: the GSM as technology
dominates the market and great investments made to GSM should be utilised as
much as possible. Based on this, the Specification Bodies created a Vision
about how mobile telecommunication will develop within the next decade.
Through this Vision, some requirements for 3G were short-listed as follows:
• The system to be developed must be fully specified (like GSM). The
specifications generated should be valid world-wide.
• The system must bring clear added value when comparing to the GSM in
all aspects. However, in the beginning phase(s) the system must be
backward compatible at least with GSM and ISDN.
• Multimedia and all of its components must be supported throughout the
system.
• The Radio Access of the 3G must be generic.
• The services for end-users must be independent: Radio Access and the
network infrastructure must not limit the services to be generated. That is,
the technology platform is one issue and the services using the platform
totally another issue.

UMTS is one implementation of 3G and inorder to appreciate the work

involved, then it is helpful to understand the history and background of wireless
communications in general as well as GSM and CDMA. A timeline of
significant GSM and CDMA events is contained in Table 1
Table 1 Significant events
Year Event
1900 In December, the first human voice transmission
via radio was accomplished by Reginald
Fessenden
1906 First radio broadcast (also Reginald Fessenden)
1948 John Pierce writes a memo describing CDMA
multiplexing.
1949 Claude Shannon and John Pierce describe
major CDMA effects.
1956 “Antimultipath” RAKE receiver patented.
1970s CDMA used in several military communication
and navigation systems.
1980s Studies for narrowband CDMA for mobile cellular
systems.
1981 Nokia introduces Nordic Mobile Telephone
System (NMT)
1982 CEPT established Groupe Spėciale Mobile by
the joint proposal of the Nordic countries and the
Netherlands.
1983 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
introduced
1985 ITU starts studies for Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS)
Decision made on GSM time schedule and
action plan.
1986 Eight experimental GSM systems are tested in
Paris.
1987 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU); the
services of the GSM system will be offered in all
of western Europe.
Decision on system parameters and preparation
of draft recommendations.
1989 Final GSM recommendations and specifications.
1990s Studies for wideband ~5 MHz CDMA for mobile
cellular systems

Year Event
1991 First official GSM call in the world was made on
January 7th using Nokia equipment.
1992 GSM system ready in capitals and international
airports. DCS 1800 startup implementation.
In February, the World Administrative Radio
Conference allocates initial global radio
spectrum for 3rd generation mobile systems in
the 1885 – 2025 and 2110 – 2200 MHz
frequency ranges.
1993 Major European urban areas have GSM
coverage.
2nd generation mobile system using narrowband
CDMA standardised in USA; it is called IS-95
(Intermediate Standard)
1994 ARIB in Japan forms a special group for
FPLMTS radio interface development.
1995 GSM covers main transportation links between
major urban areas.
1996 UMTS Forum formed to raise market awareness.
In December ETSI SMG2 forms study group for
UTRA
1997 ITU changes FPLMTS name to International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000)
during WARC-97.
ITU requests proposals of Candidate Radio
Transmission Technologies (RTTs) for IMT-2000
Radio Interface.
1998 June, ITU receives 10 proposals for terrestrial
RTTs and five for satellite RTTs. These include
CDMA2000 from the USA, ARIB W-CDMA from
Japan, and UTRA from Europe.
3GPP formed to co-ordinate the development of
a joint 3rd generation system based on evolved
GSM core and UTRA Air interface.
1999 ETSI start UMTS project to co-ordinate
European 3rd generation network development.
In January, four operators are given 3rd
generation mobile network operating licenses in
Finland.
2001 Commercial use of WCDMA systems

1 Specification Process for 3G

The Specification Bodies have mainly been concentrating on Radio Access
scenarios. However, one area of work has been concerning the switching related
issues. As the 3G system is expected to be global, world-wide and generic, the
Specification Bodies related are also global ones as the following list indicates.
In addition to the Specification Bodies, the specification process includes
operators and manufacturers co-operation.
OHG
ETSI
A R IB 3G PP
ANSI
IT U -T : D e v e lo p m e n t p r o c e s s fo r 3 G .IP
IM T -2 0 0 0
Figure 1 3G Specification Bodies

There are four international standardisation bodies acting as “generators” for 3G

specification work, these being:
• ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union): This organisation
provides in practise all the telecommunication branch specifications that
are official in nature. Hence, these form all the guidelines required by the
manufacturers and country-specific authorities. ITU-T has finished its
development process for IMT2000, International Mobile Telephone –
2000 and the specification work is transferred to the 3GPP.
• ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute): This
organisational body has had a very strong role when GSM Specifications
were developed and enhanced. ETSI is divided into workgroups named
as SMG(number) and every workgroup has a specific area to be
developed. Because of the GSM background ETSI is in a relatively
dominant role in this specification work. In Europe, the further developed
IMT-2000 is called 3G.
• ARIB (Alliance of Radio Industries and Business): ARIB provides
commercially oriented contributions for the specification process from
the Australiasian area. It has remarkable experience, both commercial
and technical, in the new selected 3G Air Interface technology and
several variants of it.
• ANSI (American National Standard Institute): ANSI is the American
specification body defining telecommunication-related issues in that part
of the world. ANSI’s role is relatively small as far as 3G concerned
because of some political points of view. ANSI is mainly concentrating
on a competing 3G Air Interface technology selection called as
cdma2000.
In order to maintain globality and complete control of the 3G specifications, a
separate Specification Body called 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
takes care of the specification work in co-operation with previously listed
institutes. The outcome of the 3GPP work is a complete set of specifications
defining the 3G-network functionality, procedures and service aspects.
Because there are some political desires involved, the issue is not as simple as
described; global system means global business and this is why there has been a
lot of pressure to select or emphasise certain solutions more than others. This
political debate actually delayed the specification work remarkably and finally
an organisation taking care of harmonisation issues was established. This
organisation, OHG (Operator Harmonisation Group) aims to find a common
understanding concerning the global issues. The results of this organisation are
used as inputs in 3GPP work as well as in 3G future implementations. Maybe
the most remarkable decision the OHG has made was the one done in April-
May 1999 when the OHG decided what will be common-for-all-variants Code
Word (Chip) Rate in the 3G Air Interface: this directly affects the system
capacity and implementation. This issue was maybe the biggest delaying factor
concerning the 3G specifications.

Variant Radio Access OHG Switching 2G Basis

3G (USA) TDMA,EDGE / IS-41 IS-95 and IS-41
cdma2000
3G (Europe) WCDMA / GSM Adv. GSM NSS and GSM900/1800
compatibility Packet Core
3G (Japan) WCDMA / Adv. GSM NSS and PDC
Enhancements Packet Core
Table 2 3G Variants
The aim of OHG work is to affect the specifications so that all the radio access
variants are compatible with all the variants meant for switching; this will
ensure true globality for 3G. The shadowed variant is considered to be the
dominant one, though the others may also have great markets. All the above-
presented variants have “marketing names” used globally and this makes 3G a
bit confusing.
• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephony System) is the name for the
European, ETSI driven 3G variant. It emphasises the interoperability and
backward compatibility between the 3G implementation and GSM.
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telephony-2000) is the ITU-T name for
the 3rd generation cellular system. The Japanese view of 3G is based on
the IMT-2000. The switching part of this variant is quite open issue but it
is expected to be based on the existing GSM technology. The Radio
Access is almost similar to the European variant but some
enhancements/extensions are made.
• IMT-2000 / cdma2000 are the names for the American 3G variant. In the
American variant, the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) scenario
which is at least partially based on the enhanced GSM (EDGE) is also
considered as an alternative.
As it was stated in the requirements for the 3G, the system must have a generic
Radio Access and this will be implemented. In other words, other Air Interface
technologies will be supported (but locally, perhaps?). From the political and
commercial point of view, the common understanding between ETSI and ARIB
is very important because this understanding covers the major part of the
existing GSM markets.

The expected timeline for 3G is as follows:
Item / Entity Estimate

Air Interface technology selection 1998: delayed but completed (WCDMA)
First licences awarded 1999;done in several countries
Friendly-user networks 2001
Commercial operation 2002 and further
Table 3 3G Milestones
In addition, it has been agreed that the 3G specifications will be regularly

updated; the first phase specifications (3GPP version 1.0) should be completed
around 1Q/2000 and, after this, the specifications will be enhanced on a yearly
basis.
The first version of the 3GPP Specifications is called Release99 and its
approach covers the European variant of the 3G (see shadowed variant in the
Table 2). The 3GPP Release99 also considers remarkably the evolution from
2G/GSM towards 3G.
The next expected version of the 3GPP Specifications is Release2000 (or
Release00) and the major points in that release will be ‘3G All IP’ and IS-41
conversion. In other words, the radio access part will not be specified too much
any more but the Core Network and its development will be thoroughly
discussed.
2.2 The History of GSM

In Europe, particularly Scandinavia and the UK and also France and Germany,
during the first part of the 1980s, analogue cellular telephones were becoming
very popular. The problem, however, was that each country had developed
their own system and they were not compatible with each other. This was
unacceptable for two reasons:
• The mobile equipment was limited to operation within each country’s
boundaries; a real problem in a unified Europe
• A very limited market for each type of equipment
It did not take long for the Europeans to realise that this was a serious problem.
In 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed the
Groupe Special Mobile (*GSM) to study and develop a Pan European mobile
phone system.

Note
*Later GSM would be interpreted in different ways, the most
common being Global System for Mobile communications.
The system they were to develop was required to meet some specific criteria:
• There should be several network operators in each country. This should
lead to the tariff and service provisioning competition. This was
presumed to be the best way to ensure the rapid expansion of the GSM
system; the prices of the equipment would fall and the users would find it
affordable
• It must be an open system (i.e., it should contain well-defined interfaces
between different system parts). This would enable equipment from
several manufacturers to coexist and thus improve the cost efficiency of
the system from the operator’s point of view
• The networks must be built without causing any major changes to the
current Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN)
• The system must be Pan European
• It must maintain good speech quality
• It must be able to efficiently use radio frequencies and have high
capacity
• The system must be compatible with Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) and other data communication specifications
• It must maintain good security
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the ETSI. By 1993 there were
36 GSM networks in 22 countries.
The developers decided to use what was, at that time, an untested digital system
rather than the standard analogue cellular systems like AMPS in the United
States and TACS in the United Kingdom. They believed that improvements in
compression algorithms and digital signal processors would not only meet the
original criteria, but would allow for the continual improvement of the system
as regards cost and quality.

GSM 900
D-AMPS
Japan Digital
GSM 1900
GSM 1800
CDMA
Figure 2 Digital cellular systems around the world
2.2.1 Open interfaces of GSM
The main idea behind the GSM specifications is to define several open
interfaces that limit certain parts of the GSM system. Because of this interface
openness, the operator maintaining the network may obtain different parts of the
network from different GSM network suppliers. Also, when an interface is
open, it strictly defines what is happening through the interface and this in turn
strictly defines what kind of actions/procedures/functions must be implemented
between the interfaces.
These days, GSM specifications define two truly open interfaces: The first one
is between the MS and the BSS. This open-air interface is appropriately called
the Air interface. The second interface is between the Mobile Services
Switching Center (which is the switching exchange in GSM) and the Base
Station Controller. This interface is called the A interface. The system
includes more than two defined interfaces, but the others are not truly open
because the system specification had not been completed when the commercial
systems were launched.
When operating analogue mobile networks, the centralised intelligence
generated a large load in the system, thus decreasing the capacity. That is why

the GSM specification, in principle, provides the means to distribute

intelligence throughout the network. Referring to the above-mentioned
interfaces, the more complicated interfaces in use, the more intelligence is
required between the interfaces in order to implement all the functions required.
From the GSM network point of view, this decentralised intelligence is
implemented by dividing the whole network into three separate entities:
• Network Subsystem (NSS)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
The actual network required for call establishing is composed of the NSS and
the BSS. The BSS is responsible for radio path control. Every call is connected
through the BSS. The NSS takes care of call control functions. Every call is
connected by and through the NSS. The NMS is the operation and maintenance
(O&M) related part of the network. It is also required for the whole network
control. The network operator observes and maintains network quality and
service offered through the NMS. These three subsystems are surrounded by the
above-mentioned interfaces.

2.3 3G Network Structure

The obvious lack of GSM systems is and was the bandwidth offered to the end-
user. In the beginning the bandwidth offered to the end-user was reasonable but
later on when the technology developed and the end-user requirements
increased and new services such as the Internet became more common the
bandwidth became inadequate. This was the main reason for starting the
specification for the next generation cellular networks. As mentioned earlier in
this document, one of the requirement points was that the Air Interface of the
3G should be generic. Roughly, this means that the radio part of the network
should be even more functionally separated than in the GSM. To clarify and
specify this, the call establishment related parts of the 3G network are expressed
as follows:
Iuu Iu
UE RAN
RAN CN
CN
O&M
UE = USer Equipment
RAN = Radio Acces Network
OSS
OSS
CN = Core Network
NMS = Network Management System
Figure 3 3G Network Principle Diagram
The abbreviation RAN comes from the words Radio Access Network and the
term CN means Core Network. The multiple access method used in RAN is
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA. The RAN is limited with
open interfaces in order to guarantee multi-vendor scenarios. Also the interfaces
within the CN and between the CN and the other networks can be considered as
open but there may be several national limitations / enhancements / extensions
present. The 3G network can also be presented as a collection of Management
Layers, which cover certain parts of the network.

C o m m u n ic a t io n M a n a g e m e n t (C M )
S e s s io n M a n a g e m e n t ( S M )
M M ( M o b ility M g m t )
R R M (R a d io R e s o u rc e M a n a g e m e n t)
UE RAN CN
Figure 4 3G Network Management Layers
The Radio Resource Management is completely covered between the RAN and
the UE and it involves managing how the channels are allocated. The Mobility
Management, Session Management and Call Control are maintained by the
Core Network Domains and there function is dependant upon the domain is the
CS (circuit switched) or PS (packet switched). The higher layer functions
performed between the UE and CN are often called as CM, Communication
Management. The CM entity covers the topics like Call Control (CC),
Supplementary Services (SS) and Short Message Service (SMS).
The added value the WCDMA brings into the 3G network is wideband radio
access thus enabling a situation in which the operator is able to offer completely
new services to the end-users. The access rates planned to be offered with the
WCDMA are roughly presented in Figure 5. In 3G networks the user access rate
will vary as a function of the speed. It should be noted that the bit rates
presented here are mainly points of interest when data services are in question.
This is, the very basic Circuit Switched “normal” call does not require these bit
rates but when the user likes to use Fast Internet or Video Phone type of
services the bit rates will face the limits expressed in the Figure 5.

3 G R a d io A c c e s s
P e d e s tr ia n & O ffic e ( < 1 0 k m /h ) : O u t d o o r ( < 1 5 0 k m / h ) b it r a t e O u td o o r ( < 2 5 0 k m /h ) : b itr a te

b itr a te < = 2 M b /s 3 8 4 k b /s , ta rg e t 5 1 2 k b /s 1 4 4 k b / s , p r e fe r a b ly m o r e
Figure 5 3G Access Rates
As indicated already, the 3G network will have the means and readiness for data
transfer in all forms. The traffic to be delivered through 3G can be divided into
two categories being Circuit Switched and Packet Switched. The Circuit
Switched traffic normally has a high real-time requirement (i.e. no delay or the
delay occurring must be constant). Normal speech and Video Phoning are
examples of this kind of traffic. The Packet Switched traffic normally does not
have such exact real-time requirements and a good example of this kind of
traffic is an Internet connection. Based on this traffic division, the services
generating traffic are either Real-Time (RT) or Non-Real-Time (NRT)
Services. The following values are defined for the 3G and services to be used.
Environment RT Service Peak Rate NRT Service Peak Rate

(Delay fixed 20 – 300 ms) (Delay varies 20 – 300 ms)
Rural Outdoor 144 – 384 kb/s 144 – 384 kb/s
(Speed < 250 km/h)
Urban/Suburban 384 – 512 kb/s 384 – 512 kb/s
(Speed < 150 km/h)
Indoor/Low Range Outdoor - 2 Mb/s (Special - 2 Mb/s (Special
(Speed < 10 km/h) conditions) conditions)
Table 4 3G RT and NRT Service Access Rates as Function of User

Speed

3 Network Evolution
A lot of public and non-public debate how GSM as a system can be converted
or upgraded further on to face the increased requirements set by the cellular
operators and their subscribers. When studying this matter, it is relatively easy
to realise that there are several steps as to how things will be implemented. On
the other hand, there are several “clans” being either for or against certain
technical development step(s).
The majority of networks, an estimated 85%, will support UMTS by evolving
from GSM backbones. Several public authorities have announced that it is not
necessary to implement every single step described here, but, by experience, a
complicated technical concept must be done in phases in order to guarantee
final quality and better working equipment.
1 Starting with Basic GSM
HLR & AC & EIR
BTS BSC TCSM MSC&VLR

PSTN
ISDN
BTS BSC TCSM
Figure 6 Basic GSM Network – Principle Diagram

3.1.1 GSM Network Elements
The GSM radio access network called BSS (Base Station Subsystem) consists
of the following elements:
• BSC (Base Station Controller): the BSC is responsible for radio path and
radio resource management.
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station): the BTS is the network radio terminal
forming the Air interface the MSs (Mobile Stations) use for network
access and communication purposes.
• TCSM (Transcoding and Sub-Multiplexer Unit): the TCSM is channel
coding converter making it possible to use more effective channel coding
within the BSS thus saving transmission costs.
The switching part of the GSM network is NSS (Network Switching
(Sub)system) and it contains the following elements:
• MSC (Mobile Switching Center): this network element performs the
traffic path connections and is responsible for the majority of the
Connection Management related entities.
• VLR (Visitor Location Register): the VLR contains subscription and
security information of the active subscribers located in the radio network
part the VLR is aware. The nature of the data the VLR contains is not
stable: when the subscribers change their location(s) the VLR data
changes respectively.
• HLR (Home Location Register): this network element is the static data
storage of the subscription information. The HLR also contains the
subscriber location information but the accuracy of this information is on
the VLR level.
• AC (Authentication Center): this network element maintains security
information of the subscriptions.
• EIR (Equipment Identity Register): the EIR maintains security
information related to the mobile equipment, not to the subscription.
Figure 6 presents a very basic GSM network made strictly according to
specifications. That is, all possible open and proprietary interfaces are included.
The network described above is always the first step when a new/old operator is
starting its GSM cellular business. The subscribers in this kind of network have
all the basic services available:
• Speech, Circuit Switched Data up to 9.6 kb/s, Facsimile
• Call Forwarding, Call Barring, In-call Services (Wait, Hold, Multi-Party)

2 Adding Value to GSM Networks

The GSM Technical Specifications define certain interfaces, which make it
possible to add some value to the system. Through these interfaces, the
operators connect what are called Value Added Service (VAS) platform(s) into
use. A typical VAS Platform consists of two elements, which are the Short
Message Service Center (SMSC) and Voice Mail System (VMS). In other
respects the GSM network is the same as in the previous phase.
HLR & AC & EIR

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
BTS BSC TCSM Service Platform(s):
SMSC, VMS
Figure 7 GSM & Value Added Services
2.1 Example Services
The SMS has proven its potential in commercial use. Originally, the SMS was
not seriously considered as a service at all and thus it was very cheap to use.
However (and partly surprisingly), subscribers adopted this service and
nowadays (2000) a remarkable share of the traffic in the GSM networks is SMS
based.
Another issue is the capacity offered. In this phase the capacity of the network
is (normally) drastically increased and a clear difference between the analogue
and digital technology in this respect becomes evident.

3.3 Adding Value with GSMphase2+ and INtelligent

Services
The control of the services provided by the basic GSM is relatively good.
However, the flexibility of the services is not so good. In other words, the basic
GSM offers “mass service for mass subscribers”. To change the situation, the
IN (Intelligent Network) is integrated to the cellular network. The IN Platform
provides the operator with tools for creating completely new services and full
access to modify existing ones, even on a subscriber basis.
HLR & AC & EIR

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
SMSC, VMS
IN
Figure 8 GSM – Intelligent Network Included
3.3.1 IN Services
Fraud Management is a very essential issue for the operators. For this purpose,
the basic GSM has two registers AuC and EIR. However, these registers cannot
guarantee that the subscribers pay their bills.
IN is maybe the most common and flexible way to create a service called ‘Pre-
paid’, where the pre-paid customers have their own account (paid in advance)
with a call credit balance and during each call the account balance is regularly
checked. When the balance is ‘0’ it is not possible to establish any calls.
Naturally, the subscribers are able to buy more air time thus increasing their
account balances.

3.2 Advantages of IN
• Differentiation: possible to differentiate and compete with services.

• Customer segmentation from the operator’s point of view.
• Better utilisation of the VAS Platform: VAS components used in IN
services.
4 Increasing Data Transfer in Existing GSM Networks

The data transfer rate of the basic GSM is inadequate and thus new concepts to
tackle this issue are introduced. The first one is HSCSD (High Speed Circuit
Switched Data) together with more effective Channel Coding. With these
enhancements the end-user is able to have data calls with bit rates like 40 – 60
kb/s. These enhancements cause HW/SW changes in the existing network
elements, no new equipment except mobiles need to be bought.
HW/SW Changes
HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
SMSC, VMS
IN
Figure 9 Enhancing GSM – High Speed Data

3.4.1 Benefits of Faster Data & Services
This enhancement for basic GSM seems to be intermediate in nature: it really

increases data transfer capability, but the pricing of this service for the end-
users will be very difficult. HSCSD uses an abundance of Air Interface capacity
and thus the price should be relatively high, but if the price is (too) high this
service will not be used and the investment is worthless.
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is also introduced. This is a uniform way
to browse the Internet from the mobile station without any accessory
equipment. Roughly, the WAP changes the nature of the mobile equipment
from pure mobile towards data terminal; the mobile able to use WAP is actually
an ASCII based Internet browser.
3.5 Evolving GSM to Packet Core

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is the way to transfer Packet Data over
the GSM Air Interface. This requires HW/SW changes in the existing network
elements and some new elements as well. The term IP Backbone refers to the
part of the network handling packet switching and connections to the Internet
and other data networks. The basic Packet Switched Data Core consists of two
major elements, SGSN (Serving GPRS Support bode) and GGSN (Gateway
GPRS Support Node). In addition to these, the IP Backbone contains other
routers, firewall servers and DNS (Domain Name Server).
HW/SW Changes
HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
SMSC, VMS
IN
SGSN
GGSN
IP Networks
Figure 10 GSM and Packet Switched Data Core

The traffic through the Packet Core is not equal when comparing to the MSC
side: the Packet Core traffic uses free air interface slots and thus the capacity of
the packet connection varies all the time. This is the basic reason why the 2G
packet traffic does not have exact QoS (Quality of Service) classification in use,
it is said that 2G packet connection QoS is ‘best effort’.
From the operator's point of view, the packet connections increase traffic
anyway and the time slots not used by circuit switched services are in effective
use.
Fast, wireless access to the Internet, the bit rate may even be ≈ 150 kb/s in
optimal circumstances. Packet data transfer does not waste the capacity as does
the HSCSD. WAP and SMS will be utilised very effectively in the context of
different services either provided by the operator or a 3 rd party.
6 Increasing Speed with EDGE

Within the existing knowledge and technology, it is possible to further enhance
the transferred bit rates up to the level of 384 kb/s. This is done by using
sophisticated coding methods over the Air Interface. Anyway, these are
backward compatible with the existing GSM methods. These methods form a
concept called EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment)
HW/SW Changes
HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
SMSC, VMS
IN
SGSN
TRX Change & Transmission Upgrade

GGSN
IP Networks
Figure 11 - GSM - EDGE

This step will probably be the end-point for several operators due to the
licensing policy (country specific regulations). On the other hand, this is
something some operators may skip and move on to the next step in this
development path. The EDGE utilises everything built in the GSM, including
the multiple access method used in the Air interface (TDMA, Time Division
Multiple Access).
Because the channel coding methods experience remarkable changes in this
step, the spectral efficiency does not change: the same kind of time slots are in
use still and they carry traffic like they have been carrying in normal GSM.
Also from the network planning point of view, the use of radio frequencies will
not change. The changes in the system are related to transmission and multiple
time slot allocation required in PSTN connections.
As far as packet connections are concerned, the bit rate of the packet connection
will increase but it is still transferred through the air interface like a circuit
switched call. This means that part of the packet connection efficiency is lost
due to the circuit switched environment used for the connection.

7 Evolving Towards Universal Mobile Network (Service

Platform)
The 3G has a completely new way to approach the term ‘Service’: all the
services offered should be independent from the technology platform. This
really opens the windows for free, 3rd party service development. There will be
plenty of services and the majority of those will be based on the Internet in one
form or another. In addition, imaging (picture transfer) and video phoning will
be interesting services.
HW/SW Changes
HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

PSTN
ISDN
Value Added
SMSC, VMS
IN
SGSN
GGSN
IP Networks
BTS RNC ATM & TC
Figure 12 3G – New Radio Access Introduced

3.7.1 UMTS Network Architecture
If there is a possibility (as well as requirements and license) the operator may
move to a completely new level in service offering. This phase introduces new
wideband radio access technology, which, in the beginning, roughly equals the
bit rates the EDGE concept is able to provide. The new radio access requires
new network elements in the radio network: RNC (Radio Network Controller)
and BS (Base Station, specification name for this is Node B).
The new radio access introduced in this phase, however, utilises the frequency
spectrum more efficiently; the data flow and its bit rate is not dependent on time
slots any more and when the radio access method was planned, the packet type
of traffic was especially considered.
3.7.2 UMTS Development
3G will be developed in phases (1 phase = 1 year). When the technology is

more mature, the services will be more sophisticated and they will be involved
in every area of life.
The structure of the network will change considerably. There will be several
radio access technologies in use in parallel. The wideband communication has
changed the structure of the network equipment and transmission.
The nature of traffic is mainly Packet Switched; Circuit Switched traffic is used
only in special cases, as in the context of service requiring an extremely high
Quality of Service and in real time.
3.7.3 Service Potential in the Mobile Information Society
The 3G cellular network is tightly integrated to the society and some other items
like digital signature are widely used. This offers the possibility to combine
many items together. For instance, banking and business can be done almost
completely wirelessly. The 3G terminal is far more than ‘a phone’, it may act
like social security card, passport, purse etc.
The business model will change, too. In an ordinary 2G network most of the
services are provided by the operator. In 3G network the operator can be
considered as a ‘Carrier provider’. Some Service Providers use Carrier provider
resources to deliver the service, and the content of the service is provided to the
Service Providers by Content Providers. This structure will create a lot of
challenges to be sorted out when integrating 3G to the other networks and
technologies.

8 4G – End-to-End IP Solutions
The time between the previous phase and this phase will be several years, at
least. This phase represents the fundamental change in cellular business. The
previous phases at least somehow separated telecommunication and data
communication. In this phase, there is no difference anymore. The cellular
network will be based mostly on IP and there will be dedicated equipment
handling cellular activities. They could be called as call processing servers. The
other phases so far have been concentrating mostly on the radio network and its
evolution. This phase will mainly cause changes in the Core Network side. This
is why this can also be called Core Network evolution.
IS D N
P S T N
Figure 13 3G.IP – Majority of the Traffic over IP
Talking in today's terms, the majority of the traffic is Packet Switched Data
transfer over IP (its more mature variant(s)). That is, the IP is expected to fully
support Mobility Management if expressed in telecommunication terms.
Another issue is that in this kind of environment the IP must fully support QoS
(Quality of Service) thinking. These two conditions are essential if cellular IP
terminals are going to be used.

4 Basics of the Air Interface and Path to

WCDMA
It is commonly regarded that the more complicated part of the UMTS network,
especially in comparison to existing 2G networks such as GSM, is the air
interface.
The following sections are to act in giving the reader the basic understanding of
the air interface, in order for them to gain a better understanding of the issues
and properties of the WCDMA interface.
4.1 Wireless principles

There are three ways to accomplish communications:
• Simplex
• Half-duplex
• Duplex
Simplex is the oldest and has been around since the early 1900s. It is
communication in a one-way direction, such as AM and FM broadcast stations.
Simplex uses one frequency broadcast to one or multiple receivers.
Half-duplex is communication in a two-way direction. However, only one
person may talk at a time. It uses only one frequency. Half-duplex is often
referred to as push-to-talk (PTT).
Duplex is communication in a two-way direction on two frequencies. One
frequency is used to talk and the other to listen. This is modern cellular
communication.
4.1.1 Radio communication
There are two basic formats used in radio communication, analogue and digital.
The commercially available analogue format has been around since 1900, while
the commercially available digital format was introduced in 1990. The
difference between the analogue format and the digital format is that using
analogue, a person’s voice signal is transmitted over the air, while the digital
format uses a string of 1s and 0s to represent the voice signal (Figure 14). If
someone were to lock on to the frequency used for an analogue conversation
they could actually hear the users’ voices. For that same situation in digital
format the observer would need to decode the 1s and 0s before hearing the
conversation.

There are four basic Air interface technologies that are used to communicate:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Of these four technologies both FDMA and SDMA were introduced in the
analogue format. The last two technologies are based on the digital format.
So you see bla, bla, bla, yada, yada

110000110101100011101110001
Figure 14 The difference between analogue and digital
.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

In December 1900, Reginald Fessenden accomplished the first human voice
transmission via radio. This first link was over a mile long. Six years later the
same person transmitted the first radio broadcast. Soon afterwards FDMA
technology was used. Different broadcasts in the same geographical region
could be heard by using different radio frequencies. That is the idea behind
Frequency Division Multiple Access, the frequency range is broken down into
unique bandwidths and distributed to the users. FDMA is used in cellular
communications. One frequency to speak on and one to listen on; thus we have
duplex communications. That way multiple users can operate in a particular
frequency spectrum.

20 to 50 miles
High power fixed station

lines to switching center
Figure 15 Frequency Division Multiple Access
Figure 16 With FDMA, users transmit simultaneously using separate

frequencies
Early cellular systems (1940s - 1960s) used higher power and lower frequencies
compared to today’s cellular systems.

.1.2 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

In 1946 Bell Telephone System planners started submitting proposals for a large
scale system that would satisfy the growing customer demand for more wireless
access. The idea behind the proposals was to break a huge geographical region
into smaller areas called “cells.” Each cell would use a frequency different
from those of its nearest neighbours to prevent any interference. That is the
idea behind SDMA, the same frequency can be used multiple times in the same
geographical region. The advantage to this technology is increased network
capacity. The easiest way for FDMA broadcasters to increase their coverage
area is to increase their transmitting power. However, increased power causes
interference problems and increases the distance before a frequency can be
reused. SDMA can increase coverage by adding more cells. Modern cellular
uses higher frequencies and lower power. This causes less interference and
reduces the frequency reuse distance. This technology emerged with the
offering of Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the early eighties.
Although this was a big capacity improvement, it soon ran into limits. The
network planners made a few modifications to this design to increase capacity.
One solution was to reduce the cell size even further and add more cells to fill
in the newly created uncovered areas. A second alternative was to add another
frequency to the existing cell, so that two calls could be placed from the same
cell. Both of these solutions, however, did not overcome the basic limit of one
call per frequency.
Figure 17 Space Division Multiple Access

4.1.1.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

The next step in providing greater network capacity was to not only to divide
frequencies into different cells but to divide this frequency into different slices
of time. Originally, the frequency could only carry one conversation, but with
TDMA technology, multiple users could carry on conversations using the same
frequency in the same cell or space.
• That is the idea behind TDMA; dividing the frequency into multiple time
slices so multiple users can access the same frequency at the same time.
The commercially available products associated with this new technology are
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) and Global System for
Mobile Communication (GSM). D-AMPS was introduced in the late Eighties
and GSM became available in 1990. These two products are not currently
compatible. D-AMPS is a digital overlay to a currently existing analogue
system for the purpose of increasing capacity. GSM is not an overlay, but a
stand-alone product with a digital format at its core. Currently, D-AMPS
provides an increase of three to one over SDMA technology, with the
possibility to go to six to one in the near future. Currently GSM provides an
increase of seven to one over the SDMA technology, with the possibility to go
to fifteen to one in the near future. PCS 1900 uses the GSM protocols for
communication but at a different bandwidth: 1900 MHz for PCS as opposed to
900 MHz for GSM.

f3
f1 f6
f4 f2
f2 f7
f5 f3
f1
f1
Figure 18 Time Division Multiple Access
Figure 19 TDMA divides the frequency into multiple time slices

4.1.1.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), using digital format, identifies each
conversation uniquely by a code rather than a frequency or slice of time.
CDMA is not compatible with TDMA technologies. Currently CDMA offers
an eighteen to one improvement over SDMA, with the possibility of sixty-four
to one in the future, and a theoretical limit of an infinite amount of calls per
region.
Figure 20 Code Division Multiple Access

Figure 21 CDMA is digital and identifies each conversation by a code

rather than frequency or time slice
2 Current mobile telephony systems
2.1 1st generation
The 1st generation networks were analogue. They were based on several similar
but incompatible technologies. Aside from mobility, they offered few if any
services beyond what fixed networks were able to provide.
It was during this 1st generation phase, however, that wide area coverage
utilising frequency re-use patterns which were extremely efficient began.
2.2 2nd generation
The 2nd generation systems use digital channels, resulting in more efficient use
of the spectrum using TDMA or CDMA systems.
Many new services were implemented including the provision for real data
services and improved security.

4.2.3 3rd generation
The 3rd generation systems are based on the open interfaces of GSM. The
driving force behind this is the desired ability to provide global mobility and
compatibility, while at the same time providing an ever-expanding array of
services that include:
• Paging
• Text messaging
• Voice messaging
• Broadband ISDN capability
4.3 CDMA background

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a type of spread-spectrum; a family
of digital communication methods that the military has used for some time
dating back to World War II. It is particularly useful to the military for two
reasons:
• It provided protection from enemy jamming, because the spread signal is
difficult to interfere with.
• It could conceal that any communication was taking place at all.
Even though CDMA was hypothetically possible in the late 1940s, it was not
available to the civilian market for another four decades. A primary reason for
this was that low cost, high-density digital integrated circuits had to be
developed to keep the cost and the weight of the units down.
4.4 Principles of CDMA

CDMA is the classic example of a room with people speaking different
languages.
Let us imagine that a corporate CEO is hosting a large multinational gathering.
Our host, having mastered many languages, is primarily the one making
conversation. Our host demands that his guests speak in their native tongues. He
is able to interpret the conversations between guests if they wish to talk with
each other. Our host, a true mediator, can fluently follow many, many
conversations at the same time. He can understand different speakers all talking
at the same time because they speak in different languages.
He occasionally has to tell some guests, who tend to get carried away, to speak
a little softer; and he has to ask the soft speakers to talk more loudly so that he
can hear them better.

In the corner, a jazz band begins playing. Because of the music, the guests have
to speak louder in general. The host will no longer be able to hear the soft
speakers in the back, even though they yell at the top of their lungs. When the
band takes a break, it is easier to communicate again. The guests can speak
with less volume for a while.
The party starts to mature and many more guests arrive. The overall volume
begins to rise, because there are more people speaking at the same time. The
host asks the guests nearest to him to speak more softly, while he asks the ones
further away to please speak up.
CDMA functions much like our party. The CEO hosting the party is our Base
Station (BS), the band represents another BS, and the guests are the Mobile
Stations (MS). The different languages correspond to codes in a CDMA
system. The BS can tell the mobiles apart, even though they are transmitting at
the same time, by the codes that they use. Each MS uses a separate code. Each
BS also uses a different code when they talk with the MSs. The codes the
mobiles use increase, spread the bandwidth used. The bandwidth actually used
is much larger than what is actually required. That is why we also call this a
spread spectrum system.
Figure 22 The CDMA multinational gathering

4.4.1 CDMA Information Theory & Codes
P o w e r (P )
T im e
( S p r e a d in g )
C odes
F re q u e n c y
Figure 23 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
In CDMA technology based systems (such as WCDMA), every user is assigned

a code/codes varying per transaction. In Figure 23 above, the different users use
separate Spreading Codes. It should be noted that one user may also use several
Spreading Codes in certain situations.
In CDMA every user uses the same frequency band simultaneously and hence
there are no ‘timeslots’ in the same sense as in GSM900/1800. Based on the
Information Theory, the following conclusions can be made:
• If the originating bit rate is low, it can be spread well and thus the Power
required for transmission will be small. This kind of case can be seen as a
narrow layer in the Figure 23.
• If the originating bit rate is high it cannot be spread as well and thus the
Power required for transmission will be higher. This kind of case can be
seen as a thick layer in the Figure 23.
Another way to understand the WCDMA principle is to understand how it treats
a single originating piece of information, Bit.

O r ig in a tin g B it W CDM A R e c e iv e d B it
Pow er F re q u e n c y
B and
S p r e a d in g
F a c to r
Figure 24 WCDMA Air Interface Principle
In WCDMA, every originating information bit is like a “box” having constant

volume but the dimensions of the “box” change depending on the case.
Referring to the Figure 24, the depth of the “box” (Frequency band) is constant
in the WCDMA. The other two dimensions, Power and Spreading Factor are
subject to change. Based on this:
• The better the signal can be spread, the smaller is the required energy per
bit (Power). This can be applied if the originating bit rate is low.
• The smaller is the Spreading Factor, the more energy is required per bit
(Power). This is applied when the originating bit rate is high.
This kind of “box” presented in Figure 24 is called a Symbol.
4.2 Spread spectrum and the principle of direct sequence CDMA
There are several spread spectrum system designs:

In Direct sequence spread spectrum we spread or code the message we want to
send by directly multiplying it with a large bandwidth user specific code called
the spreading sequence.
Frequency hopping spread spectrum utilises the large system bandwidth by
periodically changing the carrier frequency of the narrow band message
according to a user specific sequence.
Time hopping spread spectrum uses a user specific sequence to key the
transmitter on and off at equal duration time segments. Unlike GSM, there is no
user specific timeslot.
The direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum method is used in both the 2 nd
generation CDMA systems (i.e., IS-95) and in the new 3 rd generation Wideband
CDMA (WCDMA).
Let us visualise the spreading process. We have the information bits with some
power per bits. The spreading signal is like a monster truck driving over the

bits. The bits get “squashed” and spread over the ground. The power that
previously defined the height of the bits is also flattened. The power is spread
over the spectrum, that is to say that the power per unit bandwidth is small. This
is our goal. For someone not knowing how the information was actually
squashed, it is very difficult to detect the presence of a spread spectrum user.
All one would hear is an increased amount of noise.
P User A
f f
Data Data after
spreading
P f f
User B
Transmission Despread
over the air User A signal
at the receiver
f f
Figure 25 Spreading and Sharing the same space
In a spread spectrum system all the users are in the same frequency band. The
frequency band is not divided in time to the users as in GSM. All users may
send at the same time at will. The user’s information is spread over the whole
frequency band with a user specific pseudo-noise (PN) signal, the spreading
code. The transmitted signal occupies a much wider bandwidth than would be
necessary to send the information.
We call the bits in the code chips. The chip rate of our code is four times the bit
rate of our message. We call this factor the spreading factor. So in this instance,
the spreading factor (SF) is 4. If the bit rate of our data would be for example
512 Kbps, the resulting chip rate after spreading would be 2,048 chips per
second (cps).
In a multiple access environment, we will have at the receiver our spread
spectrum signal summed with the other user signals. Our receiver will decode
the original message fine as long as the noise caused by the other signals
present is not too high. This is why we can say that each user is sharing a pool
of power in the system.

5 Motives for 3rd Generation Networks

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is a 3rd generation
mobile services platform, which is based on a layered network-protocol
structure. Being able to deliver wideband multimedia services is going to
require a higher performance standard than the current wireless standards.
WCDMA will smooth the progress of new wireless wideband multimedia
applications, while fully supporting both packet and circuit-switched
communications (e.g., Internet and traditional landline telephone). From the
outset, WCDMA has been designed for high-speed data services and Internet
based packet data offering up to 2 Mbps in stationary or office environments
and up to 384 Kbps in wide area or mobile environments.
1 Features of WCDMA
WCDMA has several advantages, for example:
Efficient use of spectrum
Different technologies, which improve the spectrum usage, are easy to apply to
CDMA (e.g., the MS can transmit only when there is speech to send and remain
silent during pauses in conversation).
No frequency management
CDMA uses the same frequency in adjacent cells. There is no need for the
FDMA/TDMA type of frequency assignment that can sometimes be difficult.
Low mobile station transmit power

With advanced receiver technologies, CDMA can improve the reception
performance. The required transmit power of a CDMA MS can be reduced as
compared to TDMA systems. Additionally, because the CDMA system uses
constant transmission, rather than the burst transmission used by TDMA
systems, the peak power can be kept low. Continuous transmission also avoids
the electromagnetic emission problems caused by pulsed transmission to, for
example, hearing aids and hospital equipment.
Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent

In CDMA, it is easy to assign different bit rates for uplink and downlink
transmissions for each user. Therefore, CDMA supports asymmetric
communications such as TCP/IP access.

Wide variety of data rates

The wide bandwidth of WCDMA enables the provision of higher transmission
rates. Additionally, it makes it possible to provide low and high rate services in
the same band.
Improvement of multi-path resolution

The wide bandwidth of WCDMA makes it possible to resolve more multi-path
components than 2nd generation CDMA. It does so using a special receiver
called the RAKE receiver. This assists in lowering the transmit power required
and lowers interference power at the same time. The result is further improved
spectrum efficiency.
Statistical multiplexing advantage

The wider band carrier of the WCDMA system helps to increase the number of
channels/users in one carrier. The statistical multiplexing effect will help in
increasing the frequency usage efficiency. This efficiency drops in narrow-
band systems with fast data communications, because the number of users on
one carrier is limited.
Increased standby-time from higher rate control channels

The wideband carrier can enhance the transmission of the control channels. The
MS only listens to the control channels part of the time, thereby increasing
standby time.
5.2 Benefits of WCDMA

The benefits of WCDMA include:
• Reduction of interference with other electronic devices
• Improvement of Erlang capacity
• Reduction of the number of dropped calls because of handoff failures
• Easier site selection
• Significant improvement of voice quality and assistance in removing the
audible effects of multipath fading
• Availability of a reliable means for data communications such as:
− Facsimile
− Internet traffic

• Reduction of potential health risks

• Imperceptible soft handovers
− No change of frequency
2.1 Operator key benefits
• New service capabilities (means new business opportunity for operators)

• Lower cost for capacity (to be used either for voice and/or data)
• New spectrum
• Revenue opportunity with increased data/voice traffic
• Improved cost efficiency
2.2 End user key benefits
• Access to a complete range of integrated, customer friendly services

customised to their needs by operators and service providers. These
services will be available irrespective of the serving network and
terminal, assuming similar capabilities are available. Where the
capabilities are not available, the user will be presented with a subset of
the service.
• Enhanced user service management covering the ability to customise and
configure the appearance and behaviour of user services and applications.
This management may include user interface customisation where the
terminal supports that capability.
• Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades through the
capability to download new service applications with minimal customer
interaction.
• Wireless personal Internet – information anywhere at anytime

Figure 26 Sample of Internet 3G Service
• Multimedia messaging
• Enhanced e-mail
• Telecommuting
• Improved quality of service
• Support for video/audio clips

6 Review of 3G Networks
1. Match the following events with the year in which they took place:
First radio broadcast _____ a. 1991
NMT introduced by Nokia _____ b. 1981
AMPS introduced _____ c. 1998
First official GSM call _____ d. 1983
3GPP formed _____ e. 1906
2. Which of the following definitions for the abbreviation OHG is true?

a. Is a specification body organised by the manufactures to promote
new technologies
b. Is a EU organisation that specifies all the features that a 3G
network must support
c. Is an organisational body by the operators to promote the
harmonisation of different 3G technologies
d. Is the name of the interface between the RAN and the CN
3. Which of the following elements is/are NOT part of the Core Network?
a. HLR
b. GGSN
c. RNC
d. EIR
4. Which of the following sentences about EDGE is TRUE?

a. EDGE is needed to support IN pre-paid services
b. EDGE is using a more efficient coding and modulation technique
than in GSM to increase data throughput
c. EDGE and GSM networks are incompatible
d. EDGE will allow telephone calls to take place faster as people can
talk faster than in GSM
5. The SGSN is not needed to support 3G IP Connections.
 True  False

6. List the four basic Air interface technologies:
7. Which of the following is true (circle the correct answer)?

a. 1st generation networks are digital and 2nd generation networks are
analogue
b. WCDMA is a 2nd generation technology
c. TDMA and CDMA were introduced in 2nd generation networks
d. Data, Fax, and SMS services will first be introduced with
WCDMA
8. Describe the main difference between analogue and digital:
9. Which of the following are benefits of WCDMA (circle the correct

answer)?
e. Improvement of Erlang capacity
f. No frequency change allows imperceptible soft handovers
g. Fewer sites required to support traffic
h. Improved cost efficiency
i. All of the above
10. CDMA is a digital communication method used by the military since

World War II.
 True  False

11. Which of the following are seen as being benefits or services for the end-
user?
a. Integrated services that are customised per-subscriber
b. Ability to download and activate new services at will
c. Enhanced e-mail
d. Multimedia messaging
e. Satellite Coverage
f. Telecommuting
g. Improved quality of service
h. Videophony
i. Location Based Services
j. Wireless personal Internet
k. Support for video/audio clips

3g & UMTS Networks

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3G SYSTRA

Introduction to 3G & UMTS

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 1 (4 8)

2 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

2 Background and History.....................................................................5

4 Basics of the Air Interface and Path to WCDMA.............................29

5 Motives for 3rd Generation Networks..............................................42

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 3 (4 8)

4 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

2 Background and History

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 5 (4 8)

UMTS is one implementation of 3G and inorder to appreciate the work

Table 1 Significant events

6 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 7 (4 8)

1 Specification Process for 3G

Figure 1 3G Specification Bodies

8 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

There are four international standardisation bodies acting as “generators” for 3G

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 9 (4 8)

Variant Radio Access OHG Switching 2G Basis

10 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

The expected timeline for 3G is as follows:

Item / Entity Estimate

In addition, it has been agreed that the 3G specifications will be regularly

2.2 The History of GSM

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 11 (4 8)

12 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

Figure 2 Digital cellular systems around the world

2.2.1 Open interfaces of GSM

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 13 (4 8)

the GSM specification, in principle, provides the means to distribute

14 (48) © Nokia Networks Oy CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en

2.3 3G Network Structure

Figure 3 3G Network Principle Diagram

CTUX0004 Issue 2.0en © Nokia Networks Oy 15 (4 8)

Figure 4 3G Network Management Layers

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P e d e s tr ia n & O ffic e ( < 1 0 k m /h ) : O u t d o o r ( < 1 5 0 k m / h ) b it r a t e O u td o o r ( < 2 5 0 k m /h ) : b itr a te

Figure 5 3G Access Rates

Environment RT Service Peak Rate NRT Service Peak Rate

Table 4 3G RT and NRT Service Access Rates as Function of User

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1 Starting with Basic GSM

HLR & AC & EIR

BTS BSC TCSM MSC&VLR

BTS BSC TCSM

Figure 6 Basic GSM Network – Principle Diagram

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3.1.1 GSM Network Elements

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2 Adding Value to GSM Networks

HLR & AC & EIR

BTS BSC TCSM MSC&VLR

Figure 7 GSM & Value Added Services

2.1 Example Services

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3.3 Adding Value with GSMphase2+ and INtelligent

HLR & AC & EIR

BTS BSC TCSM MSC&VLR

Figure 8 GSM – Intelligent Network Included

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• Differentiation: possible to differentiate and compete with services.

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