Is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,

presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

The one who develop and apply appropriate methods in collecting and analyzing data.
They guide the design of a research study and then analyze the results.
Refers to gathering of data or information
Involves summarizing data or information in textual, graphical or tabular forms.
Involves describing the data by using statistical methods and procedures.
Refers to the process of making conclusions based on the analyzed data.
Government prepared registration list of all the heads of the families
A census of the population was taken on several occasions, such as in 2030 BC, when the
population was estimated 3,800,000.
The first roman census was taken in the presence of the censor.
The most famous Roman census was recorded in the bible during the time of ________
and _________
Taxes, military service and custom duties were also recorded.
When _____________ took possession of England, he ordered that a survey be made of
the land of England for taxation.
A large number of statistical handbooks were published.
Registration of death was started by _________________ in 1532.
Several people involved in the development of modern statistics.
Discovered the equation of the normal curve
Unified theory for drawing a rigorous conclusions from statistical data
Made significant contribution in statistics
Deals with the collection and presentation of data and the summarizing values that
describe the group’s characteristics
Deals with prediction and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the
results of the information gathered by the statisticians. Some of the common statistical
tools are t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square and Pearson r.
Refers to a large collection of object, person, places or things
Is a small portion or part of a population. It could be defined as subgroup, subset or
representative.
Is any numerical or nominal characteristic of population. It is a value or measured
obtained from a population. It is usually referred to as the true or actual value.
Is a estimate of a parameter. It is any value or measurement obtained from a sample.
Are facts, or a set of information or observations under study. They are gathered by the
researcher from a population or from a sample.
Are data which can assume values that manifest the concepts of attributes. These data
cannot be subjected to meaningful arithmetic. They cannot be added, subtracted or
divided. Example gender and nationality.
Data which are numerical in nature. Data obtained from counting or measuring. Example:
Test score, height and weight.
Is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
different from each other. If a class consists of boys and girls, then gender is a variable in
this class. Height is also variable.
One that can assume a finite number of values. The values of it obtained through the
process of counting.
One that can assume infinite within a specified interval. The values of a continuous
variable are obtained through measuring
Is variable affected by other variable.
Variable which affects or influences the dependent variable.
Is a property or characteristic of a population or sample which makes the members of the
group similar to each other.
Most primitive level of measurement. It is used when we want to distinguish one object
from another for identification purposes. Example: gender and nationality
Data are arranged in some qualified order or rank. Example: beauty contest, siblings in
the family
We can say not only that one object is greater or less than another but we can also specify
the amount or difference.
The same as the internal, the only difference is that the ratio level always starts from an
absolute or true zero point. There is always the presence of units of measure.
Formula to determine the sample size

The researcher has a direct contact with the interviewee.

This method used of written questionnaire.
The researcher obtains the information needed by asking questions and inquiries from the
interviewee.
A method of collecting data is governed by laws
This is usually used in business research
Used to find out cause and effect relationships
Using this method, the researcher can get more accurate answer or responses since
clarifications can be made if the interviewee or respondent does not understand the
questions.
The researcher gives or distribute the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal
or by mail.
The most realiable method because this is enforced by laws
Using this method the researcher can save a lot of time and money however he cannot
expect that will distributed questionnaire will be retrieved.
Example of this method are Birth Certificate, Marriage Contract & Death Certificate
Example of this method are new fertilizer, new shampoo, detergent, cosmetics
Classification of data that are not organized or it arranged could only be from highest to
lowest or lowest to highest.
Classification of data that are arranged and organized into different classes or categories.
It is a method of presenting data in paragraph form, this involves enumerating the
important characteristics, giving emphasis on significant figures and identifying
important features of the data
It is a method of presenting data which sorts data according to a certain pattern. It
involves separating a number into two parts. In a two-digit number, the stem consist of
the first digit, and the leaf consist of the second digit. While the three-digit number, the
stem consist of the first two digits and the leaf consist of the last digit. In a one-digit the
stem is zero.

Parts of tabular method for easy reference to the table

Parts of tabular method to explain the content of the table
Parts of tabular method to describes the data in each column
Parts of tabular method to shows the classes of the table
Parts of tabular method the main part of the table
Parts of tabular method that placed below the table when the data written are not original
Is the table which shows the data arranged into different classes and the number of cases
which fall into each class
The frequent distribution table for _____________ is simply an arrangement of data from
lowest to highest which shows the frequency of occurrence of each value in a set
Statistics Is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Statisticians The one who develop and apply appropriate methods in collecting and analyzing data.
They guide the design of a research study and then analyze the results.
Collection Refers to gathering of data or information
Organization or presentation Involves summarizing data or information in textual, graphical or tabular forms.
Analysis Involves describing the data by using statistical methods and procedures.
Interpretation Refers to the process of making conclusions based on the analyzed data.
Ancient Egypt Government prepared registration list of all the heads of the families
Ancient Judea A census of the population was taken on several occasions, such as in 2030 BC, when the
population was estimated 3,800,000.
Roman Empire The first roman census was taken in the presence of the censor.
Joseph and Mary The most famous Roman census was recorded in the bible during the time of ________
and _________
Middle ages Taxes, military service and custom duties were also recorded.
William the Conqueror When _____________ took possession of England, he ordered that a survey be made of
the land of England for taxation.
Sixteenth Century A large number of statistical handbooks were published.
Henry VIII Registration of death was started by _________________ in 1532.
1667-1754 Several people involved in the development of modern statistics.
Abraham de Moivre Discovered the equation of the normal curve
Twentieth Century Unified theory for drawing a rigorous conclusions from statistical data
Ronal Fisher Made significant contribution in statistics
Descriptive Statistics Deals with the collection and presentation of data and the summarizing values that
describe the group’s characteristics
Inferential Statistics Deals with prediction and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results
of the information gathered by the statisticians. Some of the common statistical tools are t-
test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square and Pearson r.
Population Refers to a large collection of object, person, places or things
Sample Is a small portion or part of a population. It could be defined as subgroup, subset or
representative.
Parameter Is any numerical or nominal characteristic of population. It is a value or measured obtained
from a population. It is usually referred to as the true or actual value.
Statistic Is a estimate of a parameter. It is any value or measurement obtained from a sample.
Data Are facts, or a set of information or observations under study. They are gathered by the
researcher from a population or from a sample.
Qualitative Data Are data which can assume values that manifest the concepts of attributes. These data
cannot be subjected to meaningful arithmetic. They cannot be added, subtracted or
divided. Example gender and nationality.
Quantitative Date Data which are numerical in nature. Data obtained from counting or measuring. Example:
Test score, height and weight.
Variable Is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
different from each other. If a class consists of boys and girls, then gender is a variable in
this class. Height is also variable.
Discrete Variable One that can assume a finite number of values. The values of it obtained through the
process of counting.
Continuous Variable One that can assume infinite within a specified interval. The values of a continuous
variable are obtained through measuring
Dependent Variable Is variable affected by other variable.
Independent Variable Variable which affects or influences the dependent variable.
Constant Is a property or characteristic of a population or sample which makes the members of the
group similar to each other.
Nominal Scale Most primitive level of measurement. It is used when we want to distinguish one object
from another for identification purposes. Example: gender and nationality
Ordinal Scale Data are arranged in some qualified order or rank. Example: beauty contest, siblings in the
 family
Internal We can say not only that one object is greater or less than another but we can also specify
the amount or difference.
Ratio Scale The same as the internal, the only difference is that the ratio level always starts from an
absolute or true zero point. There is always the presence of units of measure.
n=N/1+Ne2 Formula to determine the sample size
Ways of Collecting or Gathering of Data (Direct or Interview Method (DIM), Indirect or Questionnaire Method (IQM),
Registration Method (RM) and Experimental Method(EM))
DIM The researcher has a direct contact with the interviewee.
IQM This method used of written questionnaire.
DIM The researcher obtains the information needed by asking questions and inquiries from the
interviewee.
RM A method of collecting data is governed by laws
DIM This is usually used in business research
EM Used to find out cause and effect relationships
DIM Using this method, the researcher can get more accurate answer or responses since
clarifications can be made if the interviewee or respondent does not understand the
questions.
IQM The researcher gives or distribute the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal
or by mail.
RM The most realiable method because this is enforced by laws
IQM Using this method the researcher can save a lot of time and money however he cannot
expect that will distributed questionnaire will be retrieved.
RM Example of this method are Birth Certificate, Marriage Contract & Death Certificate
EM Example of this method are new fertilizer, new shampoo, detergent, cosmetics
Ungrouped Data Classification of data that are not organized or it arranged could only be from highest to
lowest or lowest to highest.
Grouped Data Classification of data that are arranged and organized into different classes or categories.
Textual Method It is a method of presenting data in paragraph form, this involves enumerating the
important characteristics, giving emphasis on significant figures and identifying important
features of the data
Stem-and-leaf plot It is a method of presenting data which sorts data according to a certain pattern. It involves
separating a number into two parts. In a two-digit number, the stem consist of the first
digit, and the leaf consist of the second digit. While the three-digit number, the stem
consist of the first two digits and the leaf consist of the last digit. In a one-digit the stem is
zero.

Table Number Parts of tabular method for easy reference to the table
Table Title Parts of tabular method to explain the content of the table
Column Header Parts of tabular method to describes the data in each column
Row Classifier Parts of tabular method to shows the classes of the table
Body Parts of tabular method the main part of the table
Source Note Parts of tabular method that placed below the table when the data written are not original
Frequent Distribution Table Is the table which shows the data arranged into different classes and the number of cases
which fall into each class
Ungrouped data The frequent distribution table for _____________ is simply an arrangement of data from
lowest to highest which shows the frequency of occurrence of each value in a set
Answer the following:
is the Greek letter sigma. We use it to indicate a sum.

Write the following sums.

2· 1 + 2· 2 + 2· 3 + 2· 4 + 2· 5 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10.

Write the following sums.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9.
 Write the following sum.

Write the following sum.

Write the following sum.

Use sigma notation to indicate this sum:

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 100.
Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . + 79 =

Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − . . . + 21 =

Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

1 + a + a2 + a3 + . . . + an =

Proof.

= a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 + . . . + an + bn

= a1 + a2 + . . . + an + b1 + b2 + . . . + bn

c + c + c + . . . + c (n times) = nc.
 Cite the theorems of summation to prove:
Theorems 1 and 2
6· ½n(n + 1) − 5n. The sum and Theorem 3

3n2 + 3n − 5n

3n2 − 2n

n(3n − 2).

0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Upon division by 5, what are the possible remainders?

Write the first four numbers of each remainder class.

Indicate each remainder class algebraically, and let

each one begin
c) with k = 1.

5k

Prove: 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + . . . + (3n − 1) = ½n(3n +

1).

Prove: Every square number is the sum of consecutive

odd numbers.
= 2· ½n(n + 1) − n = n2 + n − n = n2.
That is,

1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n − 1) = n2.

Prove:

1 + 5 + 9 + . . . + (4n − 3) = n(2n − 1).

Answer the following:
is the Greek letter sigma. We use it to indicate a sum.
Write the following sums.
Write the following sums.

Write the following sum.

Write the following sum.

Write the following sum.

Use sigma notation to indicate this sum:

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 100.
Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . + 79 =
Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − . . . + 21 =
Use sigma notation to indicate these sums.

1 + a + a2 + a3 + . . . + an =

Cite the theorems of summation to prove:

Upon division by 5, what are the possible remainders?

Write the first four numbers of each remainder class.
Indicate each remainder class algebraically, and let
each one begin
c) with k = 1.

5k

Prove: 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + . . . + (3n − 1) = ½n(3n +

1).
Prove: Every square number is the sum of consecutive
odd numbers.

That is,

1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n − 1) = n2.
Prove:

1 + 5 + 9 + . . . + (4n − 3) = n(2n − 1).