Exercise 3.

4 (Solution)
Mathcity.org Book: Algebra and Trigonometric By: Muhammad Fiaz Hussain
Class: First Year fiaz.hussain24@yahoo.com
Merging man and maths

1 2 0  1 3  1
 1 2 5    3 1  2 Z   3 2  1  2 2 3 
Q1.If A   2 3  1 & B   1
  0  1 then
 1 3 2  0  1 2 
 5  1 0   2  1 2 
 0 1 1  0 1  1
show that 𝑨 + 𝑩 is symmetric.
Z   1 0  
 4  Z    1 0
t
4 
 1 2 5    3 1  2
 1 4 0   1  4 0 
A   2 3  1 B   1
  0  1
 5  1 0   2  1 2   0 1 1 
Z    1 0  4  Z t   Z
t
Let,
Z  A B  1 4 0 
 1  2 5    3 1  2 So, Z is skew symmetric matrix.
Z   2 3  1   1 0  1 Q3: If A is a square matrix of order 3 then
 5  1 0   2  1 2  show that,
(i). 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒕 is symmetric matrix.
 2  1 5   2  1 5  (ii). 𝑨 − 𝑨𝒕 is skew symmetric matrix.
Z    1 3  1  Z    1 3  1
  t
(i). Since A is square matrix of order 3, then we have
 5  1 0   5  1 0  to show that A  At is symmetric matirix. Let,
Z  A  At
Zt  Z
So, Z is symmetric matrix. 
Z t  A  At 
t

1 2 0 Z t  ( At ) t  A
Q2: If A   3 2  1 then show that, as ( At ) t  A
 1 3 2  Z t  A  At
(i). 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒕 is symmetric matrix. Zt  Z
(ii). 𝑨 − 𝑨𝒕 is skew symmetric matrix. So, Z is symmetric matrix.
(ii).Since A is square matrix of order 3, then we have
1 2 0
to show that A  At is symmetric matirix. Let,
A   3 2  1
Z  A  At
 1 3 2 

Z t  A  At
t

(i) Let,
Z t  ( At ) t  At
Z  A  At
 1 2 0  1 3  1 as ( At ) t  A
Z   3 2  1  2 2 3  Z t   A  At  ( A  At )
 1 3 2  0  1 2  Z t  Z
So, Z is skew symmetric matrix.
 2 5  1 2 5  1 Q4: If A and B are symmetric matrix and
Z   5 4 2   Z   5
  t
4 2  AB=BA. Show that AB is symmetric matrix.
 1 2 4   1 2 4  Given that A and B are symmetric matrix then by the
definition,
Zt  Z
So, Z is symmetric matrix. At  A; B t  B
(ii) Let,
To show that AB is symmetric matrix we have,
Z  A  At ( AB) t  B t At

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Since 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, i 1  i    i 1 2i i 
Z      
( AB ) t  BA
1  i  1  i i   i  2i 
as given that, AB  BA,  2i  i   2i  i  2i i 
( AB) t  AB Z    (Z )t      
  i 2i    i 2i   i  2i 
hence AB is symmetric matrix.
(Z ) t  Z
Q5: Show that 𝑨𝑨𝒕 and 𝑨𝒕 𝑨 are symmetric
So, Z is skew Hermitian matrix.
for any matrix of 𝟐 × 𝟑. Q7: If A is symmetric or skew symmetric, show
Let,
that A2 is symmetric.
Z  AAt Given that A is symmetric matrix, then by the
to show that Z is symmetric matrix we have, definition,
Z t  ( AAt ) t  Z t  ( At ) t At  AAt At  A
so, Z is symmetric matrix. we have to show that A 2 is symmetric,
A    A.A  A A
Now, let, 2 t t t t
F  At A
to show that F is symmetric matrix we have, A   A.A  A
2 t 2

F t  ( At A) t  F t  At ( At ) t  At A So, A is symmetric matrix.

So, F is symmetric matrix. Now, consider A is skew matrix then by the
i 1  i  definition,
Q6 If A    , show that, At   A
1  i 
̅ )𝒕 is Hermitian. we have to show that A 2 is symmetric,
(i). 𝑨 + (𝑨
(i). 𝑨 − (𝑨 ̅ )𝒕 is skew Hermitian. A   ( A).( A)  A A
2 t t t t

A
i 1  i 

A   A.A  A
2 t 2

1  i  So, A is symmetric matrix.

(i). let,  1 
Z  A  ( A )t Q8: If A  1  i  find 𝑨(𝑨
̅ )𝒕 .
first,  i 
 i 1  i    i 1
A   ( A )t     1 
1 i  1  i i 
A  1  i 
i 1  i    i 1  0 2  i
Z       i 
1  i  1  i i  2  i 0 
 0 2  i  0 2  i  1 
Z    (Z )t  
0  A  1  i   ( A )t  1 1  i  i 
2  i 0  2  i
  i 
(Z )t  Z
So, Z is Hermitian matrix. Now,
i 1  i   1   1 1 i i 
A    
A( A )  1  i 1 1  i  i   1  i 1  i 2
t
 i  i 2 
1  i 
(ii). let,  i   i i  i2  i 2 
Z  A  ( A )t  1 1 i  i 
first, A( A )  1  i 2 1  i 
t

 i 1  i    i 1  i 1  i 1 
A   ( A )t   
1 i  1  i i 
Q9: Find the inverse of the following matrices
by the row operations.

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(i). 1 2  1  1 0 0
1 2  3  R 0  1 3   0 1 0 R3  R1
 0 2 0  
  0  2 3   1 0 1
 2  2 2 
1 0 5  1 2 0
   R  2 R2
1 2  3 1 0 0  R 0  1 3   0 1 0 1
  0  2 0  0 1 0
 R  2 R2

0 0  3  1  2 1 3
 2  2 2  0 0 1
1 0 5   1 2 0
1 2  3 1 0 0  R 0 1  3  0  1 0  R2
  
 R  0  2 0  0 1 0 R3  2 R1
 
 0 0  3  1  2 1
 2  2 2  0 0 1
1 0 5  1 2 0
1 2  3 1 0  R 0 1  3 0  1 0   R2
  
0 1
 R 0  2 0  0 1 0 R3  2 R1
 3
 0 0 1   13 23  13 
0 2  4 2 0 1
1 0 0  23  43 53 
R  5R3
1 2  3 1 0 0  R 0 1 0  1 1  1 1
 R 0 1 0  0  12 0  R2 R  3R3
1 
 2 0 0 1  13 2
3  13  2
0 2  4 2 0 1 So, the inverse of the matrix is,
1 0  3 1 1 0  23  43 53 
R  2 R2 1
 R 0 1 0  0  12 0 1  1  1
 R  2 R2
0 0  4 2 1 1 3  13 2
3  13 
1 0  3  1 1 0  (iii).
  
 R 0 1 0   0  12 0 1R 1  3 2 
  4 3 2 1 0
0 0 1   12  14  4 1
 
0  1 1
1 0 0  12 14 4 
3

 R 0 1 0  0  12 0  R1  3R3 1  3 2 1 0 0

 R 2 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 1  12  14  14  

Hence, the inverse of the matrix is, 0  1 1 0 0 1
 12 14 4 
3
1  3 2   1 0 0
 0 1 0   R 0 7  4  2 1 0 R2  2 R1
 2  
 12  14  14  0  1 1   0 0 1
(ii). 1  3 2  1 0 0
1 2  1  R 0 1 2  2 1 6 R2  6 R3
0  1 3  
  0  1 1  0 0 1
1 0 2 
1 0 8   5 3 18
R  3R2
1 2  1 1 0 0  R 0 1 2  2 1 6  1
 R 0  1 3  0 1 0 R3  R2

 0 0 1  2 1 7 
1 0 2  0 0 1

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 1 0 0  11  5  38 3 15 
R  8R3  
 R 0 1 0  2  1  8  1 2 10 
 R  2 R2 Rank of A  1  1  
0 0 1  2 1 7  2 3 15 
 
So, the inverse of the matrix is, 5 25 
 11  5  38
 2 1  8  0
  Rank of A  2   20
 2 1 7  0
Q10: Find the rank of the following matrices. Because remaining matrix is zero so we write it zero.
(i). Rank of A  2
1  1 2 1 (iii).
A  2  6 5 1  3  1 3 0  1
1 2  1  3  2 
3 5 4  3
A 
 1 1 1 2 1 1  2 3 4 2 5
   
2 6 2 5 2 1  2 5  2  3 3 
Rank of A  1    3 1 3 3
 1 1 1 2 1 1  3 0 3 1 
   
3 4 3  3 1 2 1 1 1  3 1  2 
3 5
 3 1 3 3 3 0 3 1 
 4 1  1 Rank of A  1   
Rank of A  1    2 3 2 4 2 2 2 5 

 8  2  6  3 1 3 3 3 0 3 1 
 4 1  4 1  2 5 2  2 2 3 2 3 
Rank of A  1  1     
 8 2 8 6
 7  6  9  5 
Rank of A  2  0 32  2  1 
Rank of A  1  11 6 6 17 
Remaining non-zero number of row is 1 so we write it
17  12  9 11 
1.
Rank of A  3  7 6 7 9 7 5
(ii).  
 11 6 11 6 11 17 
Rank of A  1  1 
1  4  7   7 6 7  9 7  5
2  5 1   
A   17  12 17  9 17 11 
1  2 3  108 141 174 
  Rank of A  2   18 90 213
3  7 4   
1  4 1 7  108 141 108 174 
  Rank of A  2  1   
2 5 2 1 
 18 90 18 213 
1  4 1 7 
Rank of A  1    Rank of A  3  7182 19872  3  1
 1  2 1 3  Remaining non-zero number of row is 1 so we write it
1  4 1 7  1.
3 7 3 4  Rank of A  4
 
3 15 
Rank of A  1  2 10 
5 25

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