CONCRETE:

USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY

Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo
 SUMMARY
S
19.I  CONCRETE: USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY  Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo
S SUMMARY
Prefacy..........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1
Objetive.......................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 2
Introduction...............................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 3
3.1. Local Factors....................................................................................................32
3.2. Climate System................................................................................................34
3.3. Available Materials..........................................................................................35
3.4. Purpose and Use..............................................................................................38
3.5. Available Workers and Productivity................................................................40
3.6. Aggressive Agents and Durability...................................................................41
3.7. Attention to Details..........................................................................................44
3.8. Documents – Contract, TS, Drawings, and BoQ.............................................45
3.9. Safety, Inspection, and Maintenance.............................................................46
CHAPTER 4
4.1. General.............................................................................................................50
4.2. Standards.........................................................................................................50
19.II  CONCRETE: USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY  Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo
4.3. Recommendation............................................................................................52
4.4. Practice.............................................................................................................52
4.5. Specification....................................................................................................53
4.6. Contract............................................................................................................54
4.7. Drawing from a Design....................................................................................55
4.8. Measurement and Payment...........................................................................56
4.9. Bill of Quantities - BoQ....................................................................................57
4.10. Budget...............................................................................................................58
4.11. Cost (or Direct Cost) and Price (or Total Cost)................................................58
4.12. Planning............................................................................................................60
4.13. Manual........................................................................................................... 170
CHAPTER 5
5.1. General and Development............................................................................ 180
5.2. Cement.......................................................................................................... 186
5.3. Water.............................................................................................................. 251
5.4. Aggregates..................................................................................................... 273
5.5. Mineral Additives.......................................................................................... 336
5.6. Chemical Admixtures................................................................................... 386
5.7. Miscellaneous Admixtures.......................................................................... 409
5.8. Fibers............................................................................................................. 419
5.9. Meshes.......................................................................................................... 457
5.10. Steel (Rod) Bars............................................................................................ 478
5.11. Tendons and Wires for Pre-Stressing and Post-Tensioning...................... 499
5.12. Splices, Welding, Couplers, and Connectors.............................................. 505
5.13. Auxiliary Elements and Tools for Reinforcements..................................... 544
5.14. Waterstops, Bearing Pads, & Geomembranes........................................... 558
5.15. Synthetic Resins........................................................................................... 614
S SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6
6.1. Concepts and Needs.................................................................................... 646
6.2. Routines......................................................................................................... 665
6.3. Use of Computers for Mix Proportion.......................................................... 677
CHAPTER 7
7.1. General Aspects............................................................................................ 684
7.2. Characteristics - Fresh Concrete................................................................ 703
7.3. Properties – Hardened Concrete................................................................. 766
CHAPTER 8
8.1. Introduction................................................................................................... 938
8.2. Methodologies.............................................................................................. 939
8.3. Pleasant Aspect.......................................................................................... 1157
8.4. Insulation..................................................................................................... 1173
8.5. Material Availability.................................................................................... 1181
8.6. Mix Adjustment........................................................................................... 1263
CHAPTER 9
9.1. Concrete Construction............................................................................... 1308
9.2. Aggregate Processing................................................................................. 1319
9.3. Concrete Production................................................................................... 1352
9.4. Concrete Handling...................................................................................... 1400
9.5. Preparation for Placing Concrete.............................................................. 1478
19.III  CONCRETE: USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY  Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo
9.6. Concrete Placement................................................................................... 1498
9.7. Consolidation of Concrete.......................................................................... 1513
9.8. Finishing Concrete Surfaces...................................................................... 1529
9.9. Concrete Curing.......................................................................................... 1547
9.10. Formwork.................................................................................................... 1587
9.11. Joints........................................................................................................... 1670
9.12. Reinforcement and Embedded Elements................................................. 1718
9.13. Defects, Mistakes, Poor Construction....................................................... 1750
9.14. Yards-Carpenter, Reinforcement, Pipe..................................................... 1759
CHAPTER 10
10.1. Why is concrete temperature control necessary?.................................... 1768
10.2. What to do?.................................................................................................. 1770
10.3. Understanding............................................................................................ 1771
10.4. Aspects to be considered........................................................................... 1785
10.5. Precautions................................................................................................. 1804
10.6. Practical examples..................................................................................... 1812
10.7. Thermal balance......................................................................................... 1822
10.8. Systems for temperature control.............................................................. 1825
CHAPTER 11
11.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 1860
11.2. Understanding............................................................................................ 1861
11.3. Types of Cracks........................................................................................... 1862
11.4. Assessment of Cracks................................................................................ 1968
11.5. Tolerable Crack and Width Limitations..................................................... 1969
S SUMMARY
CHAPTER 12
12.1. Purpose of Monitoring................................................................................ 1978
12.2. Development............................................................................................... 1981
12.3. Benefits and Needs of the Instrumentation............................................. 1984
12.4. Organization and Planning of the Instrumentation................................. 1989
12.5. Types of Measurements and Instruments................................................ 1997
12.6. Cables for Monitoring................................................................................. 2059
12.7. Calibration of the Instruments.................................................................. 2061
12.8. Installing the Instruments......................................................................... 2065
12.9. Data Acquisition and Readings................................................................. 2069
12.10.Reports....................................................................................................... 2071
12.11.Performance Evaluation............................................................................ 2072
CHAPTER 13
13.1. General........................................................................................................ 2076
13.2. Concepts and Understanding.................................................................... 2079
13.3. Organization and Planning for Maintenance and Repair........................ 2083
13.4. Deterioration Mechanism.......................................................................... 2095
13.5. Materials for Repair.................................................................................... 2124
13.6. Typical Practices for Repair....................................................................... 2132
13.7. Special Repair............................................................................................. 2186
CHAPTER 14
14.1. Understanding............................................................................................ 2210
14.2. Organization................................................................................................ 2213
14.3. Control Plan................................................................................................. 2246
14.4. Reports........................................................................................................ 2248
19.IV  CONCRETE: USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY  Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo
CHAPTER 15
15.1. Early Attempts to Understand Structural Safety..................................... 2266
15.2. Elements for Analysis................................................................................. 2274
15.3. Standards and Codes................................................................................. 2294
15.4. Attentions and Precautions....................................................................... 2296
15.5. Monitoring and Maintenance.................................................................... 2297
15.6. Economic Considerations.......................................................................... 2298
CHAPTER 16
From 1970 to 1972............................................................................................... 2300
1973 & 1974.......................................................................................................... 2301
1975 & 1976.......................................................................................................... 2302
1977 & 1978.......................................................................................................... 2303
From 1979 to 1981............................................................................................... 2304
From 1982 to 1985............................................................................................... 2305
1986 & 1987.......................................................................................................... 2306
1988 ...................................................................................................................... 2307
1989 ...................................................................................................................... 2308
1990 & 1991.......................................................................................................... 2309
1992 ...................................................................................................................... 2310
1993 ...................................................................................................................... 2311
1994 & 1995.......................................................................................................... 2312
1996 ...................................................................................................................... 2313
1997 ...................................................................................................................... 2314
1998 ...................................................................................................................... 2315
1999 ...................................................................................................................... 2316
2000 ...................................................................................................................... 2317
2001 ...................................................................................................................... 2318
2002 ...................................................................................................................... 2319
S SUMMARY

2003 ...................................................................................................................... 2321

2004 ...................................................................................................................... 2322
2005 ...................................................................................................................... 2323
2006 ...................................................................................................................... 2324
2007 ...................................................................................................................... 2325
2008 ...................................................................................................................... 2327
2009 ...................................................................................................................... 2329
2010 ...................................................................................................................... 2331
2011 ...................................................................................................................... 2333
2012 & 2013.......................................................................................................... 2335
2012 & 2014.......................................................................................................... 2336

Acknowledgements.............................................................................................. 2337

19.V  CONCRETE: USE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY  Francisco Rodrigues Andriolo