CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes : Production and

Costs
By Neepur Garg - March 10, 2015

Production and Costs

1. Production It is the transformation of resources into commodities.

2. Production Function Production function studies the functional relationship between physical input and
physical output.

Y =F(L.K)
Here Y =Production, L = Labour, K = Capital.

3.Total Product It is the sum total of output produced by all units of labour.

TP= APx L

Here. TP = Total product, AP = Product per unit of labour

L = Units of labour

4. Marginal Product It is the change in total production as  result of a unit change in input of a variable factor
(ΔL)

ΔTP = Change in total production

MP= TPn -TPn-1
or
MP=.ΔTP/ΔL

5. Average Product It is per unit production of the variable factor

AP= TP/L

Here, AP =Average product

TP = Total product
L= Labour

6. Short run The time period during which a finn, in order to make changes in its production can change only
in its variable factors but not in its fixed factor, is termed as short run.

7. Long run The time period in which a firm can change all the factors of production is termed as long run. In
the long period, a firm can change its scale of plant also.
8. Law of Diminishing Marginal Product The law states that with the increase in variable factor, keeping all
other factors constant the marginal product of the variable factor diminishes after a certain level of
production. Reason for operating of law
(i) Optimum combination
(ii) Change infactor combinations

9. Law of Variable Proportion The law states that with the increase in a variable factor, keeping other factor
constant, initially the marginal product rises but after reaching a certain level of employment it starts
declining.
Three stages of the law
(i) Increasing returns
(ii) Diminishing returns
(iii) Negative returns

10. Returns to Scale When producers change all the factors of production in the same production, the
proportional relationship between output and factor inputs is known as returns to scale.
(i) Constant Returns to Scale When a proportional increase in all inputs results in an increase in output by the
same proportion is called constant returns to scale.
(ii) Increasing Returns to Scale IRS holds when proportional increase in all inputs results in an increase
in output by more than the proportion.
(iii) Decreasing Returns to Scale DRS holds when proportional in all inputs results in an increase in output by
less than the proportion.

11. Cost Function The functional relationship between cost and quantity produced is termed as cost
function.
C= F(Qx)
Here, C= Production – Cost
Qx = Quantity produced of x goods

12. Cost of Production Cost is the expenditure incurred by the producers on purchase of factor inputs such
and land, labour  capital etc, non-factor inputs such as raw material. fuel etc.

13. Explicit Cost The cost of those inputs whose payment is made to outsider of the firm. It is an accounting
cost.

14. Implicit Cost The cost of self owned inputs used in the production process is called implicit cost.  e.g..
rent of ownland, interest of own Implicit etc.

15. Total Cost (TC) It is the sum total of fixed cost and variable cost corresponding to a given level of output.

‘I’C = TFC + TVC

Here, TFC = Total Fixed Cost

‘I’VC = Total Variable Cost

TC = Total Cost
16. Total Fixed Cost (TFC) TFC arc the costs that are incurred on fixed factor inputs and do not vary with the
output. e.g., Rent of factory, Interest on bonds,

TFC = Quantities of the fixed productive services x Factor price

or TFC=TC-TVC

17. Total Variable Cost The costs that are incurred on variable factor inputs and very directly with the output
are called total variable costs.
e.g., Raw material, fuel, electric power.
TVC= Quantities of the variable productive service x Factor price

or TVC= TC – TFC

18.Average Cost (AC) Average cost is the cost per unit of output produced.
AC= TC/Q ; Q= Units of output
AC=AFC+ AVC
AFC = Average Fixed Cost
AVC =Average Variable Cost
19. Average Fixed Cost Total fixed cost per unit of output incurred to a finn may be defined as average fixed
cost. APC= TFC/Q

20. Averages Variable Cost (AVC) Total variable cost. per unit of’output incurred to a firm is defined as the
average variable cost. AFC= TVC/Q

21. Marginal Cost (MC) It is the additional cost owing to the production of an additional unit of output.  MCn
=TCn -TCn-1 Since additional cost can only be variable cost.

22. Shape of Curves

(i) AC, AVC, MC curve U shaped due to law of returns to
factor.
(ii) TFC curve straight  line || to X-axis.
(iii) TC and TVC curve upward sloping.
(iv) AFC curve downward rectangular hyperbola.

« Previous Next »

ALL CBSE NOTES FOR CLASS 12 ECONOMICS BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES MATHS NOTES

Advertisements

Report this ad

2 comments