Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ON
For
TECHNOCRATS ENGINEERS
By
PRACHI TALEKAR
Submitted to
“University of Pune”
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Through
Dr. Vikhe Patil Foundation’s
Centre for Management Research &Development
Pune-16
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Planning & Motivation are the two key factors in making any activity a success. Goal
achievement is a result of effort rather than individual effort. I have been the same of this
project the co-operation &support of many individuals has made this project a success.
I have the honor to express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr.S.V.Patki for giving me the
opportunity to undergo the summer training in their esteemed organization and for his valuable
guidance and support.
I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude to all the staff members for their whole
hearted cooperation and valuable help throughout the training.
I sincerely express my gratitude to Prof. Vijay Deshmukh for his support in the completion of
the project.
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CONTENTS:
INVENTORY
MATERIAL
6 CONCEPTS OF INVENTORY 12
7 PURCHASE 23
DETAILS
PROCEDURE
FORMATS
8 STORES ORGANISATION 34
9 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS 39
10 IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS 43
11 CODIFICATION 44
12 TECHNIQUES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 45
FIXATION OF LEVELS
SELECTIVE CONTROL OF INVENTORIES
JIT
ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN INVENTORY
13 DATA ANALYSIS 55
14 RECOMMENDATIONS &SUGGESTIONS 95
15 CONCLUSION 96
16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Inventory is the most significant part of the company, which accounts for over 30-40% of the
company’s expenditure. This project reflects the inventory management system of
TECNOCRAT ENGINEERS. Inventory means all the materials, parts, supplies, expensive
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tools and semi finished or finished products recorded on the book by an organization and kept
in its stocks, warehouse or plant for some period of time.
DEFINITION OF INVENTORY
“Inventory is a list of names, quantities and monetary values of all or any group of items”
“Inventory is a detailed list of those movable items which are necessary to manufacture a
product and to maintain the equipment and machinery in good working order.” The quantity
and value of every item is also mentioned in the list
The area of focus of this project is to reduce the overall cost associated with inventory by the
undertaking activities:-
Obtaining the list of surplus stock and finding out reasons for growing surplus.
Attempt to reduce the existing surplus.
An attempt to prevent further accumulation of surplus
Making recommendations to the currently followed purchase procedure
Suggesting more effective method for the control of inventory.
Reduction of the accumulated/surplus stock period itself reduces unnecessary amount of
money blocked in the form of inventory and hence resulting in blocking the working capital of
the company.
COMPANY PROFILE
TECHNOCRAT ENGINEERS was started in1991. Today it provides complete solution to suit
the clients welding automation requirements. The design engineers of TECHNOCRATS work
out the right level of automation for the client & make a full proof welding system, to give the
client what he dreams for these years. The company is a proven name in the welding industry
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for quality ARC welding equipments & accessories reliable & quick after sales service. In any
engineering goods manufacturing activity, welding plays a very important role. "Technocrat
engineers" work in the field of welding engineering with a view to supply good quality
welding equipments, accessories and special purpose automated welding systems. Technocrat
engineers is in the field for more than 10 years today. It is known for its excellent quality
products and customer oriented service back up.
Mr. S. V. Patki and Mr. D. M. Talekar the real "technocrats" are constantly in touch
with the customers, understanding their needs developing suitable welding systems to satisfy
the customer needs. The policy of continuous improvements in the products & services keep
the customers happy and satisfied. Both the partners’ viz. Mr. Patki and Mr. Talekar are
engineers working in this field for more than last 20 years and have hands on experience in
designing, production, quality control and marketing.
PRODUCT RANGE:
Industrial Duty range.
Industrial Duty Welding Rectifiers.
CO2/MIG Welding Outfits.
Tig Welding Outfits and Control Units.
Submerged ARC Welding Machines (Carriage and Boom Mounting Type)
Self Shielded Hard Facing Welding Systems.
Automating Modules Such as Turn Tables, Welding Lathes.
Automatic/Special Purpose Welding Systems to Suit Customer’s Specific
Requirements of Productivity and quality
OTHER ACTIVITIES:
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of this project is to reduce overall expenditure or costing for the
company by lowering the cost associated with inventory.
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Various other objectives pursued to fulfill the primary objective are as follows-
Reduction of existing surplus stock.
To avoid any further accumulation of surplus
To device an appropriate cost reduction technique of inventory control, which can be
used along with the existing technique to improve performance.
RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY
MEANING OF RESEARCH
Research is an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering,
interpreting and revising facts. This intellectual investigation produces a greater knowledge of
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events, behaviors, theories and laws and makes practical application possible. The term
research is also used to describe an entire collection of information about a particular subject,
and is usually associated with the output of science and the specific method. The word research
derives from the French recherché, from researcher, to search closely where “chercher” means
“to search”, its literal meaning is “to investigate thoroughly’. Research is funded by the public
authorities, by the charitable organization and by private groups, including many companies. It
is defined as the “systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations
that may lead to the development of generalization principles or theories, resulting in
prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.”
Research can be classified into various classes. These classes are not watertight compartments.
There is a certain amount of overlap between the various classifications. Every classification
emphasizes certain aspect of research.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design specifies the method and procedures for conducting a particular study. In
this case exploratory and applied type of research is used. An exploratory is generally based on
the primary data that are readily available. It does not have rigid design as researcher may have
to change his focus or direction depending on the availability of variables i.e. statistics graphs
and charting. The second type- applied research is nothing but application of sciences and
knowledge to observe variables i.e. applied theory.
DATA SOURCES
SECONDARY DATA-
As the project is based on Aligning the Inventory, hence data involved in the analysis is
basically a secondary data.
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The facts and figures along with the records were taken from the executives of the company.
Records related to inventory were taken from purchase department and stores department.
INTRODUCTION
INVENTORY
The raw materials, work-in-progress and completely finished goods that are considered to be
the portion of a business’s assets those are ready or will be ready for selling. Inventory
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represents one of the most important assets that most business possesses, because the turnover
of inventory represents one of the primary sources of revenue generation and subsequent
earnings for the companies’ shareholders/owners.
Possessing a high amount of inventory for long periods of time is not usually good for a
business, because there are inventory shortage, obsolescence and spoilage costs. However,
possessing not enough inventory isn’t good either, because the business runs the risk of losing
out potential sales and potential market share as well.
Inventory management forecasts and strategies, such as a just-in-time inventory system, can
help minimize inventory costs because goods are created or received as inventory only when
needed.
MATERIALS
Materials are the key resource in an industrial enterprise since no production is possible
without materials. Materials also form a major constituent of the cost of the product and
therefore proper control over their procurement, storage, issue, movement and consumption is
necessary.
The storage of the material is of great interest to the company, because normally substantial
amount of the company’s working capital is invested in stores. There should be a system of
proper accounting of material and supplies and it should be given same attention as is given to
accounting for money. Raw material and supplies are the equivalent of cash. They form an
important part of cost of manufacturing ad it is essential that they should be safeguarded and
accounted properly.
Material control is important managerial function, which is directed to ensure that required
quantity and quality of material is provided at the proper time with minimum amount of
capital.
Material management, according to bethel and others, is a term used to connote “controlling
the kind, location, movement and timing of the various commodities used in and produced by
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the industrial enterprise.” It involves all activities concerning materials right from the time the
need for the material is established until they are to production.
CONCEPTS OF INVENTORY
MEANING
The literary meaning of the word inventory is stock of goods. To the finance manager,
inventory connotes the value of raw materials, consumables, spares, work-in-progress, finished
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goods and scrap in which a company’s funds have been invested. Good inventory management
is good finance management. An efficient management of inventory should ultimately result in
the maximization of the owner’s wealth. Therefore inventory is considered as locked up
capital. Inventories mean tangible property held:
a. For sale in the ordinary course of business; or
b. In the process of production for such sale or
c. For consumption in the production of goods or services for sale, including
maintenance supplies and consumables other than machinery spares.
DEFINITION
Inventory management may be defined as the sum total of those activities which are necessary
for the acquisition, storage, sale and disposal or use of material. It is a subject which merits the
attention of the top level management and influences the decisions of the planning and
executive personnel.
The inventories which include inventories of raw materials, finished goods and work-in-
progress constitute quite a significant part of the total current assets. It has been observed that
in many cases inventories are more than 60-65% of the total current assets of the firm. This
naturally means that a very large amount is blocked in inventories & therefore management of
inventories has assumed a greater importance. If properly managed, the profitability of a firm
in the long run can be definitely improved while if neglected, the profitability is definitely
affected adversely.
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It is interesting to note different departments of the same organization hold different points of
view, which often tends to conflict with one another. It can be said as follows:-
The financial manager justifies limited inventory stocks, because for him, inventory is
money which does not earn interest and ties up capital.
The production manager, on the other hand, encourages to keeping liberal inventory
stocks to guard against stock- outs in the face of fluctuating demands and uncertain
deliveries.
The marketing executive prefers to have reserves of the finished goods inventory.
Product designers are interested in getting an inventory which makes up the products
with all possible accuracy.
Engineers, on the other hand, are often inclined to have a critical mind towards value-
analysis, value engineering and other allied problems of inventory.
Thus although the different approaches to the problems of inventory are not misleading, they
are likely to be biased by their own considerations. The top level management should,
therefore, bear such diverse expressions in mind instead of getting lost in them and take a
bird’s eye-view of the overall objective of “neither too much nor too little” inventory by
attempting a cost benefit analysis. A well-reconciled scientific approach would enable the
management to plan and control inventory effectively.
TYPES OF INVENTORY
The inventories can be classified as follows:
1) Raw Materials:
A manufacturing concern converts the raw material into the finished products. The raw
materials are the basic inputs which are required for the conservation into finished goods.
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2) Work-In-Progress:
Between the raw materials and there is an intermediate stage which is known as work-in-
progress. These units are therefore neither totally raw nor totally finished and is generally a
planned activity.
3) Finished Goods:
These are completed units awaiting the sale in the market. As the production in the modern
days is in anticipation of the demand, some amount of finished goods inventory is
inevitable. The inventory should be in sufficient quantity so that marketing operations of
the firm are smooth. Thus, the stock of finished goods provides a buffer between customer
and demand and manufacturer’s supplies.
4) Flabby Inventory
It comprises finished goods, raw material and stores held because of poor working capital
management and inefficient.
5) Profit-making Inventory:
It represents the stock of raw materials and finished goods held for realizing stock profit.
6) Safety Inventory:
It provides for the failure in supplies unexpected spurt in demand, etc., although there may
be an insurance cover.
7) Normal Inventory:
It is based on a production plan, lead time of supplies and economic ordering levels.
Normal inventories fluctuate primarily with change in the production plan. Normal
inventory also includes a reasonable factor of safety.
8) Excessive Inventory:
Even an effective management may be compelled to build up excessive inventory for
reasons beyond its control, as in the case of strategic import or as a measure of government
price support of a commodity.
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to keep a very low level of inventory which is also known as hand to mouth policy or to keep a
large quantity of inventory ensuring absolute safety.
As said, above, if inventory levels are kept very low. It will lead to frequent stoppages of
production. If finished goods inventories are kept very low it will result in distributing the
delivery schedule to the customers. It may further lead to the cancellations of some of the
orders. No firm can afford to take such risks.
Alternatively, if inventory levels are kept on a very high level, carrying cost like storage,
handling, insurance, recording and inspection also increase in proportion to the inventory
volumes. At the same time, as large amount of funds are blocked in those inventories, the
liquidity of the firm is severely affected. The high levels of inventory may ensure safety but the
cost of holding such a high level of inventory may nullify their advantage.
It will also not be out of place to mention here that form holds inventories basically for three
reasons:-
a) TRANSACTION MOTIVE:
This motive implies that inventories are maintained for the facilitation of smooth
production and sales.
b) PRECAUTIONARY MOTIVE:
It suggests that the inventories are maintained to take care against the risk of unforeseen
changes in demand and supply factors.
c) SPECULATIVE MOTIVE:
It says that the inventory maintenance (high or low) decision is affected by the motive
to take advantage of price fluctuations.
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It facilities purchasing economics through the measurement of requirement on the basis
of recorded experience.
It provides a check against the losses of material through careless or pilferage.
It serves as a means for the location and deposition of inactive and obsolete item of
store.
LEAD TIME:
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Lead-time is defined as the period, which elapses between the recognition of a need and its
fulfillment. There is a direct relationship between lead-time and inventory, during lead time,
there is no delivery of materials and the consuming departments are served from the existing
inventories. Both lead-time and consumption rate can be increased without notice; and
inventories are generally geared up for this contingency. As lead time increases, inventories
increase correspondingly. Lead- time is the time taken for identifying the need and placing the
order, for procuring from suppliers, for shipping, transport, receipt and inspection of items to
the delivery of finished products.
• Material Cost:
This is the cost of purchasing goods plus the transportation and handling charges.
• Order Cost:
This is a cost of placing an order for goods. Every time a firm places an order; a
particular procedure has to be followed. Forms must be typed, approved and
dispatched. When goods arrive, they must be accepted, inspected and counted. The
invoice must be checked against the goods and sent to the Account department.
Arrangements for the payment to suppliers must be made. All these expenses
accumulate into a variable cost which varies with individual orders. The smaller the
number of orders, the lower is the order cos. A firm, therefore, tries to reduce the
number of orders by placing a big order each time.
• Cost of Understocking:
Excess inventories represent additional and unnecessary costs. Storages of inventory
delay the fulfillment of contractual orders, which would involve a loss of profit or some
kind of indirect cost. Understocking or out-of-stock cost is due to the non-stocking of
an inventory. This is usually measured in terms of the opportunity cost arising out of
the loss in production by the idle cost of a line. It may result in expediting orders or
giving rush orders and extra charges will have to be incurred on these orders.
• Cost of Overstocking:
It is basically opportunity cost arising out of the investment in inventory for a longer
period than necessary.
STOCK:
In inventory control, different terms are used, such as safety stock, reserve stock, buffer stock
and so on. The buffer stock provides for normal consumption during an average lead time. The
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reserve stock provides for an increased consumption rate, while safety stock for an increasing
lead time. The buffer, in fact is the multiplication of normal consumption and average lead
time. The safety stock level is the multiplication of the average demand during a period of the
maximum delay and the probability of its occurrence.
VARIETY REDUCTION:
In organization which has to stock innumerable items, it is imperative to reduce the number of
items carried in an inventory, particularly the different small items which are sparingly used. In
the case of work in progress, the increase in varieties may be due to technical bottlenecks. With
an increase in the items of raw materials, work-in-progress, output, etc. inventory control
becomes more and more cumbersome. An organization will, therefore, have to take proper
steps to ensure that variety reduction is effected as far as possible.
MATERIAL PLANNING:
Production plans have to be converted into material plans so that the quality and time schedule
of requirements may be defined. A material planning is a mechanism which perceives the
environment for inventory control. To have a successful materials planning, adoption of a
definite methodology which would take care of internal as well as external factors is a must.
SERVICE LEVEL:
The degree of service indicates a percentage of the number of replenishment orders which
arrives without difficulty and makes it possible for a firm to render an adequate service to the
customer. The service levels refer to the “probability of not running out of stock” and the
“proposition of annual demand met ex-stock.”
QUANTITY DISCOUNTS:
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Quantity discounts are offered by the purchasers. In order to induce purchasers, suppliers often
offer a reduced price for bulk orders.
McDonalds’s
2000 1999
Inventories $99,300,000 $82,700,000
Cost of revenue $8,750,100,000
Wendy’s
2000 1999
Inventories $40,086,000 $40,271,000
Cost of revenue $1,610,075,000
Use the inventory turn formula [cost of sales or cost of revenue divided by the average
inventory values] to come up with the number of inventory turns for each business. Between
1999 and 2000, McDonalds had an inventory turn of rate of 96.1549[incredible for even a
high-turn industry such as fast food]. This means that every 3.79 days, McDonald’s goes
through its inventory. Wendy’s, on the other hand, has a turn rate of 40.073 and clears its
inventory every 9.10 days.
This inventory in efficiency can make a tremendous impact on the bottom line. By tying up as
little capital as possible in inventory, McDonalds can us the cash on hand to open more stores,
increase its advertising budget, or buy back shares. It eases the strain on cash flow
considerably, allowing management much more flexibility in planning for the long term.
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PURCHASE
One of the most important aspects of inventory control is to have the items in stock at the
moment they are needed. This includes going into the market to buy the goods early enough to
ensure delivery at the proper time. Thus, buying requires advance planning to determine
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inventory needs for each time period and then making the commitments without
procrastination. For retailers, planning ahead is very crucial. Since they offer new items for
sale months before the actual calendar date for the beginning of the new season, it is
imperative that buying plans be formulated early enough to allow for intelligent buying
without any last minute panic purchases.
The main reason for this early offering for sale of new items is that the retailer regards
the calendar date for the beginning of the new season as the merchandise date for the end of
the old season. For example, many retailers view March 21 as the end of the spring season,
June 21 as the end of summer and December 21 as the end of winter. Part of your purchasing
plan must include accounting for the depletion of the inventory. Before a decision can be made
as to the level of inventory to order, you must determine how-long the inventory you have in
stock will last. For instance, a retail firm must formulate a plan to ensure the sale of the
greatest number of units. Likewise, a manufacturing business must formulate a plan to ensure
enough inventories are on hand for production of a finished product.
In summary, the purchasing plan details, When commitments should be placed; When
the first delivery should be received; When the inventory should be peaked; When reorders
should no longer be placed; and When the item should no longer be in stock. Well-planned
purchases affect the price, delivery and availability of products for sale.
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company's total expenditure. Effective purchasing, therefore, can result in a
substantial saving to the company.
PURCHASING CYCLE
Purchasing activity plays a vital role in all the firms in general and in the manufacturing firms in
particular. Purchasing is not merely "Buying to satisfy the indenter’s requirements" but buying
goods of right quality in the right quantities, at the right time and-at the right price"
Purchase cycle consists of following eight major activities:
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1. Establishing and communicating the need for procurement.
2. Scrutiny of the purchase indents.
3. market study and selection of sources of supply
4. order preparation
5. follow up
6. receiving and inspection
7. storage and record keeping
8. Invoicing and payment.
OBJECTIVE
To ensure that adequate technical & conventional data is provided to the vendors/sub-
contractor so as to enable them to supply product/material/service to the specified
27
requirements & on-time.
SCOPE
This procedure covers direct materials, tools, consumables capital items which go into the
product, packaging materials & service sub-contractors.
Products & services which do not affect the finished product quality are extended.
PROCEDURE
1) PURCHASE INDENT ACCEPTANCE:
a.. Purchase action shall be taken on the basis of purchase indents received from the
concerned department or on the basis of reorder levels fixed for the stock items, as
received from PPC. Indents received from various departments are filed serially.
b. If the items are being procured for the first time, purchase department shall get the
approved drawing or the specification sheet of the items from the indenting department.
2) PROCUREMENT ACTION:
a. Details of all purchase orders released by materials department shall be entered in the
purchase order register & the purchase order number as per the register serially. Control
shall be allotted to the purchase order released.
b. Imported Material: Purchase orders for imported material shall be placed on vendors
selected based on the recommendations of Technocrats Engineers principals, or based on
the past reorder as recommended by engineering department
c. Indigenous raw material: For raw materials & bought out components procured
indigenously purchase order shall be placed on the vendor selected from the list of
approved vendors/sub- contractors. All the purchase order numbers are entered in the
purchase order register.
d. Capital items: Machine tools & other capital equipment having value more than 1 lakh
shall be procured against 'capital equipment indenting proposals' accompanied by
approved purchase indents. Machine tools & other capital equipments having value les
than 1 lakh shall be procured against approved purchase indent. The indents shall be duly
signed & approved by the Director (Operations).
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e. Whenever an order is placed on a new vendor/sub-contractor that is not yet approved, the
P.O shall be typed on trial purchase order.
f. The P.O shall include applicable items from the following:
i. The type, class, grade or other precise identification.
ii. The title or other positive identification & applicable issues of specifications, drawings,
process requirements for approval or qualification of product procedures, process equipment &
personnel.
iii. The title number & issue of the quality system standard to be applied.
g. For regular procured items, an open purchase order shall be placed on the vendors.
Delivery schedule from time to time shall be sent to the vendors. If additional
quantity is required for some orders, amended schedule shall be sent.
h. For regular orders related to brackets & adaptors, the purchase order shall be released
once in a month.
i. Material movement slip shall be used whenever our material is sent outside for
machining/testing.
FORMATS OF PURCHASE
PURCHASE ORDER
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Our Older No.
M /s..
Date
YOllIRef. No.
Date
Please supply the under-mentioned goods to our works S'Ilbject to corditioim overleaf:
- --
Excise: M ST/CST.
Octroi: Freight
Delivery:
Payment Terms:
Remarks
31
PRUCHASE INDENT
Route
.
32
QUOTATION
The following material(s) have been received and inspected as per details below:
Sr. BILL
Part Description OFNo.
&. Part MATERIALReceipts Inspection Results
No.
As Per Actually Acce- Rew- Reed Under
challan received pted ork with-
out op devia-
33 op. tion
Desc.
El-O-Matic (India) Pvt. Ltd. Bill OF MATERlAL Main Assly.
Pune No.
Sheet No.
Sr. Drawing Description QtyfSet Source Material Reqd. Qty. Stock Stock
No No. Code For Regd. on Short-
* (Sets) * Hand * age *
ICHD.BY IDATE
I APPR.BY I DATE
STORES ORGANIZATION
Normally substantial amount of company's working capital is invested in stores. Due attention
should be given to stores routine. There should be system of proper accounting of materials and
supplies and it should be given same attention as is given to accounting for money. Raw
materials and supplies are equivalent of cash. They form an important part of manufacturing
and it is essential that they should be safeguarded and accounted for properly.
34
It is the store where in incoming raw material, which directly contributes to the final
product, is received, stored and issued to the production department at various stages.
b.Engineering Stores:
In this store, materials required of running of plant, which do not directly contribute as a part
of finished product, are stored. Machinery spares, consumables, stationery etc. are stored in
this and issued as per requisitions raised by various users.
2. The stores department takes physical charge of the material forwarded by goods
receiving and inspection section and places them in the respective bin.
3. The stores department provides necessary facilities for preserving the quality of
materials as long as they are in its custody.
4. It examines that issue procedure is properly followed by confirming the materials
supplied to production department only against written formal request/demand by
authorize through document material requisition note.
5. It keeps watch on actual stock level and compares the same with pre-set stock
limits (Maximum, Minimum, Reordering etc.) so that stock moves within limits.
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6. Department prepares purchase requisition note for getting replenishment of stock
when actual quantity reaches reordering level.
7. The department carryout a regular review of stock for slow and fast moving
materials, damaged and substandard materials and reports such facts to top
management.
8. It ensures that correct accounting entries are entered in stock register and records for
each transaction like receipt, issue, return to supplier return from shop floor.
9. It arranges for all type of information and data required by top management and
other concerned officers, specially keeping ready the details of stock position /
balances.
10. The stores department undertakes physical verification (stock taking) for reconciling
actual balance with the book balance and identifying discrepancies, if any, with
possible causes for the same.
There are two basic records of inventory control viz. Bin Cards maintained by store keeper and
store ledger accounts kept by costing department. It is the parallel accounting exercise based
on same facts, recording same transaction i.e. movements of materials. Simultaneously posting
of same entries in two independent sets of accounts offers facility of reconciliation, which in
turn acts as an effective tool of inventory control.
BIN CARDS:-A bin card is used by storekeeper to keep quantitative records for all the
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items of materials and goods in his stores. This is a document maintained by store
keeper in his stores to assist him to control stock.
The format of the bin card is given below: A bin card is used for each material. Each
receipt, issue or return is recorded on the bin card in a chronological order and the latest
balance is shown after each receipt and issue. Bin card is hung up in a convenient place
outside the bin, rack or shelf. Bin cards are hung near the bins, so that they are readily
available for making entries as and when the goods are placed into the bin or taken out. All
bins racks or shelves, etc. should be numbered consequently in order to indicate their
location to the store keeper and his assistance. This numbering also serves to connect the
bin card with the bin, to which it belongs.
It is kept in the costing department. The store ledger is generally maintained in the form of
loose leaf cards, because they can be removed and inserted easily. Each account in store
ledger represents an item of material. The format of store ledger is shown below: -
The store ledger provides a continuous record of material and stores, received, issued,
returned or transferred. It discloses the balance in hand both in quantity and value at any
point of time. It serves the management with the perpetual inventory record for necessary for
decision making. Material Receipt Report, Material Requisition, Material Return Note form
the basis for making entries in store ledger accounts. Entries made in the store ledger are
identical to those on bin cards except that money values are shown only in store ledger. It is
very important that store staff should have nothing to do with writing up of stores ledger
account, which should be written only by the staff of costing department.
Since both bin card and store ledger account are written up from the same basic document,
the quantity balance are shown by these records should agree. The reasons for discrepancies
bin balances fewer than two sets are due to such reasons as:
To avoid the problem of disagreement, the two sets should be reconciled either continuously
over a period. For automatic reconciliation, store department sends the original documents to
the revised balance of bin card after its inclusion. Costing department watch that the balance of
bin card intimated with the original document is correct.
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z.
Store Ledger Account X.Y & Co
MaterialIssued Maximum
Stock Stock Stock verified
SrNo.
CadeNo:Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate
Minimum StockValue Date Initials Remks.
Date Ref. Qty. Date Ref. Qty. Date ORNote Qty. Rate Value
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
MEANING
A manufacturing or a servicing organization generally requires large number of items.
Handling of such items - planning, procurement, storage, and accounting - becomes difficult if
each one of them is handled separately. Some sort of classification, therefore, is a must since
concentration of effort according to class system is more efficient and effective compared to
diluted effort corresponding to individuals.
DEFINITION
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Classification of the materials is the process of grouping of items into few categories,
according to some criteria. Since an item can be placed into more than one class depending
upon the criteria used, some sort of formal classification, therefore, is a must.
OBJECTIVE OF CLASSIFICATION
Classification of materials is required to-
Evolve procedures of planning and control of materials in a class.
Decide systems of storage and issue of materials in a class.
Devise accounting and evaluation procedures common to all materials in a class.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Materials can be classified either on the basis of-
1. Stage of conversion process
2. Nature of materials
3. Usability of materials
• Raw materials-
Raw materials are the basic materials which have not undergone any conversion since their
receipt from suppliers. They are the basic materials from which company’s parts/products are
manufactured.
Raw materials are further classified into;
a. Direct materials
b. Indirect materials
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• Consumables -
Consumables are the materials which both cease to exist or change their shape during
the manufacturing process and as such cannot be used for the second time. Examples of
consumable items are coal, coke, lubricants, cotton waste and stationery items.
• Chemicals -
Chemicals are the substances in the form of powder, liquid, tablets etc. that undergo
certain process according to a devised formula. They require be storing, preserving and
issued very cautiously after a careful scrutiny since they involve risks. Examples are
chemicals like acids.
• Inflammable items -
Inflammable items are the materials which are highly susceptible to fire. Being
hazardous, they require being stored farther from the main store with complete fire-
fighting equipment as standby.
• Furniture-
Furniture is the movable items of a house or a place. It requires large storage space,
careful handling and maintenance of proper records of their repairs, renewals and
replacements.
• Perishable materials -
Perishable materials are the materials which are short lived and decay easily. Such
materials require being stored in temperature controlled rooms to prolong their life.
• Packaging -
Packaging materials are the materials including wrapping materials, protective coating
and containers.
• Empties-
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Empties are the used packages, which have been scrapped after use. Examples are
wooden cases, metal containers and glass wares.
• Supplies-
Supplies include materials used up in running of the plant or in the making of
company's products but do not themselves to into the product.
Unserviceable materials are the items, which have outlived their life or gone out-of-
order permanently or damaged so badly that they cannot be repaired or their repair is
economically inadvisable.
• Obsolete Items
Obsolete items are the items, which have gone out of date because of new invention in
design, use, etc. and therefore cannot profitably be used.
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IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS
MEANING
Identification is the tracing of the part description, or part number including size, material of
construction, source of supply, batch number etc.
Proper identification is necessary to
Ensure issue of correct items
Sort out mix up of materials of same size of different specifications
Track identity of the batch number through different stages of operations.
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Identify source of supply for the material accepted initially but found defective
during processing.
Differentiate items manufactured/procured to current and obsolete drawings.
• Writing or Plating - Identification details can be written on the cartons or drums or items in
ink, glass making crayons, paints etc.
• Etching - Stamping operation may not desirable on certain components. Chemicals may etch
code number in such items.
CODIFICATION
MEANING
An important factor concerning indenting, purchasing and issuing activities is an accurate and
logical identification of materials. Wrong identification results in wrong purchases and/or
issuance of a different item than what is intended. Codification systems too are not perfect but
codes are shorter and as such minimize errors.
Example: LIC has a wide clientele and to identify a client by his/her name, if it is not entirely
44
impossible it is certainly very difficult, since there can be several persons with the same names
and perhaps with the same surnames or initials. LIC, therefore, identifies its policyholders by
policy numbers consisting of numerals.
DEFINITION
Codification in an industry is the systematic concise representation of equipment, raw
materials, tools, spares, supplies etc. in an abbreviated form employing alphabets, numerals,
colors, symbols etc.
BENEFITS OF CODEFICATION
• Accurate and logical identification -
Correct quality descriptions are necessary to ensure that items are indented, purchased, stocked
and issued correctly. Codification makes it possible since each item is assigned a unique code
after due considerations to its group, kind, size, specifications and dimensional characteristics.
• A voidance of long and unwieldy descriptions
• Prevention of duplication
• Efficient storekeeping
• Easier computerization
TECHNIQUES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
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.[D] ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN INVENTORY
1. RE-ORDER LEVEL:
This level is that level of material, at which when the inventory is reached, fresh
orders are placed. While fixing the re-order level
a. Maximum consumption
b. Maximum delivery time or lead-time should be taken into consideration.
Mathematically the re-order level can be worked out as under:
2. MAXIMUM LEVEL:
This is the highest level of inventory to be maintained above which the inventory
should not rise. While fixing the maximum level, factors like minimum
consumption, minimum re-order period as well as the re-order quantity is to be
taken into consideration. Other factors like storage space, interest on capital blocked
in inventories is also taken into consideration. The formula for calculating
maximum level is as follows:
3. MINIMUM LEVEL:
The minimum level is the level of the inventory below which the actual inventory should
not fall. While fixing the minimum level normal consumption and normal reorder period
are taken into account. The minimum level can be calculated with the help of the
following formula:
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THE ABC CLASSIFICATION:-
ABC analysis is a selective control technique which is required to be applied when we want to
control value of consumption of the item in rupees obviously when we want to control value of the
consumption of the material we must select those materials where consumption is very high. The
ABC classification system is to grouping items according to annual sales volume, in an attempt to
identify the small number of items that will account for most of the sales volume and that are the
most important ones to control for effective inventory management. ABC analysis is a system in
inventory management to minimize the cost of inventories incorporated in which are stored for long
time, these are classified into ABC groups whereas A stand for the most expensive inventories which
are purchased on customers demands so that it can be processed & then given to them on priority
basis, these items are carefully selected. B is classified for those goods which are less expensive than
A items in which can be stored for some time before it is processed and goes for those items which
are cheap in also can be abundantly used. These are items where its loss won’t cost much to the
company. ABC is class of inventory item.
A is the most important and the most expensive- under a ABC regime for minimum stock value A
should be managed by JFT since-its value makes this close management cost-effective
B are intermediate and medium expensive- .under a ABC regime for minimum stock value B
should be managed by Kanban pulling- the micromanagement by JIT is not cost effective for this
project but it should still be tracked methodically.
C are low value items- under an ABC regime for minimum stock value C should be managed by 2
bin- whereby two huge bins of (e.g. screws) item are kept and one is used at a time- when one runs
out another is ordered and the next bin is used. The low value does not justify management- and any
downtime because of running out would cost much more than the product itself.
In an analysis it is decided which products are A, B or C and exactly how they will be managed. In
any company manufacturing, there are number of items which are consumed or traded it may run
into thousands. It is found after number of studies of different companies that –
Value of consumption of No. of items Grade
items (value in Rs).
70% of consp. 10% of no. of items A
20% of consp. 15% of no. of items B .
10% of consp. 75% of no. of items C
On the basis of above analysis these items are termed as ABC items as detailed below:
A-items- these are those items which are found hardly 5%--10% but their consumption may
amount 70%--75% of the total money spend on materials.
B-items-these are those items which are generally 100/0--15% of he total items and their
consumption amounts to 10%--15% of the money spend on the materials.
C-items-these are large number of items which are cheap and inexpensive and hence
insignificant. They are large in number s running into hardly 5%--10% of the total money
spends on materials.
Based on the above analysis decision can then be taken as to-
How to control the consumption value (rupees) and bring it down.
CONTROL PEOCEDURE ARE GIVEN BELOW:-
A-items-someone at senior level must be made responsible to regularly review the consumption of
overseas items up to date and accurate records should be maintain for this items. The inventory of
these items must be minimum and the orders for these items should be staggered. So that timely
arrival of these items is insured attempt must be made to reduce internal and external lead-time of
these items. Safety stocks of these items should be minimum because frequency of ordering this
items are kept high, price discount for this items should not be avail because physical ordering is
very frequent.
B-item-this items should be kept under normal control and goods report keeping must be maintain.
Safety stock of these items can be moderate. Price discount can be avail and physical stocktaking
can also be moderate.
C-items-little control is required for c-items and the job of controlling should be left lower level
people such as those in charge of store. Large quantity or inventories can be maintain these stock
because they are cheap, so as to avoid stock out situation these items should not kept under lock and
key and must be kept at convenient places open to all for uses safety. Stock of these items can be
sufficient to avoid probability. Price discount can be avail to purchase in bulk quantity because they
are cheap. Physical checking of the stock can be done rarely once in six months.
HOW TO CARRY OUT ABC ANALYSIS:
It is better to go through records of the stores for number of years and find out names of all items
consumed during the year, their average yearly consumption in units and average price per unit is
also found out as shown-
The lists of inventories in accordance with above mentioned categorization were procured from the
management information system/electronic data processing department. The format is shown as
below:
The above materials are ordered on the basis of the following points:-
1. Ordered on monthly basis.
2. Ordered on emergency against customer order.
STOCK AS ON:-31.03.2010
90000.0
1. CEBORA TIG 1565 IMPORTED 1 0 90000.00
42000.0
2. DC.TIG INVERTER UNIT ( SAGAR MAKE) 1 0 42000.00
22373.0
3. MAIN TRANSFORMER CP 400 1 0 22373.00
20315.0
4. FABRICATED TABLE 1700*1600*2114 (Yutaka SPM) 1 0 20315.00
20110.0
5. SILENCER FIXTURE(ELEPTICAL) JOB B YUTAKA 1 0 20110.00
12000.0
6. CO2 WELDIN G TORCH RB 61 GD RGZ-2 3 MTR 2 0 24000.00
11271.0
7. MAIN TRANSFORMER CP 300 3 0 33813.00
4 ROLL DRIVE UNIT WITH G BOX ( 66 RPM/37
8. RPM)With Motor 4 8150.00 32600.00
9. ROTARY CULINDER SAS-R-32-90 SHAVO NORGEN 3 7102.00 21306.00
10. TORCH SLIDE ASSY ( PNEUMATIC) 11 2850.00 31350.00
11. 2 ROLL DRIVE WITH G BOX ( 250 RPM) 11 1850.00 20350.00
12. PCB ASSY( SPEED CONTROL) 13 1550.00 20150.00
13. DIODE 200 A NAINA 154 375.00 57750.00
REVIEW OF 27 ITEMS HAVING TOTAL VALUE BETWEEN RS 10,000/- TO RS 20, 000/-
TOTAL AMOUNT-Rs.379169.00/-
REVIEW OF 361 ITEMS HAVING TOTAL VALUE BETWEEN RS 0/- TO RS 10, 000/-
The following points are also the points as to why the materials have become non moving and
slow moving at TECHNOCRAT ENGINEERS:-
• MISPLACEMENT OF INVENTORY: Many of the items found to be misplaced. Either
the material was placed in appropriate bins &racks or the change of bin was not updated in
the system.
• RETURNED MATERIAL: the returned material from the shop floor is again mixed with
the same stock from which it is issued. No separate treatment is given to the returned
material.
• CRITICAL PURCHASE: Many high value non-stocking items were found in the stores,
which were yet not consumed.
• OBSOLETE, SURPLUS 7 WASTE:
OBSOLETE: “Those materials and equipment which are not damaged and which
have economic growth but which are no longer useful for company operation owing
to many reasons such as changes in production line, process, design changes etc.
SURPLUS: “Those materials and equipment which have no immediate use, but have
accumulated due the faulty planning; purchasing and forecasting but they have usage
value in future.”
SCRAP: “Those materials like process wastage, such as training, boring, flashes they
may have end uses, and they have no market value.”
THUS
OBSOLETE & SURPLUS= SLOW MOVING ITEMS (S) AND
SCRAP=NON MOVING ITEM
LIST OF ITEMS WHICH ARE NON-MOVING (N) AND SLOW MOVING(S)
SR.NO STOC
. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION K RATE TOTAL TYPE
SILENCER FIXTURE(ELEPTICAL) JOB A 19320.0
1. YUTAKA 1 19320.00 0 N
SLIDE ASSY FOR REFAIR INDUTRIES 13250.0
2. SPM 1 13250.00 0 N
S.VALVE D COIL 24 V DC PATCON 10800.0
3. PNEUMATICS 9 1200.00 0 N
10600.0
4. DIODE 150 A NAINA 40 265.00 0 N
10295.0
5. THYRISTOR MELTRON 3899 71 145.00 0 N
SR.NO STOC
. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION K RATE TOTAL TYPE
SLIDE ASSY FOR ELEPTICAL WEDING
1. SPM 1 7970.00 7970.00 N
4 ROLL DRIVE WITH G BOX
2. (IMPORTED) 2 4500.00 9000.00 N
3. H.V. TRANSFORMER 1 1850.00 1850.00 N
4. PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 63 * 50 MM 3 1600.00 4800.00 N
5. H.F. COIL 1 1500.00 1500.00 N
6. GEAR BOX 100 RPM 1 1500.00 1500.00 N
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 100 * 40 MM
7. (Shvo Norgen) 5 1425.00 7125.00 N
S.VALVE D COIL 24 V DC SHAVO
8. NORGENJENETICS 5 1200.00 6000.00 N
9. L.T TRANSFORMER 1 1100.00 1100.00 N
BEARING HOUSING 100MM DIA*125
10. MM LONG 10 960.00 9600.00 N
11. S.VALVE S COIL 24 V DC JENETICS 2 950.00 1900.00 N
TORCH HEAD M/C MOUNTING
12. STRAIGHT HEAD 36KD 3 750.00 2250.00 N
SPECIAL CONTROL X MER
13. (PRI 230V SEC 15V, 12.0-12V 5 600.00 3000.00 N
CONTACTOR 20 AMPS 4 POLE 42 VAC
14. C&S MAKE(D204) 10 572.75 5727.50 N
15. TORCH HEAD MB25 3 350.00 1050.00 N
16. FIXED JAWS (SPM FIXTURE YUTAKA) 1 300.00 300.00 N
TUNGSTEN ELECTRODE 2.4 MM
17. (FOR ALU WELDING) 10 101.00 1010.00 N
18. TRIGGER SWITCH MB25 32 60.00 1920.00 N
19. TUNGSTEN ELECTRODE 1.6 MM 10 56.00 560.00 N
(FOR ALU WELDING)
20. NOZZLE MB25 (14) 29 50.00 1450.00 N
21. NOZZLE MB25 (11) 15 50.00 750.00 N
22. PVC CHANNEL 25* 25 6 50.00 300.00 N
23. 2 CORE PVC CABLE 1.5 MM2 5 24 120.00 N
24. TIP ADAPTOR MB25 12 8.00 96.00 N
25. NOZZLE SPRING MB25 100 5.50 550.00 N
26. TORCH KIT MB25 950 5.00 4750.00 N
27. O RING BIG 182 3.00 546.00 N
The following points are also the points as to why the materials have become non moving and
slow moving at TECHNOCRAT ENGINEERS:-
• MISPLACEMENT OF INVENTORY: Many of the items found to be misplaced. Either
the material was placed in appropriate bins &racks or the change of bin was not updated in
the system.
• RETURNED MATERIAL: the returned material from the shop floor is again mixed with
the same stock from which it is issued. No separate treatment is given to the returned
material.
• CRITICAL PURCHASE: Many high value non-stocking items were found in the stores,
which were yet not consumed.
• OBSOLETE, SURPLUS 7 WASTE:
OBSOLETE: “Those materials and equipment which are not damaged and which
have economic growth but which are no longer useful for company operation owing
to many reasons such as changes in production line, process, design changes etc.
SURPLUS: “Those materials and equipment which have no immediate use, but have
accumulated due the faulty planning; purchasing and forecasting but they have usage
value in future.”
SCRAP: “Those materials like process wastage, such as training, boring, flashes they
may have end uses, and they have no market value.”
THUS
OBSOLETE & SURPLUS= SLOW MOVING ITEMS (S) AND
SCRAP=NON MOVING ITEM
RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTION
For any excess received material more than Purchase order receipt requires the approval of
the Director-Operations for acceptance.
The GRR details are to be updated within 5 days in the system or the information is blocked
and manually updated in the stores.
Suppose stock is under safety level, the required quantity is to be ordered after the approval
from the Director- Operations of the company.
For critical items emergency stock is maintained in stores and recommended in the system
and used with the approval of the Director-Operations of the company.
Due to business constraint the item-springs is stored in the stores department for 2 months.
CONCLUSION
By the analysis done above it is sufficiently clear that the twin objectives of inventory management
are to avoid excesses stocking and ensure uninterrupted supply of materials by avoiding shortage. In
addition to the above mentioned techniques, technique of ratio analysis is also very useful. Inventory
turnover ratio, which is calculated for each type of inventory like raw materials finished goods and
work in progress, indicates the holding period of each category of inventory. The higher inventory
turnover ratio the better it is as the holding period of the inventory.
A close watch on the dormant and the slow moving items should also be kept to reduce the
investment in inventory. Similarly absolute items should be identified and eliminated so that
unnecessarily funds are not blocked in these items.
Finally it can be said that the aim should be to optimize investment in inventory by comparing
between cost of funds and rate of return from such investments, in order to maximize value of
inventory.
BIBILOGRAPHY
Financial Management-P.K.KULKARNI