CHAPTER 11: SETS

Definition of Sets: A sets is a collection of things or items which are well-defined and have
common properties or features.

Set Notation:
Item Symbols Example
Universal Set  The universal set 
Subset AB Set A is a subset of Set B
Empty Set f or { } The empty set f or { }
Equal Sets A=B Set A is equal to Set B
Elements of a set x A x is an element in Set A
Complement of a set A’ The complement of set A
Intersection of two sets A B The intersection of Set A and Set B
Union of two sets A B The union of Set A and Set B
Number of elements in a set n(A) The number of elements in Set A
Skills assessed
 List the elements in a set that fulfills a certain description.
 Use the Venn diagram to illustrate sets.
 Use the concept of subset, universal set and the complement of a set.
 Perform operations involving two or more sets: intersection and union.
 List the elements for A  B, A  B, P  Q’, P’  Q etc.
 Determine the outcome of combined operations on sets and represent it in a Venn diagram.
 Solve problems involving combined operations on sets.

Solving strategy
 List down all the elements in the universal set,  .
 Mark or circle elements in different sets P, Q and R by using a different colour for each set.
 To list the elements in a set, just identify the elements with the same colour.
 For questions involving n(P  Q), count the elements which belongs to both Set P and Set Q.
 For questions involving n(P  Q), count the elements which belongs to either Set P or Set Q.

Common Mistakes
 Students do not list down all the elements
 Students find the elements in the set while the question asked for the number
of elements in the set.
 Students fail to extract information from a problem and to solve it using sets.

11.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET.

=> The number of elements in set A is written as n(A)

=> A null or empty set has no elements in it. The symbol for a null set is f or {}
=> If two sets, P and Q, contain exactly the same elements, then set P is equal to set Q, P = Q

Sets 1
 EXAMPLES EXERCISES

1 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
A = {factors of 18} A = {factors of 20}
Solution Solution
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} A=
 n(A) = 6  n(A) =

2 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {consonants in the word ‘STUDENTS’} P = {vowels in the word ‘UNIVERSAL’}
Solution Solution
P = {S, T, D, N, T} P=
 n(P) = 5  n(P) =

3 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {prime factors of 14} P = { prime factors of 21}
Solution Solution
P = { 2, 7} P=
 n(P) =
 n(P) = 2

4 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {x : x is an integer, -2  x  4 } P = {x : x is an integer, -3  x  3 }
Solution Solution
P = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} P=
 n(P) = 7  n(P) =

5 Given the sets P ={1, 2, 4, r, 8} and Given the sets R ={2, 4, m, 8} and
Q = {20, 21, 22, 23}. T = {1  2, 2  2, 3  2, 4  2}.
If P = Q, find the value of r. If R= T, find the value of m.
Solution Solution
P = {1, 2, r, 8} R=
Q = {1, 2, 4, 8} T=
 r=4  m=

Sets 2
11.2 (a) SUBSETS.

Definition: If each element of set A is a member of set B, then set A is a subset of set B.
Symbol: A B.

Venn diagram B
A

A B
EXAMPLES EXERCISE
1 Given that Given that
A = {p, q} X = { 4, 5}
B = {m, n, o, p, q} Y = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
What is the relation between set A and B? What is the relation between set X and Y?

Answer: A B Answer:

Each element in set A is a member of set B. Each element in set _____ is a member of
Set _________ .
Venn diagram.
B Draw the Venn Diagram.

A •n
•p •q
•o •m

2 From the Venn Diagram below, what is the From the Venn Diagram below, what is the
relation between set P,Q,R and S? relation between set P, Q,R and S?

P P
S S
Q R R Q

Answer: Answer:
RQ
QP
SP
RP

Sets 3
11.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET

Definition: a set which includes all the sets in a discussion.

Symbol : ξ

COMPLEMENT OF A SET.

Definition: Complement of set A is a set in the universal set which contains all the elements not
found in A.
Symbol : A’
. A’ Venn Diagram
ξ
A

. EXAMPLES EXERCISE
1 Given that ξ = {11,12,…20} Given that ξ = {11,12,…20}
A= {prime numbers} B = {odd numbers}
List all elements in set ξ, A and set A’. Then List all elements in set ξ, B and B’. Then draw
draw a Venn diagram for the sets. a Venn diagram for the sets.
Answer : Answer :
ξ = {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20} ξ=
A = {11,13,17,19} B=
A’= {12,14, 15, 16, 18 ,20} B’=

ξ ξ
A
•11 •13
•17 •19
•12 •14
•15 •16
•18 •20

2
Q P B
ξ ξ A
•a •c •5 •3 •1 •2
•b •k •j •4
•d C
•e R •10 •8
•6
•11 •7 •9
•f •h
•12
•g •i

List the elements of the following sets List the elements of the following sets
ξ= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n(ξ)= 11 ξ= n(ξ)=
P ={j, k} n(P)= 2 A= n(A)=
P’= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} n(P’)= 9 A’= n(A’)=
Q = {a, b, c, d, e} n(Q)= 5 B= n(B)=
Q’= {f, g, h, i, j, k} n(Q’)= 6 B’= n(B’)=
R = { e, f, g} n(R)= 3 C= n(C)=
R’= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} n(R’)= 8 C’= n(C’)=

Sets 4
11.3 OPERATION ON SETS.

11.3 (a) INTERSECTION OF SETS.

Definition : The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are common to both
A and B.
Symbol : A B

The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the intersection of sets. A
B
A A B B

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
1 It is given that It is given that
A= {w, x, y, z} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {u, v, w, x} B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A  B = { w, x} A B=
Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets Complete the Venn diagram below.
given. A B
A B

•y •w •u
•z •x •v

2. It is given that It is given that

A= {p, q, r, s, t} P= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
B = {r, s ,t ,u ,v} Q = {d, e ,f ,g ,h}
C = {p ,s, t, u ,x} R = {a ,d, e, h , i}

Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets
given. A B given.
P Q
•q •r •v
•s
•p •t •u

•x
C R

Sets 5
 EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
3 Shade the region that represents X  Y  Z Shade the region that represents X  Y  Z
for the following Venn diagrams for the following Venn diagrams

i) X Y i) X Y

Z
Z
X Z
ii) ii)
Z Y
X Y

iii)
iii) X Z Y
Y

4 Find the complement of ( M  N )' for each Find the complement of ( M  N )' for each
of the following sets. of the following sets.

ξ={a, e, i, o, u} a) ξ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12}

M={a, e, o, u} M={4, 8, 12}
N= {i, o, u} N= {4, 6, 12}
( M  N ) = {o, u} (M  N ) =
( M  N )' = {a, e, i} ( M  N )' =

5. Shade the region that represents the Shade the region that represents the
complement of the following sets. complement of the following sets.
a) a)
A B A B
()’
()’

A
b) b)
A
B ()’

B ()’
A B
c) B
A
c) ( A  B  C )'
( A  B  C )' C
C

11.3(b) UNION OF SETS.

Sets 6
Definition: The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to A or B or both A
and B.
Symbol : A  B

The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the union of sets. A
A B A B
B

A B A B =A

EXAMPLES EXCERCISE
1 Given that Given that
A= {w, x, y, z} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {u, v, w, x} B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A  B = {u, v w, x, y ,z} A B =
A B = {u, v w, x, y ,z}
A B
A B

•y •w •u
•z •x •v
Complete the Venn diagram above.

2 Shade the region that represents X  Y  Z Shade the region that represents X  Y  Z for
for the following Venn diagrams the following Venn diagrams

i)
i)

ii)
ii)

iii)

iii) X Y
Y
X

Z
Z
X Z X
Sets 7
Z
Y
XX Y
Z Y Y
Z
 EXAMPLES EXCERCISES

3 It is given that
It is given that
ξ={2,4,6,8,10,12}
ξ ={a, e, i, o, u}
M={4,8,12}
M={a, e}
N= {4, 6}
N= { u}
Find Find
i) ( M  N ) = {a, e,, u} (M  N ) =
i)
ii) ( M  N )' = {i, o}
ii) ( M  N )' =

4 Shade the region that represents the complement

Shade the region that represents the of the following sets.
complement of the following sets.
a)
a)

b)

b)

c) c)
A B
B ()’
A
()’

A A
BB ()’ ()’
B

B
A A B

( A  B  C )'
Sets 8
( A  B  C )'
C C
11.3(c) COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS.

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES

Sets 9
 1
ξ ξ
P Q R
Q •a •c •5 •3 •1 •2
•k •j •4
P
•b •e •10
R •8
•d •6
•f •11 •7 •9
•h
•g •12
•i
List the elements of a set List the elements of a set
ξ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n(ξ)= 11
ξ= n(ξ)=
P ={j, k} n(P)= 2
P= n(P)=
P’= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} n(P’)= 9
P’= n(P’)=
Q = {a, b, c, d, e} n(Q)= 5
Q= n(Q)=
Q’= {f, g, h, i, j, k} n(Q’)= 6
Q’= n(Q’)=
R = { e, f, g} n(R)= 3
R= n(R)=
R’= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} n(R’)= 8
R’= n(R’)=
P  Q={} n( P  Q)= 0
P  Q= n( P  Q)=
Q  R={e} n( Q  R)= 1
Q  R= n( Q  R)=
P  R={} n( P  R)= 0
P  R= n( P  R)=
P’  R={e,f,g} n( P’  R)= 3
P’  R= n( P’  R)=
Q’  R= {f,g} n( Q’  R)= 2
Q’  R= n( Q’  R)=
R’  Q={a,b,c,d} n( R’  Q)= 4
R’  Q= n( R’  Q)=
Q  R={a,b,c,d,e,f,g} n( Q  R)= 7
Q  R= n( Q  R)=
Q  P={a,b,c,d,e,k,j} n( Q  P)= 6
Q  P= n( Q  P)=
(Q  R)’={k,j,h,i} n[(Q  R)’]=4
(Q  R)’= n[(Q  R)’]=
(Q  P)’={f,g,h,i} n[(Q  P)’]=4
(Q  P)’= n[(Q  P)’]=
P’  Q’={f,g,h,i} n( P’  Q’)=4
P’  Q’= n( P’  Q’)=
(P  Q  R)’={h,i} n [(P  Q  R)’]=2
(P  Q  R)’= n [(P  Q  R)’]=

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
2 Given that ξ = X  Y  Z Shade the region Given that ξ = X  Y  Z Shade the region
Sets 10
 for the operation on the following sets. for the operation on the following sets.

a) (X  Y) Z a) (Y  Z) X
Y
X X
Z

Z
Y

b) (X  Y) Z b) (Z  Y) X

Y X
X Z

Y
Z

c) (X  Y)’  Z c) (Z  Y)’  X

Z X

X Y

X’  Y  Z’ Z’  Y  X’
Z
d) d)

X Y Z X Y Z

e) X’  Y  Z’ e) X’  Y  Z’

Z Z
Y X
X Y

Sets 11
 QUESTIONS BASED ON THE SPM FORMAT (Paper 1)

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
1. Given that the universal set  = P  Q  R , Given that the universal set  = P  Q  R ,
P  Q and Q  R = f , the Venn diagram R  Q and Q  P = f , the Venn diagram that
that represents these relationships is represents these relationships is

A. ξ A. ξ
R R
P P
Q Q

B. ξ B.
Q ξ
P Q
R P
R

C. ξ C.
P ξ
R P
Q R
Q

ξ
Q ξ
R Q
D. P D. R
P

2 Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the
universal set  = P  Q  R . universal set  = P  Q  R .

P P Q
Q R R
A B C D A B C D

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D,
which of these represents the set which of these represents the set P  R  Q' ?
P  R  Q' ?

Answer : B Answer :

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
Sets 12
 3 Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
elements of sets P, Q and R.
elements of sets P, Q and R.

Q Q
P R P R
•p •p
•r •r
•m •n •t •m •n •t
•q •s
•q •s
If the universal set  = P  Q  R , then set R’
If the universal set  = P  Q  R , then set
is
Q’ is
A. {m ,n}
A. {r ,s}
B. {m, n, p, q}
B. {n, t}
C. {t ,r, s}
C. {m, r, s}
D. {m ,n , p , q ,t}
D. {n, p, q, t}

4 Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
universal set, ξ, and sets P, Q and R. universal set, ξ, and sets P, Q and R.

ξ ξ

The shaded region in the Venn diagram The shaded region in the Venn diagram
represents the set represents the set
A. P  Q ' A. P  Q '
B P  R' B P  R'
C. P ' R C. P ' R
D. R  Q ' D. R  Q'

Q
P Q
P

R R

EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
Sets 13
 5 Given the universal set, ξ = {x : 10  x  Given the universal set, ξ = {x : 5  x  25, x
20, x is an integer}, is an integer},
P = {16,18,20} P = {12,16,18,20,25}
Q = { x : x is prime number} and Q = { x : x is prime number} and
R = {x : x is a multiple of 3} R = {x : x is a multiple of 5}
The elements of the set ( P  R )  Q' . The elements of the set ( P  R )  Q' .
A. {15, 18} A. {15, 18, 19}
B. {12, 18, 20} B. {12, 18, 20, 25}
C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20} C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}
D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20} D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}

6.
ξ Q P ξ Q P

3 5 2 3
2 1
R R
1 3 4 2

Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Find n(Q  R )' P, Q and R. Find n(Q  R )'
A. 5 A 5
B. 6 B 6
C. 8 C. 8
D. 12 D. 12

7.
ξ ξ
P Q P Q
R R
1 1
3 2 5 4 3 2 5 4

3 3

Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Find n( P  R )' . P, Q and R. Find n( P  Q )' .
A. 4 A. 4
B. 6 B. 7
C. 8 C. 8
D. 11 D. 11

Sets 14
 EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
8.
ξ P ξ P
1 2 1 2

Q 2 R Q 2 R
3 x
4 4
1 3 1 3
2
x

Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P  Q  R. P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P  Q  R. and
and n(P) = n(Q  R) Find the value of x. n(R) = n(P  Q) Find the value of x.

A. 3 A. 3
B. 5 B. 5
C. 6 C. 7
D. 8 D. 9

9
ξ P ξ P
y1 2 y1 42

Q 2 R Q 2 R
3 32
4 54
x1 43 x1 3 3
5x 4x

Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P  Q  R. P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P  Q  R.
n(ξ)=30 and n(P’) = n(R). Find the value of n(ξ)=25 and n(P’) = n(R). Find the value of
x + y. x + y.

A. 5 A. 5
B. 7 B. 7
C. 8 C. 8
D. 10 D. 10

Sets 15
 10. In the Venn diagram, given that
B
 = {x: x is an integer} A

A = {x : x is a multiple of 5} I II I III
B = {x : x is a multiple of 7} I
Number 49 should be in the area IV
A. I C. III
B. II D. IV

11. The Venn diagram shows the relationship

between set M,N and K. Which of the
following is true?.  N
M
A. M  N=K K
B. M  N=K
C. M  K=K
D. K  N=M

12. Given  = { x : 1  x  30 and x is an integer}

P = { x : x is multiple of 6}
and Q = { x : x is number which contain the digit 2}.
Find P  Q.
A. {12, 18, 24}
B. {12, 24}
C. {12, 18, 24,32}
D. {2, 12, 24} F
E
13. Diagram shows a Venn diagram G
with the universal set  = E  F  G. A B C D
Considering the four regions, A, B ,C and D,
which of these represents the set
E  F  G’ ?

14. Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set  = {Year Five pupils}, set M =
{ pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R= { pupils who read a English
language newspaper}. Given that n(M) = 80, n (R) = 104, n(M  R) = 12 and the
number of pupils who do not read either newspaper is 4, find the total number of Year Five
pupils.

A. 172 C. 196  M R

B. 176 D. 200

Sets 16
15. The diagram above shows a Venn diagram with
universal set , set P and set Q. The shaded 
region represents P
Q
A P Q C P’  Q
B P  Q’ D P’  Q’

16. Given universal set  = A  B  C,

set A = {K,E, D, A, H},
set B = {P, E, R, L, I, S} and
set C = {S, E, L, A, N, G, O, R}.

Find n[(A  C)  B]

A 6 C 8
B 7 D 9

17. .Diagram shows a Venn Diagram with universal the 

set  = {Form 4 Ibnu Sina students }, Q
set P = {students who pass the Mathematics Paper 1} P
and set Q = { students who pass the Mathematics Paper 2}
Given n(P) = 30, n(Q) = 22, n(P  Q) = 20 and the
number of students who fail both papers is 8, find the
total number of students in Form Four Ibnu Sina.

A 38 C 41
B 40 D 44

18. . The Venn diagram in diagram shows all the elements in the sets L, M and N.

•8

•1

The elements of the set M’ are

A { 1, 8 }
B { 3, 7 }

C { 1, 3, 7, 8 }
D { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 }

Sets 17
19. The Venn diagram in diagram shows the number of elements in sets J, K and L.
The universal set  = J  K  L .

If n( J  K ) = 20 find the value of y. A 4

B 9
C 11
D 16

20. In the Venn diagram , the universal set,

 = {Form 4 students} and the sets

A = {Students who like basket ball}

B= {Students who like badminton}

Given that n( A) = 60 , n( B ) = 84 , n( A  B ) = 16 and 6 of them dislike playing

any games. Find the total of form four students.
A 128
B 134

C 144
D 148

Sets 18
Past Year SPM Questions

Paper 1

November 2003

1 Given that the universal set  = J  K  L , J  K and K  L = f , the Venn

diagram that represents these relationships is

A. B.
ξ ξ
L K
J J
K L

D.
C. ξ ξ
J K
L L
K J

2. Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set  = E  F  G .

F
E G
A D Diagram 13
B C

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set
E  F  G' ?

3. Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set  = { Year Five pupils},
set M = {Pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R = { Pupils who read
an English language newspaper }.

 Given that n(M) = 80, n(R) = 104,

M n(M  R) = 12 and the number of pupils who do
R not read either newspaper is 4, find the total
number of Year Five pupils.
A 172 C 196
B 176 D 200
Diagram 14

Sets 19
July 2004

4. It is given that the universal set  = E  F  G , set E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16},
set F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, and set G = {2, 4, 14},
Which Venn diagram shows the relation between set E, F and G?

A. F E B.
F E
G G

B. F E D.
F
E
G
G

5. It is given that the universal set  = { x : 1  x  12, x is an integer},

set P ={x ; x is an odd number} and set Q={x ; x is a prime number}.
The elements of the set P  Q’ are
A. 1, 3, 5, 7 C. 1,2, 9
B. 3, 5, 7 D. 1, 9.

November 2004

6. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set P, Q and R.

Q R
P
1 Diagram 13
 5  6  3  2
 4

If the universal set  = P  Q  R , then set Q’ is

A {1, 2} C {1, 2, 5}
B {3, 6} D {3, 4, 6}

Sets 20
7. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the universal  , set P and set Q.

 P Q
Diagram 14

The shaded region in the Venn diagram represents the set

A. P’  Q’
B. P’  Q
C. P  Q’
D. P Q

8. It is given that the universal set  = { x : 1  x  12, x is an integer},

Set P = {2 ,3 ,7 ,9}, set Q = {x ; x is a prime number} and
Set R = {x : x is multiple of 4},
The elements of the set (P  R)’  Q are
A. 5, 11 C. 2, 3, 11
B. 1, 5, 11 D. 2, 3, 9.

July 2005

9. Given that M = {4, 6}, list all the subsets of M.

A. {4}, {6}
B. ø, {4}, {6}
C. {4}, {6}, {4, 6}
D. ø, {4}, {6}, {4, 6}

10. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of universal set  ,
set P and set Q.

 Q •7
P
•5 •1 •2 •6 Diagram 13
•3 •4
•8

Sets 21
List all the elements of set P’.

A. {5, 6}
B. {7, 8}
C. (1, 2, 3, 4}
D. {5, 6, 7, 8}

11. It is given that P = {3, 4,5, 6, 7}, Q = {6, 8, 10, 14}, R = {10, 16, 20} and
universal set  = P  Q  R. .
Which of these Venn diagrams shows the relation between set P, Q and R?

R P Q R
P Q
A. B.

P R
Q R
C. D. P Q

November 2005.

12. Which of the following Venn diagrams represents set R  S such that the
universal set  = R  S ?
R S R
A. C. S

S S
R
B. D. R

Sets 22
 13. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram with the universal set  = P  Q  R .
R
P Q
Diagram 13
A B C D

Which of the region, A, B, C or D, represents the set P'Q 'R? ?

14. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set R, set S and set T.
R S

3 x-4 1

x-3 Diagram 14
8
9
5
T

It is given that the universal set  = R  S  T , and n(S’) = n(S  T).

Find the value of x.
A. 5 C. 10
B. 6 D. 11

July 2006

15. Diagram 11 is a Venn diagram showing the sets M, N and P such that the universal set
 = M �N �P
M
P N

Diagram 11

The shaded region represents the set

A ( M �N ) �P
B ( M �N ) �P
C ( M �N ') �P
D ( M '�N ) �P
16. Diagram 12 is an incomplete Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P, Q
Sets 23
 and R.

P
Q
4 6 7

1
3 2

DIAGRAM 12
R

It is given that the universal set,  = P �Q �R and n ( R ) = 11 .

( P �Q ) �R �
Find n �
� �.

A 5
B 6
C 12
D 17

November 2006

17. It is given that the universal set,  = { x :19 �x �31, x is an integer } and set
R = { x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even number} . Find set R ' .

A { 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 }

B { 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 }
C { 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 }
D { 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30 }

18. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set  , set P and set Q.


P Q

Diagram 13
Sets 24
 The region ( P �Q ) ' is equivalent to the region
A P �Q '
B P �Q '
C P '�Q '
D P '�Q '

19. Table 2 shows data obtained from a survey of 100 television viewers. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram
that represents part of the information in Table 2.

Programmes watched Number of 12 28

News
viewers Sports
News 55 5
Sports 61
News and Sports only 12
News and Entertainment only 5
News only 25
Sports only 28 Entertainment
TABLE 2
DIAGRAM 14

Find the number of viewers who watched sports or news and also entertainment programmes.

A 26
B 39
C 47
D 51

June 2007

20. It is given that the universal set,  = { x : 5  x  13 , x is an integer }and set

P = { x : x is a prime number }.
List all the elements of set P ' .

A { 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 }
B { 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }
C { 6, 8, 10, 12 }
D { 5, 7, 11, 13 }

21. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing set P and set S. It is given that
P = { hockey player }, S = { badminton layers } and the universal set ,  = P  S .
Sets 25
 P S

Diagram 15
If n ( P ) = 27, n ( S ) = 36 and n ( P  S ) = 8 , find n ( P  S ) .

A 71
B 63
C 55
D 47

Nov 2007
22. List all the subsets of set X = { m , n }

A {m} , {n}
B {m} , {n}, { }
C {m} , {n}, { m,n}
D {m} , {n}, { m,n},{ }

23. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set ,  = { Form Five students }, set
L = { Students who play badminton } and set M = { Students who play tennis }
 L M

Diagram 14

Given n (  ) = 60, n (L ) = 25, n ( M ) = 12 and n ( L  P ) = 8 , find the number of

students who do not play the two games.

A 15
B 23
C 31
D 52

Sets 26
 24. Given the universal set,  = P  Q , set P = { 0 , 1, 2 } and set Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5 }, find the
value of n (  ).

A 7
B 6
C 5
D 4

Jun 2008

25. Diagram 12 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set,  , set T and set S.

 T S
1 2
5
6
4
7 3

Diagram 12

List all the elements of set S' .

A { 1, 4 }
B { 3, 7 }
C { 1, 4, 5 }
D { 1, 3, 4, 7 }

26. Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with universal set ,  = { Form Five students }, set P =
{ Members of Science Society } , set Q = { Members of Mathematics Society } and set R =
{ Members of Geography Society }.

 P Q R

Diagram 13

It is given that n (P ) = 82, n (Q ) = 90, n (R ) = 40 and n ( P  Q ) = 24 . The number of

Form Five students who are not a member of any of the three societies is 35.
Find the total number of Form Five students.

A 271
B 236
C 223
Sets 27
 D 188

27. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P , Q and R.
P
R
Q

1
2
7 3
4

Diagram 14
It is given that the universal set,  = P  Q  R . Find n ( P  ( Q  R ) )

A 5
B 6
C 10
D 17

28. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the elements of the universal set,  , set T and set U.


T U
l k n
m
p
q

Diagram 13
List all the elements of set U' .

A {q}
B {l,p}
C {l,p,q }
D {l,p,q,n}

Nov 2008

29. Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set ,  = R  S

Sets 28
 R S

Diagram 14
Given that, n (R ) = 95, n (S ) = 78 and n ( R  S ) = 25 , find n (  ).

A 123
B 148
C 173
D 198

30. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing the number of students in sets G, M and S. It is
given that set G = { Geography Society Members } , set M = { Mathematics Society
Members }, set S = { Science Society Members } and universal set,  = G  M  S .
G M
x 7
4
2
2x
4

S
Diagram 15
If the number of students who join both the Science Society and the Mathematics Society
is 8, find the number of students who join only two societies.

A 13
B 15
C 16
D 18

ANSWERS

Chapter 11 Sets
Sets 29
 3.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A={1,2,4,5,10,20} P={A,E,I,U} P={3,7} P={-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2,3} m=6
n(A) = 6 n(P) = 4 n(P) = 2 n(P) = 7

3.2 (a) SUBSET 3.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET

R P
2
1 X Y 2 1 ξ= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
ξ= n(ξ)=
QS 12 {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20}
 P A = B{3,4,5,6,7} n(A)=
All Selemens in set X is a member of = {11,13,15,17,19}
5 B’= {12,14,16, 18 ,20}
set Y.  P
Q
A’= {1,2,8,9,10,11,12} n(A’)= 7
3.3.a B = {1,2,3,4} n(B)=
Y
X 7 4 ξ B
4 5 B’= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(B’)=
3 •11 •17
8
6 •13
C = {8,9} •12 •14n(C)=
2 •15 •19
•16
C’= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(C’)=
•18 •20
10

INTERSECTION OF SETS. 3.3(b) UNION OF SETS.

1. 1
A  B = {4,5} A  B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
A B

•1 •6 •1 .4 •6
.4
•2 •7 •2 .5 •7
.5
•3 •3

2 P Q 2 i
•b •f •g
•c •e X Y
•a •d •h
•u
•i
R Z

3 i) ii) X Z
Z

X Z Y

Y
X
Sets 30
X

Y Y

Z
 ii) iii)

iii)

4. ( M  N ) = {4,12} 3 ( M  N ) = {4,6,8,12}
( M  N )' = {2,6,8,10} ( M  N )' = {2,10}
5 a) 4
A
a) A B

A b) A

b) B B

A B c)
A
c) B

C C

3.3(c) COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS.

1 2a)
ξ Q R X
Z
•5 •3 •1 •2
•6 •4
•7 P
•10 •8
•11 Y
•9
•12
b) X
Z
List the element of set

ξ = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(ξ)= 12
Y
P ={8,9} n(P)=2

Z X
P’= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(P’)=10
c)
Q ={3,4,5,6,7} n(Q)=5

Q’={1,2,8,9,10,11,12} n(Q’)=7 Y

R = {1,2,3,4} n(R)=4 X Y Z
R’= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(R’)=8
d)
Sets 31
 P  Q={} n( P  Q)= 0

Q  R= {3,4} n( Q  R)=2

P  R= {} n( P  R)=0

P’  R={1,2,3,4} n( P’  R)=4
e)
Q’  R= {1,2} n( Q’  R)=2
Z
R’  Q= {5,6,7} n( R’  Q)=3
Y X
Q  R={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} n( Q  R)=7

Q  P= {3,4,5,6,7,8,9} n( Q  P)=7

(Q  R)’={8,9,10,11,12} n[(Q  R)’]=5

(Q  P)’= {1,2,10,11,12} n[(Q  P)’]=5

P’  Q’= {1,2,10,11,12} n( P’  Q’)=5

(P  Q  R)’= {10,11,12} n [(P  Q  R)’]=3

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. A 10 C
11. C 12 B 13 C 14 B 15 C
16. B 17 B 18 C 19 B 20. B

SPM PAST YEARS QUESTIONS (SETS)

2003. 1. D 2. C 3. B
2004. 4. C 5. C 6. A
2004J 7. B 8. D
2005 9. D 10. C 11. C
2005J 12 D 13. D 14 B
2006J 15 B 16 D
2006 17 D 18 C 19 A
2007J 20 A 21 C 22 D
2007 22 D 23 C 24 B
2008J 25 D 26 D 27 B
2008 28 C 29 B 30 C

Sets 32