UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

ORGANIC RICE-FERTILIZER PRODUCT TO STIMULATE THE

PRODUCTION OF RICE GRAINS AND SWEET-SCENTED RICE

Report Assignment 1

GROUP 4
GROUP PERSONNEL:

M. Faturrohman (1506744500)
M. Didy Juliansyah (1506675876)
Mustika Sari (1506675882)
Nur Widdya Damayanti (1506675863)
Rizka Diva Pratiwi (1506675900)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPOK
FEBRUARY 2018
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
By M. Didy Juliansyah

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1 .........................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................6
1.1 Background ....................................................................................................6
1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 .........................................................................................................8
REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................................................8
2.1 Introduction of Organic Rice .........................................................................8
2.1.1 Organic Rice Quality ..................................................................... 9
2.1.1.1 Sweet Scented Rice .................................................................. 11
2.1.1.1 Rice Grains…………………........………….............................12
2.2 Organic Fertilizer .........................................................................................14
2.2.1 Raw Material and Components Analysis .................................... 15
2.2.2 Market of Organic Fertilizer ........................................................ 19
CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................20
NEEDS AND IDEAS .........................................................................................20
3.1 Find Needs ...................................................................................................20
3.1.1 Customer Requirement ................................................................ 24
3.2 Customers Needs Interpretation ...................................................................24
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................25
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION .........................................................................25
4.1 List of Metrics ..............................................................................................25
4.2 Benchmarking of Similar or Existing Products ...........................................26
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................27
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................28

III
 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1Global Rice Production and Consumption ……………………………6
Figure 2.1 Organic Rice .......................................................................................... 7
Figure 2.1.1.2.1 Long Grains ................................................................................ 10
Figure 2.1.1.2.2 Medium Grains ........................................................................... 12
Figure 2.1.1.2.2 Short Grains ................................................................................ 13
Figure 3.1 Respondents’ Consideration to Buy Rice ............................................ 20
Figure 3.2 Rice Price Based on Respondents........................................................ 20
Figure 3.4 Respondents’ Rice Superiority ............................................................ 21
Figure 3.5 Respondents’ Rice Shortcoming...........................................................21
Figure 3.6 Respondents’ Satisfaction.................................................................... 21
Figure 3.7 Respondents’ Awareness of Organic Rice .......................................... 21
Figure 3.8 Respondents’ Interest to Buy Organic Rice......................................... 23
Figure 3.9 Importance of Sweet-Scented Rice ...................................................... 23
Figure 3.10 Importance of Big Grains Rice .......................................................... 23
Figure 3.11 Respondents’ Interest to Buy Organic Rice with Sweet-Scented
Fragrance and Big-Grains ..................................................................................... 24

IV
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 1 Fertilizers Market In Indonesias ............................................................ 7

Table 2.1 General Characteristics of the Case Studies ......................................... 10
Table 2.2 Minimum Components Requiretments of Organic Fertilizer ............... 15
Table 2.2.2 N Chemical Components of Raw Material ........................................ 16
Table 4.1 List of Metric ........................................................................................ 25

v Universitas Indonesia
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population (FAO,
2004). Rice is supplying 20% of the calories consumed worldwide. Rice is a
principal food, especially in Asia, and its production worldwide has been
growing steadily. During the 1990s global rice production expanded at a rate of
1.8 percent per year – marginally above the population growth rate. By the end
of the decade, it reached 400 million tones in milled equivalent. (Figure 1)

Figure 1.1. Global Rice Production and Consumption

Source: Status of the World Rice Market in 2002. - C. Calpe, FAO

In 2012, Indonesia got 3rd rank in the world in regards to total rice
production, but has also been the world’s 7th largest rice importer over the past
5 years – on average requiring over 1.1 million tons of imports per year (USDA,
2012). It related to crop areas in Indonesia. From 1960 to 2010, Indonesian rice
area and yield showed its increasing, but the problem is Indonesia still can not
fulfill the demand of rice in Indonesia.
Large number of areas that are used for the Rice cultivation related to
the fertilizer and the pesticide. From 2007 to 2012, Organic fertilizers that are
used in Indonesia just showed the little amount, even if it was increasing (Figure
2). Large amount of fertilizers used for the crops can also affect its production,
since inorganic fertilizers can also affect the crops field. By the time, the

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production of crops can be decreasing, since the field are being deactivated land
because it contains too much chemical compounds.

Table 1.1. Fertilizers Market in Indonesia

Source: APPI, 2014

In 2001, Indonesia has promoted organic agriculture development with

the slogan “Go Organic 2010”. Indonesia has an ambition to become a major
player in the world organic agriculture markets, the demand for organic
agricultural products is expected to increase in the coming years. That is the
reason why organic fertilizer has good prospect in Indonesia.
1.2 Objectives
To design the environmental friendly fertilizer which can make rice grains
have sweet-scented aroma and large grains

7
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction of Organic Rice

Rice is rich in complex carbohydrates, making it a valuable source of
energy. It's gluten free, low in sodium, sugar and fat; and contains zero
cholesterol. Resistant starch, the dietary fiber contained in rice, improves
intestinal health by encouraging the growth of good bacteria, while promoting
regular bowel movements to cleanse your digestive tract. Rice is high in vitamin
B1, vitamin D, niacin and the minerals calcium and iron, essential nutrients that
support the health of your bones and the cardiovascular, muscular, immune and
nervous systems.
Organic rice is rice that was certified by an independent agency to be
planted and cultivated by organic standards. “Organic” in organic field crops
generally means: (1) do not use synthetic or chemicals pesticides and fertilizers,
(2) maintain soil fertility through natural processes such as planting vegetation
cover and/or the use of composted manure and waste plants, (3) avoid planting
the same crops from year to year in the same fields, (4) do not use chemical
forms in weed and pest control, (5) use insects to prey on pests and half-rotten
straw leaf to suppress weeds, as well as other organism to suppress the disease
[1].

Organic rice is typically sold in niche and specialty markets, where it

commands a price two to three times higher than that of conventionally grown
rice. But while it sells at higher prices, organic rice also costs more to produce.
Organic rice is valued worldwide as a nutritious stable food containing
various health benefits. Although scientific research does not support the idea
of organic foods being nutritionally superior, the lack of chemicals and
pesticides used in organic production and agriculture not only helps protect the
environment but may also aid in preserving health.
The Outputs of organic rice production are: the environment is improved,
and the soil is loosened; (1) there is greater biodiversity in both plants and
animals; (2) human beings have improved physical and mental health since

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there is sufficient healthy food for household consumption. Neighbours also

realise the value of this and wish to follow the pattern; (3) inputs produced on
the farm to substitute for chemical inputs serve as an essential source of courage
helping farmers to gain confidence in organic farming as a viable method of
alternative farming; (4) by-products of organic rice cultivation help families to
earn additional income, leading to some saving. Children of some families
realise the value of this practice and want to carry on this heritage; (5) farmers
regularly learn new knowledge and techniques, such as local propagation of rice
varieties, system for rice intensification, and related policies, such as the
problems of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), farm chemicals, and so
on.
Weed control and soil fertility are the principal challenges associated with
organic rice production. Primary weed-control practices include crop rotations,
land leveling, seedbed preparation, water management, and rotary hoeing. To
reduce weed pressure, lengthen the standard two-year rice/soybean rotation to
a three-year rotation of rice/soybeans/grain crop (sorghum, wheat, corn, etc.).
The longer rotation allows additional time to break weed life cycles and reduce
the number of weed seeds in the soil. Other weed-control options center on the
use of field flooding to suppress weeds directly and to give the crop a
competitive advantage. Flooding will be more effective if fields are precision
leveled. Leveling makes the water depth uniform and facilitates rapid flow onto
and from the field[2].

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Figure 2.1. Organic Rice

(source : http://www.fairprice.com.sg)

Table 2.1 General Characteristics of the Case Studies

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2.1.1 Organic Rice Quality

2.1.1.1 Sweet Scented Rice

Rice is an important provider of nourishment for the world's
population. Unlike most food crops, rice is generally eaten whole without
seasoning, making the sensory properties of the rice grain itself important.
Small variations in sensory properties, especially aroma, can make rice
highly desired by or unacceptable to consumers (Yau and Liu 1999).
Consequently, aroma and flavor have been rated as the major criteria for
preference among consumers (Del Mundo and Juliano 1981).
There are some Factors which Affecting Rice Aroma And Flavor
a. Genetics
Fragrance in rice has been shown to be due to an eight-base pair
deletion in exon 7 of a gene on chromosome 8 (Lorieux et al1996; Jin et al
2003; Chen et al 2006) that encodes a putative betaine aldehyde
dehydrogenase 2 (BAD2) (Bradbury et al 2005). This deletion results in a
loss of function of the encoded enzyme and, consequently, 2-AP
accumulates in fragrant cultivars.
b. Preharvest
Environment, fertilization, and cultural practices affect the amylose
and protein contents of rice cultivars which in turn may influence the aroma
and flavor of the cooked rice. Low protein rice samples of the same cultivar
are reported to be more flavorful than those with higher protein (Juliano et
al 1965).
c. Drain and Harvest Dates
Timing of field draining and harvesting of rice with considera-tion of
physiological maturity, moisture content, and meteorological conditions can
allow growers to foster conditions for high head rice yield. However, there
may be a trade-off in flavor. Draining fields early may cause moisture stress
in grains before they are physiologically mature, affecting metabolic
processes and in turn, volatile flavor compounds. Harvesting early at higher
moisture contents, while improving head rice yield (Kester et al 1963), may

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lead to problematic microbial growth with associated off-flavor metabolites

if drying is delayed (Champagne et al 2004b)

2.1.1.2 Rice Grains

There are hundreds of rice varieties, but they generally fall into three
categories: Long-grain, medium-grain, and short-grain, each of which has
its own properties. Long-grain rice is long and thin (roughly four to five
times as long as it is wide), while medium-grain rice is about two to three
times as long as it is wide. Short-grain rice is considerably more wide than
it is long.

2.1.1.2.1 Long Grains

True to its name, long-grain rice is slim and lengthy, nearly four
to five times longer than it is wide. This type of rice includes American
long-grain white and brown rices, Basmati rice, and Jasmine rice, and
produces distinct firm grains that stay fluffy and separate after cooking.
The grains have a firm, dry texture, and are best for side dishes, pilafs, and
salads.

Figure 2.1.1.2.1 . Long-Grain Brown Basmati Rice

(Image credit: Kelli Foster)
2.1.1.2.2 Medium Grains
Short and wider than its long-grain counterpart, medium-grain rice
is about two to three times longer than it is wide. This type of rice
produces moist, tender, slightly chewy grains that stick to each other

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when cooked. Common medium-grain rices include Arborio and

Valencia, which are typically used to make risotto, and Bomba rice,
which is used in paella.

Figure 2.1.1.2.2 Medium-Grain Arborio Rice

(Image credit: Kelli Foster)

2.1.1.2.3 Short Grain Rice

Short-grain rice, named for its size, is only a tiny bit longer than it
is wide. It's not uncommon for medium- and short-grain rice to get
combined into the same category, which can make for some confusion.
This squat, plump rice cooks up soft and tender, and is known for sticking
together and clumping. American short-grain brown rice and sushi rice are
common varieties of short-grain rice. Use short-grain rice for sushi,
molded salads, and pudding.

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Figure 2.1.1.2.3. Short-Grain Brown Rice and Sushi Rice

(Image credit: Kelli Foster)

2.2 Introduction of Organic Fertilizer

Organic materials are derived from plants and animals. They include crop
residues, plant biomass, green manures, farmyard manures, composts,
household wastes, industrial and urban wastes, and commercial products
produced from plant and/or animal materials. Organic fertilizers refer to a
specific group of organic materials produced from decomposed plant or animal
materials and used as a source of nutrients for crops. The main advantage of
using organic fertilizer is to improve the chemical, soil and biological fertility
of soil, in addition to nutrient sources for plants
Beside, according to Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 2 of 2006,
organic fertilizers are defined as fertilizers are composed of organic materials
derived from crop residues, or animals that have undergone engineering form
solid or liquid is used to supply organic materials, improve the physical,
chemical and biological properties of the soil.
Based on the discussion of Fertilizers Directorate and Pesticides,
Departement of Land Bogor Institute Agriculture, Deppenrindag, and Fertilizer
and User Entrepreneur Association have been agreed on minimum technical
requirements of organic fertilizer as listed on Table 2.2

Table 2.2 Minimun Components Requiretments of Organic Fertilizer

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2.3 Composition
In the manufacture of organic fertilizers, there are several components
that must be considered in the manufacture. The important thing for produce
organic fertilizers is the nutrients in plants. Nutrient composition in crop
residues is very specific and varies depending on the type of plant.
The nutrients compositions have a good function for growth. They
called macro and micro nutrients.

2.3.1 Macronutrients
Macronutrients can be broken into two more groups;
primary and secondary nutrients.
The primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
and potassium (K). These major nutrients usually are lacking from the soil
first because plants use large amounts for their growth and survival.
The secondary nutrients are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),
and sulfur (S).
Macronutrients are very needed for plants growth. There are some
function are needed to make the plants grows healthily
a. Nitrogen (N)

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 Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all

proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis
and transfer of energy.
 Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all prot
eins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and
transfer of energy.
 Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that
is responsible for photosynthesis.
 Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production
and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops.
 Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air
(legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall
contributes very little nitrogen).
b.Phosporus (P)
 Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of
photosynthesis.
 Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc.
 Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy;
proper plant maturation; withstanding stress.
 Effects rapid growth.
 Encourages blooming and root growth.
 Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and
superphosphate.
c. Potassium (K)
 Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other
mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium.
 Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and
reduction of diseases.
 Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and
fertilizer.
d. Calcium (Ca)

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 Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for

normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in
the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and
organic acids within a plant.
 Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate.
e. Magnesium (Mg)
 Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential
for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed
for growth.
 Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are
sources of magnesium for plants.
f. Sulfur (S)
 Essential plant food for production of protein.
 Promotes activity and development of enzymes and vitamins.
 Helps in chlorophyll formation.
 Improves root growth and seed production.
 Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold.
 Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in
some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers.
The use of gypsum also increases soil sulfur level

2.3.2 Micronutrients
Through increased use of soil testing and plant analyses, micronutrient
deficiencies have been verified in many soils. Some reasons limiting the
incidental additions of micronutrients include:
 High-yield crop demands remove micronutrients from the soil
 Increased use of high-analysis NPK fertilizers containing lower quantities
of micronutrient contaminants
 Advances in fertilizer technology reduce the residual addition of
micronutrients.

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These factors contribute to the significant increase in usage of and need

for micronutrients in order to achieve full balanced nutrition.
The following are examples of micronutrients and their functions
a. Boron (B)
 Helps in the use of nutrients and regulates other nutrients.
 Aids production of sugar and carbohydrates.
 Essential for seed and fruit development.
 Sources of boron are organic matter and borax.
b. Copper (Cu)
 Important for reproductive growth.
 Aids in root metabolism and helps in the utilization of proteins.
c. Chloride (Cl)
 Aids plant metabolism.
 Chloride is found in the soil.
d. Iron (Fe)
 Essential for formation of chlorophyll.
 Sources of iron are the soil, iron sulfate, iron chelate.
e. Manganese (Mn)
 Functions with enzyme systems involved in breakdown of
carbohydrates, and nitrogen metabolism.
 Soil is a source of manganese.
f. Molybdenum (Mo)
 Helps in the use of nitrogen.
 Soil is a source of molybdenum.
g. Zinc (Zn)
 Essential for the transformation of carbohydrates.
 Regulates consumption of sugars.
 Part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth.
 Sources of zinc are soil, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc chelate.
2.3.3 Raw Material
Technically, organic fertilizer may be made from any organic material.
That is, it may be made from any part of an organism, plant or animal, that

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contains carbon. Organic Fertilizer also requires a source of nitrogen, oxygen,

and water, plus small amounts of a variety of elements usually found in
organic material, including phosphorus, copper, potassium, calcium, and
others.
In order for the organic materials to combine with the other materials
and decompose into compost, several living organisms and microorganisms
are needed. These include sowbugs, which help digest the materials and
transport bacteria; earthworms, which aerate the materials with their tunnels;
a variety of fungi, which help digest decay-resistant cellulose; mold-like
bacteria called actinomycetes, which attack raw plant tissues; and many
others.
The most common raw materials used to make organic fertilizer are yard
wastes such as grass clippings, leaves, weeds, and small prunings from shrubs
and trees. Most home garden compost piles and municipal compost facilities
use yard wastes exclusively because of the large volume of materials
available.
Industrial organic fertilizer facilities tend to use waste materials
generated within a particular plant or region. For example, sugar beet pulp is
mixed with other materials to make compost in an area where sugar refineries
operate. Spent hops and grain from breweries also make excellent compost
materials. Other materials include sawdust and wood chips from lumber mills,
fish waste from canneries, and dried blood and pulverized animal bones from
slaughterhouses.
Agricultural compost facilities use materials readily available on nearby
farms. These include animal manure, used stable straw, spoiled fruits and
vegetables, field refuse, vineyard and orchard prunings, rotted hay, and other
agricultural waste products.
Some of the more unusual raw materials used to make compost include
seaweed, chicken feathers, peanut shells, and hair clippings.
2.3.4 Main Growth Hormones
a. Auxin

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An auxin, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), was the first plant hormone

identified. It is manufactured primarily in the shoot tips (in leaf primordia and
young leaves), in embryos, and in parts of developing flowers and seeds. Its
transport from cell to cell through the parenchyma surrounding the vascular
tissues requires the expenditure of ATP energy. IAA moves in one direction
only—that is, the movement is polar and, in this case, downward. Such
downward movement in shoots is said to be basipetal movement, and
in roots it is acropetal.
Auxins alone or in combination with other hormones are responsible for
many aspects of plant growth. IAA in particular:
 Activates the differentiation of vascular tissue in the shoot apex and in
calluses; initiates division of the vascular cambium in the spring; promotes
growth of vascular tissue in healing of wounds.
 Activates cellular elongation by increasing the plasticity of the cell wall.
 Maintains apical dominance indirectly by stimulating the production of
ethylene, which directly inhibits lateral bud growth.
 Activates a gene required for making a protein necessary for growth and
other genes for the synthesis of wall materials made and secreted by
dictyosomes.
 Promotes initiation and growth of adventitious roots in cuttings.
 Promotes the growth of many fruits (from auxin produced by the
developing seeds).
 Suppresses the abscission (separation from the plant) of fruits and leaves
(lowered production of auxin in the leaf is correlated with formation of
the abscission layer).
 Inhibits most flowering (but promotes flowering of pineapples).
 Activates tropic responses.
 Controls aging and senescence, dormancy of seeds.
Synthetic auxins are extensively used as herbicides, the most widely
known being 2,4‐D and the notorious 2,4,5‐T, which were used in a 1:1
combination as Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and sprayed over the
Vietnam forests as a defoliant.

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b. Cytokinins
Named because of their discovered role in cell division (cytokinesis),
the cytokinins have a molecular structure similar to adenine. Naturally
occurring zeatin, isolated first from corn ( Zea mays), is the most active of the
cytokinins. Cytokinins are found in sites of active cell division in plants—for
example, in root tips, seeds, fruits, and leaves. They are transported in the
xylem and work in the presence of auxin to promote cell division. Differing
cytokinin:auxin ratios change the nature of organogenesis. If kinetin is high
and auxin low, shoots are formed; if kinetin is low and auxin high, roots are
formed. Lateral bud development, which is retarded by auxin, is promoted by
cytokinins. Cytokinins also delay the senescence of leaves and promote the
expansion of cotyledons.
c. Gibberelins
The gibberellins are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, and
more than 75 have been isolated, to date. Rather than giving each a specific
name, the compounds are numbered—for example, GA1, GA2, and so
on. Gibberellic acid three (GA3) is the most widespread and most thoroughly
studied. The gibberellins are especially abundant in seeds and young shoots
where they control stem elongation by stimulating both cell
division and elongation (auxin stimulates only cell elongation). The
gibberellins are carried by the xylem and phloem. Numerous effects have been
cataloged that involve about 15 or fewer of the gibberellic acids. The greater
number with no known effects apparently are precursors to the active ones.
Experimentation with GA3 sprayed on genetically dwarf plants
stimulates elongation of the dwarf plants to normal heights. Normal‐height
plants sprayed with GA3 become giants.
d. Ethylene
Ethylene is a simple gaseous hydrocarbon produced from an amino acid
and appears in most plant tissues in large amounts when they are stressed. It
diffuses from its site of origin into the air and affects surrounding plants as
well. Large amounts ordinarily are produced by roots, senescing flowers,
ripening fruits, and the apical meristem of shoots. Auxin increases ethylene

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production, as does ethylene itself—small amounts of ethylene initiate

copious production of still more. Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruit and
initiates abscission of fruits and leaves. In monoecious plants (those with
separate male and female flowers borne on the same plant), gibberellins and
ethylene concentrations determine the sex of the flowers: Flower buds
exposed to high concentrations of ethylene produce carpellate flowers, while
gibberellins induce staminate ones.
e. Abscisic Acid
Abscisic acid (ABA), despite its name, does not initiate abscission,
although in the 1960s when it was named botanists thought that it did. It is
synthesized in plastids from carotenoids and diffuses in all directions through
vascular tissues and parenchyma. Its principal effect is inhibition of cell
growth. ABA increases in developing seeds and promotes dormancy. If leaves
experience water stress, ABA amounts increase immediately, causing the
stomata to close.

2.4 Types of Organic Fertilizer

2.4.1 Dry Organic Fertilizer

Figure 2.4.1 Example of Dry Organic Fertilizer

(Source: http://www.pupukorganik.org/nutriton)
Dry organic fertilizers can consist of a single material, such as rock
phosphate or kelp (a type of nutrient-rich seaweed), or they can be a blend of

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many ingredients. Almost all organic fertilizers provide a broad array of

nutrients, but blends are specially formulated to provide balanced amounts of
nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, as well as micronutrients. There are
several commercial blends, but you can make your own general-purpose
fertilizer by mixing individual amendments. (Here's what you need to know
about soil nitrogen content.)
The most common way to apply dry fertilizer is to broadcast it and then
hoe or rake it into the top 4 to 6 inches of soil. You can add small amounts to
planting holes or rows as you plant seeds or transplants. Unlike dry synthetic
fertilizers, most organic fertilizers are nonburning and will not harm delicate
seedling roots. During the growing season, boost plant growth by side-
dressing dry fertilizers in crop rows or around the drip line of trees or shrubs.
It’s best to work side-dressings into the top inch of the soil.
2.4.2 Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Figure 2.4. 2 Example of Liquid Organic Fertilizer

(Source: http://www.masagri.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/MASAGRI-
Profile-v2-opt.pdf)
Plants can absorb liquid fertilizers through both their roots and through
leaf pores. Foliar feeding (that's through the leaves) can supply nutrients when
they are lacking or unavailable in the soil, or when roots are stressed. It is
especially effective for giving fast-growing plants like vegetables an extra

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boost during the growing season. Some foliar fertilizers, such as liquid
seaweed (kelp), are rich in micronutrients and growth hormones. These foliar
sprays also appear to act as catalysts, increasing nutrient uptake by
plants. Compost tea and seaweed extract are two common examples of
organic foliar fertilizers.
Use liquid fertilizers to give your plants a light nutrient boost or snack
every month or even every two weeks during the growing season. With
flowering and fruiting plants, foliar sprays are most useful during critical
periods (such as after transplanting or during fruit set) or periods of drought
or extreme temperatures. For leaf crops, some suppliers recommend biweekly
spraying.
When using liquid fertilizers, always follow label instructions for proper
dilution and application methods. You can use a surfactant, such as coconut
oil or a mild soap (¼ teaspoon per gallon of spray), to ensure better coverage
of the leaves. Otherwise, the spray may bead up on the foliage and you won’t
get the maximum benefit. Measure the surfactant carefully; if you use too
much, it may damage plants. A slightly acid spray mixture is most effective,
so check your spray’s pH. Use small amounts of vinegar to lower pH and
baking soda to raise it. Aim for a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. (Plus, here's everything you
need to know about understanding your soil's pH.)
To apply, use any sprayer or mister, from hand-trigger units to knapsack
sprayers, set on the finest spray setting (but never use one that has been used
to apply herbicides). The best times to spray are early morning and early eveni
when the liquids will be absorbed most quickly and won’t burn foliage.
Choose a day when no rain is forecast and temperatures aren’t extreme. Spray
until the liquid drips off the leaves. Concentrate the spray on leaf undersides,
where leaf pores are more likely to be open. You can also water in liquid
fertilizers around the root zone. A drip irrigation system can carry liquid
fertilizers to your plants. Kelp is good product for this use (fish emulsion can
clog the irrigation emitters).
2.4.3 Grow Enhancer

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Growth enhancers are materials that help plants absorb nutrients more
effectively from the soil. The most common growth enhancer is kelp (a type
of seaweed), which has been used by farmers for centuries. Kelp is sold as a
dried meal or as an extract of the meal in liquid or powdered form. It is totally
safe and provides some 60 trace elements that plants need in very small
quantities. It also contains growth-promoting hormones and enzymes.
To apply, follow the directions for spraying liquid fertilizers when
applying growth enhancers as a foliar spray. You can also apply kelp extract
or meal directly to the soil; soil application will stimulate soil bacteria, which
in turn increases fertility through humus formation, aeration, and moisture
retention. Apply 1 to 2 pounds of kelp meal per 100 square feet of garden each
spring once a month for the first 4 to 5 months of the growing season.
Or, if you can get your hands on fresh seaweed, rinse it to remove the
sea salt and spread it over the soil surface in your garden as a mulch, or
compost it. Seaweed decays readily because it contains little cellulose.
2.5 Importance
2.5.1 The Danger of Using Chemical Fertilizer Continuously
Chemical fertilizers have aided farmers in increasing crop production
since the 1930's. While chemical fertilizers have their place increasing plant
nutrients in adverse weather conditions or during times when plants need
additional nutrients, there are also several harmful effects of chemical
fertilizers. Some of the harm chemical fertilizers may cause include waterway
pollution, chemical burn to crops, increased air pollution, acidification of the
soil and mineral depletion of the soil
a. Waterway Pollution
The use of chemical fertilizers on crops can have adverse effects on
waterways caused by chemical run off of the excess fertilizer. The over-
abundance of nutrients in the water reduces the amount of oxygen. The
existing organisms living in the water use up the oxygen that is left. The
result is oxygen depletion causing the fish to die.
b. Chemical Burn

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Chemical fertilizers are high in nutrient content such as nitrogen.

Over-application of chemical fertilizer to plants may cause the leaves to
turn yellow or brown, damaging the plant and reducing crop yield. This
condition is known as chemical leaf scorch. Leaf scorch can cause the
leaves of the plant to wither and may cause the plant to die.
c. Increased Air Polution
Excess nitrogen used in crop fertilization can contribute to the
release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide into
the atmosphere. This effect is caused by using a greater amount of
chemical fertilizer than the plants can readily absorb. According to the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate
Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab, excess greenhouse gases trapped in the
atmosphere may be contributing to the increase of land and ocean surface
temperatures.
d. Soil Acifidication
The over-use of chemical fertilizers can lead to soil acidification
because of a decrease in organic matter in the soil. Nitrogen applied to
fields in large amounts over time damages topsoil, resulting in reduced
crop yields. Sandy soils are much more prone to soil acidification than are
clay soils. Clay soils have an ability to buffer the effects of excess
chemical fertilization.
e. Mineral Depletion
There is an increasing concern that continuous use of chemical
fertilizers on soil depletes the soil of essential nutrients. As a result, the
food produced in these soils have less vitamin and mineral content.
According to data produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Nutrient Data Laboratory, foods grown in soils that were chemically
fertilized were found to have less magnesium, potassium and calcium
content.

2.5.2 Organic Fertilizer protects environmental healthy

Since a organic fertilizer is precisely living, it can symbiotically
associate with plant roots. Microorganisms involved in symbiotic association

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could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple
compounds, so that they are easily taken up by the plants. Organic fertilizers
add nutrients through the natural processes of, nitrogen fixation and
solubilizing phosphorus, stimulate the plant growth by supplying plants with
25 % of nitrogen and phosphorus through the synthesis of growth-promoting
substances by replacing the chemical fertilizers.
The microorganisms in organic fertilizers restore the soil's natural
nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. This helps in improving soil
fertility and sustain natural habitat, as well as increase the crop yield by 20%
to 30%. Organic fertilizers are environmentally friendly and also provide
protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases (Weathers, R., &
Poole, P. 2009). They can reduce the stress in plants by competing with the
plant pathogens and suppressing them.
Since organic fertilizers have excellent buffering capabilities and
organic matters, they can balance the pH in the soil and reduce the acidity.
As they protect the soil from hardening, the organic matters that are added
also enrich the soil aeration, water, and nutrient retention capacity. They have
the ability to save water by holding moisture and releasing it slowly. This
will improve seed germination and produce thicker roots. In plants, bio-
fertilizers help in stabilizing the chlorophyll, which remits in photosynthesis
by providing darker green leaves results in increase of carbohydrate content
and oxygen assimilation. They also doesn’t possess any unpleasant odours,
so the society will not feel uncomfortable while using them. In the economy,
bio-fertilizers are cost-effective and they also have low manufacturing costs,
especially when it comes to nitrogen and phosphorus use.
The microorganisms and the acids that are exist in bio-fertilizers have
the ability to improve the plants’ health and hardiness when they enter the
roots. The organic materials and the acids that are found in the bio-fertilizers
include humic and fulvic acids, organic fungi, and organic fertilizer nutrients.
Humic acids are plant biostimulants that can increase soil fertility, enhance
microbial activity and reduce water evaporation (Gorman, D., & Poole, P.
2004)

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2.6 Organic Fertilize Market Analysis in Indonesia

Indonesia is the most extensive area in Southeast Asia, which has the
largest population in this region. Because of comfortable tropical climate and
advantageous geographic location, it is rich in oil, minerals, timber and
agricultural products. Agriculture has always occupied a very important
position in the economic structure in Indonesia. It accounted for 45% of gross
domestic product 30 years ago. The agricultural output accounts for about 15%
of GDP at present. Due to the small size of farms, agricultural production is
labor-intensive. Since it has large proportion of economy, people pay more
attention to increase yield of crops and decrease cost of production. Farmers can
use inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer for crop growth. It has shown the
advantages of organic fertilizer in recent years. The use of organic fertilizer has
become a trend, which is in a strong market potential.
2.6.1 Production of organic fertilizer
Production of organic fertilizer is very limited in Indonesia. However,
Indonesia Government is increasing its subsidy in organic fertilizer, such as
in Bali. The Bali administration is determined to continue transforming the
island into an “ organic ” province, where local farmers embrace healthier
and greener organic farming. Bali Governor Made Mangku Pastika declared
his administration would increase the subsidy provided for organic fertilizer
to encourage local farmers to make the transition from chemical to organic
fertilizer. Another key strategy is phasing out the chemical fertilizer subsidy
while increasing the organic fertilizer subsidy. The administration
completely stopped subsidizing chemical fertilizer in 2012, forcing farmers
to pay a higher price for chemical fertilizer.
Previously in 2008, the administration allocated Rp 4 billion for the
fertilizer subsidy, all of which went to chemical fertilizer. In 2009, Bali
allocated Rp 3 billion to subsidize chemical fertilizer, with Rp 1 billion for
organic fertilizer. In 2010, the administration reduced the allocation for
synthetic fertilizer subsidies to Rp 2 billion and allocated the remaining Rp
2 billion to organic fertilizers. In the near future, no doubt, organic fertilizer
sector will get more subsidy injection.

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Compared with Euro-American countries, farmers in Indonesia and

many other Asia countries, are not willing to invest organic fertilizers. They
are carried away by quick-effectiveness and high subsidies of chemical
fertilizer. Meanwhile, they are suffering from the serious problems lead by
inorganic fertilizers, such as soil hardening. The disadvantages of chemical
fertilizer are increasingly apparent. Considering this, farmers are more
likely to apply fertilizers rationally. In areas lacking government subsidy,
farmers are interested in applying organic fertilizer. Agricultural income is
a big part for smallholders. They are concerned about the cost of fertilizer
and high yield of crops. Organic fertilizer is the best choice for the issues.
In 2014, the proposal of fertilizer use if estimated around 9.55 million mt,
which consist of 4,10 millions mt of Urea, 850 thousand mt of SP-36, 1.05
million mt of ZA, 2.55 millions mt of NPK, and 1.00 million mt of Organic
fertilizer. The reference retail prices of those fertilizers are: US$0.15/kg for
Urea, US$0.17/kg for SP-36,US$0.12/kg for ZA, US$0.19/kg for NPK, and
US$0.04/kg for organic fertilizer.
No matter what situation Indonesia organic fertilizer market is facing,
the most important thing is that: The preference of consumers directly
influences the investment of manufacturers. though organic fertilizer
production industry are not that prosperous in Indonesia, for many investors
in Indonesia, the earlier you set about, the more profit you will earn. The
“cake” is limited, after all. Although there are lots of difficulties impeding
the growing of organic fertilizer, there are still opportunities for investors to
seek.
2.6.2 Huge Potensial Organic Fertilizer Market
Huge Potential Organic Fertilizer Market In 2012, the sales of chemical
fertilizers and bio-fertilizer market in Asia-Pacific was $ 4.97 billion. It is
expected to increase from $ 4.97 billion to $ 7.73 billion in 2012 ~ 2019. The
main driving factors contributed to changes in the fertilizer market in Asia
Pacific are related to the following aspects.
a. Enormous fertilizer consumption

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The first is the rising crop prices. In the Indonesia, oil palm and
rubber trees are the main cash crops. Over the past few years, the price of
these crops has almost doubled, prompting farmers to actively cultivate
these crops and increase output. With the rising price of crops, fertilizer
consumption in the forecast period will grow rapidly.
b. Small Competitiveness
Organic fertilizer production is not in large quantity. The number of
organic fertilizer companies are small as well. As for investors, it is good
for put into the production of organic fertilizer. It is important for a
company to seize the opportunity in the early stage. The smaller
competitiveness is, the bigger potential is in the market. Under the
circumstances, to build a new organic fertilizer production line is the most
fitting investment.
c. Sustainability and cost efficiency
Sustainability and cost efficiency are the decisive factors every time
farmers buy fertilizer. The negative impact of chemical fertilizers on the
environment makes organic fertilizer becomes the optimal choice. By
contrast, organic fertilizer can increase soil microbial communities and
absorption of nutrients in the growth of plants. A more important fact is
that the price is less than half of chemical fertilizers. In addition, if farmers
keep continuous use of biological fertilizer, it can save money greatly.
d. Improvement of utilization rate of materials
Low utilization rate of raw materials is the ongoing problem in
Indonesia. It is badly in need of organic fertilizer manufacturers to
produce organic fertilizer, which meets the need of farmers. It not only
helps farmers solve the problems of waste issues, but also increases the
utilization of raw materials.
e. Small competitiveness
Organic fertilizer production is not in large quantity. The number of
organic fertilizer companies are small as well. As for investors, it is good
for put into the production of organic fertilizer. It is important for a
company to seize the opportunity in the early stage. The smaller

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competitiveness is, the bigger potential is in the market. Under the

circumstances, to build a new organic fertilizer production line is the most
fitting investment.

Universitas Indonesia
 CHAPTER 3
NEEDS AND IDEAS
By Rizka Diva Pratiwi

3.1 Find Needs

3.1.1 Customer Requiremen
Customer requirement is the target market’s ideas and opinions that
have been obtained and analyzed from the questionnaires and interviewed
some experts or people that have been spread in advance. Our targets for
survey are housewife, restaurant, and rice-seller agent to obtain data about
what people like and dislike abut existing rice, and from farmer to get data
about rice fertilizer. These ideas and opinions would be one of the basic
concept of the product design and development. Thus, in order to meet the
customer satisfaction, the authors have performed a simple concept as the
results of the review of the existing literature and benchmarking. The result of
the questionnaire that we have spread with total respondents are 160, are
shown below.

160
140
120
Respondet

100
80
60
40
20
0
Price Quality Function Origin of Brand Species
Rice
Consideration

Figure 3.1. Respondents’ Consideration to Buy Rice

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10%
15.60%

8.000-10.000
10.000-12.000
29.40%
12.000-15.000
>15.000
45%

Figure 3.2. Rice Price Based on Respondents

140
120
100
Respondent

80
60
40
20
0

Superiority

Figure 3.2. Respondents’ Rice Superiority

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50
45
40

Respondent
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Shortcoming

Figure 3.4. Respondents’ Rice Shortcoming

1.90%

15.60%
Unsatisfed
22.50%
Satisfied Enough
Satisfied
Very Satisfied
60%

Figure 3.5. Respondents’ Satisfaction

16.90%
Know
Don't Know
83.10%

Figure 3.6. Respondents’ Awareness of Organic Rice

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13.10%

Interest
Uninterest
86.90%

Figure 3.7. Respondents’ Interest to Buy Organic Rice

46.90% Important
53.10% Unimportant

Figure 3.8. Importance of Sweet-Scented Rice

37.50% Important

62.50% Unimportant

Figure 3.9. Importance of Big Grains Rice

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11.20%

Interest
Uninterest
88.80%

Figure 3.10. Respondents’ Interest to Buy Organic Rice with Sweet-Scented

Fragrance and Big-Grains

Based on the group discussions that have been done, we know that
almost every existing rice and rice fertilizer products still have weaknesses.
Also, according to the questionnaires that have been spread to target markets,
the existing products still have not fulfill the customer satisfaction yet.
Therefore, based on these reasons we will analyze the customer needs for our
rice fertilizer product and then formulate the product specification based on
the customer needs to satisfied people to consume rice as their daily food.

3.2 Customer Needs Interpretation

Based of qualitative results after the author did some interviews with experts and
spread the questionnaire to the targeted markets, the next step is the interpretation of
the customer needs. The result of questionnaire is then converted into a list of
customer needs which is used as a basis of design concept for new roof tile product.
Some of the customer needs were analyzed using Kano Model question pair. To
decide which problem should be overcome first, the customer needs can also be
analyzed by using Pareto Diagram.

3.2.1 Arranged List of Needs

Waiting for interwiew several people data (deadline Monday)

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 CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
M Fathurrohman

After determining needs, the next stage is the product specifications. Product
specification describes all the necessary parameters of a product. The purpose of
this stage is to provide quantification of each aspect of the needs that exist in
quantities that can be measured.This stage consists of several steps, such as the
preparation of lists, benchmarking, metrics and listing of specifications.

4.1 List of Metrics

The survey that we have done has result the list of needs. From that list,
we can make the spesifications of the product that we’re going to make. Most
of the needs we got was in the qualitative way, so it is rather difficult to measure
it. Therefore, it should be changed into quantitive data in the form of numerical
state called metric unit.

Table 4.1 List of Metric

Unit
No. Needs Spesification Rank
Metric

1. Fertilizer that has solid form

2. Fertilizer that works fast Time of effect Weeks

3. Fertilizer that is cheap Prices

4.1.1 Metrics Needs

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Metrics
No. Needs
Weeks Rp

1. Fertilizer that has solid form

2. Fertilizer that works fast v

3. Fertilizer that is cheap v

4.2 Benchmarking of Similar or Existing Products

Benchmarking is useful to measuring the product against the existing
product and comparing them from the specification, market opportunity, and
determining the position of our product so we can find the spot of opportunity
to sell our product between the competitor products. Benchmarking also help
us to improve our product and making innovation than the existing product and
make sure that our product will not lose in the market.
The market is full of organic fertilizer product. In addition to improve the
design of organic fertilizer, three existing products are compared. The three
products are:
 EVAGrow Organic Fertilizer
 Fast Up
 Pomi Bioorganic Fertilizer

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
By Mustika Sari

Universitas Indonesia
 REFERENCES

[1] Bank Pengetahuan Padi Indonesia. 2012. Padi Organik.

bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id /www.pustaka-deptan.go.id. [9 Februari 2018].

[2] Sullivan, Preston, and Robert Strader. 1993. Precision-Leveled Fields Prove
Excellent
Long-Term Investments. Rice Farming. April. p. 28-29, 32.

Atkinson, Betsy Woods. 1999. Growing Organic Rice. Acres U.S.A. April. p. 1, 8-
9.

Sekumade Bosede. 2017. Economic Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on

the Yield of Maize in Oyo State, Nigeriahttp.
://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20170203.13.pdf {12
Februari 2018]

Food Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC). 1997. Quality control for organic
fertilizer. News Letter 117. Food and Fertilizer Technologi Center, Taiwan, ROC

Tan, K.H. 1994. Environmental Soil Science. Manual Dekker INC. New York
10016, USA

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