CAU@HxGN LIVE 2015

Collecting Sustained Stress from the Hot Condition

David Diehl
Situation

 CAESAR II has always used the “strain-free” state to collect the sustained
stress (the focus has always been on the expansion stress range).
Load Stress
Components Comment
Case Type
L1 W+T1+P1+D1 (OPE) Operating state
Installed state
L2 W+P1 (SUS)
(by including P, this is sustained stress)
Stress range
L3 L1-L2 (EXP)
(operating state –installed state)

 Nonlinear (support) conditions may allow supports carrying weight load to

disengage as the piping system moves to the operating state

 Codes (e.g., B31.3) state that the most severe sustained stress (from any
expected support configuration) shall be considered.

 How do you do that in CAESAR II? 3

Background

 This is not the first time we are looking at this

– See page 899 of the CAESAR II User’s Guide

– January 2001 COADE Mechanical Engineering News article: Sustained

Stresses by John Luf

– ASME PVP 2006 paper 93100: Longitudinal Stress due to Sustained Loads in
a Nonlinear World by yours truly

 So why again, now?

– The B31.3 piping code is acknowledging the use of computer software in

evaluating piping systems – moving away from the slide rule to the PC.

– B31.3 has added more content related to nonlinear response in piping

systems

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What Does the B31.3-2014 Code Say?

 300(c)(3) Intent of the Code

The Code generally employs a simplified approach for many of its

requirements. A designer capable of applying a more complete and rigorous
analysis consistent with the design criteria of this Code shall have the latitude
of applying such analysis in the development of designs and fabrications. The
designer shall provide details of design, construction, examination, and
testing, along with calculations consistent with the design criteria of this Code.
The details shall be documented in the engineering design and their validity
accepted by the owner.

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What Does the B31.3-2014 Code Say?

302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and

Displacement Strains

 302.3.5(d) Allowable Displacement Stress Range

SL = stress due to sustained loads; in systems where supports may be active

in some conditions and inactive in others, the maximum value of sustained
stress, considering all support conditions, shall be used.

SL definition added in 2014

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What Does the B31.3-2014 Code Say?

 319.2.3(b) Displacement Stress Range

In evaluating systems where supports may be active in some conditions and

not others (e.g., pipes lifting off supports), this difference in strains may be
influenced by the changing distribution of sustained load. In such cases, the
displacement strain range is based on the algebraic difference between the
calculated positions of the pipe that define the range. In addition to the
displacement strain, each calculated position shall include the sustained
loads present in the condition under evaluation.

updated with Appendix P

concepts (shown in red)
in 2014

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What Does the B31.3-2014 Code Say?

320 Analysis of Sustained Loads

 320.1 Basic Assumptions and Requirements

See Appendix S, Example 2 for guidance on loading conditions and support

scenarios that result in the greatest SL for each operating condition being
considered.

first appears in 2010,

replacing Code Case 178

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What Does the B31.3-2014 Code Say?

Appendix S – Piping System Stress Analysis Examples

S302.6 Sustained Conditions

 S302.6.1 The Stress Due to Sustained Loads, SL, Calculations.

The stress due to (long-term) sustained loads, SL, is computed in accordance

with para. 320.2 for each sustained condition that is evaluated; see para.
S302.6.2.

 S302.6.2 Anticipated Sustained Conditions.

All anticipated sustained conditions utilizing all possible support scenarios

should be considered.
first appearing in 2004;
Example 2 uses liftoff case
to set SL

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What Does the B31.3-2012 Code Say?

Appendix P – Alternative Rules fro Evaluating Stress Range

 P300 General.

The method is more comprehensive than that provided in Chapter II and is

more suitable for computer analysis of piping systems, including nonlinear
effects such as pipes lifting off supports.

[Appendix P eliminated the need to set SL as part of the allowable expansion

stress range equation (1b).]

first appearing in 2004,

removed in 2014 with some
content moved to the base Code

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What B31.3 Interpretations are Recorded?

 Interpretation: 7-05

Subject: ANSI/ASME B31.3-1984 Edition with Addenda through B31.3c-

1986, Paras. 300(c), 302.3.5, 319.2.3 and 319.7; Piping Supports

Date: May 24, 1988

 Question (1 of 4): When a pipe moves away from a support, should the
longitudinal stresses for the pipe in the installed position, or the
longitudinal stresses for the pipe in the operating position, or both, be
compared to ANSI/ASME B31.3 allowable in accordance with para.
302.3.5(c) ?

 Reply (1): Both. See also para. 300(c)(3).

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What B31.3 Interpretations are Recorded?

 Interpretation: 16-04

Subject: ASME B31.3a-1996 Addenda, para. 302.3.2, Limits of Calculated

Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and Displacement Strains

Date: May 20, 1997

 Question (1 of 2): In accordance with ASME B31.3a-1996 Addenda, para.

302.3.5, shall the longitudinal sustained stresses, SL, be evaluated in the
installed and all operating positions of the pipe relative to the supports an
restraints?

 Reply (1): Yes.

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What is the CAESAR II Position?

 CAESAR II has always recommended the cold, (W+P) installed position

to set SL.

– Efficient use – (W+P) sets both installed state of the piping AND the
sustained stress

– If Liftoff produces yielding, the system may “collapse” only to rest again on
that support

 This is stress limited – therefore – secondary

 Some would question this approach if the gap is “large” which may
introduce instability

 A large gap might make one think the support is no longer required and
remove it.

 In many cases, this “gap” is more numerical than significant

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What does the Luf Article Say?

 The added bending stress component due to weight, when a +Y support

lifts off (the most common nonlinear stress component), should be added
to the secondary/expansion stress component of the code stress because
the stress is cyclic, thus contribution to fatigue failure

 The added bending stress component due to weight, when a +Y support

lifts off, should in some cases ALSO be added to the primary/sustained
stress component on the code stress because displacement necessary to
cause self-relieving is considered excessive.

 It is always conservative to add these nonlinear stress components to the

sustained stresses, as well as to the expansion stresses, because in
some situations they have the characteristics of both.

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What does the Users Guide and the PVP Paper Say?

 The sustained stress distribution, based on the support configuration in an

operating state, can estimated by subtracting the system response to that
strain, alone, from that operating position of the system.

 This is the so-called “hot sustained” approach.

 For Example:

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Hot Sustained Illustrated

1 - Installed
position under LC: W+P1
weight load

2 - Operating
position under weight LC: W+T1+P1
and thermal loads

3 - Position of
weightless system LC: T1
under thermal load

4 - Calculated position
LC: L2-L3
set by (2) – (3)

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What is that in CAESAR II Terms?

Example:

 Given Load Components: W, P1, T1, D1, H

 Build these load cases:

Load Stress
Components Comment
Case Type
L1 W+T1+P1+D1+H (OPE) Supports may lift off
L2 W+P1+H (SUS) “Cold” sustained
L3 T1+D1 (OPE) Strain
L4 L1-L2 (EXP) Uses largest (SUS) in (1b)
Gives sustained stress with
L5 L1-L3 (SUS) disengaged supports removed
(“hot sustained”)

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Example

 B31.3 Appendix S Example 2 will illustrate this approach

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Example: Operating Position

0.7447 19
Example: Thermal Strain Alone

0.7447 – 2.8387
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Example: Calculated weight sag at 50

0.7447 – 2.8387 = -2.0940

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Example: Weight sag with no +Y modeled at 50

0.7447 – 2.8387 = -2.0940 

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Comparing this Hot Sustained to a Separate Analysis

 See the two CAESAR II models

– S302_US – HOT SUSTAINED.C2

– S302_US – LIFTOFF.C2

 Using comparison.xlsx

– Review displacements

– Compare sustained stresses

– Check the SL used in the allowable expansion stress range

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Why does this work?

 All positions are calculated, not just the support positions.

 With the location of every node known in this proposed “hot sustained”
case (both translations and rotation), the forces and moments are
established.

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But not always

 When does it NOT work?

– Nonlinear response in the “strain only” analysis

 Friction – the analysis does not have the proper normal load to control the
response at sliding supports

 Change in nonlinear status for the “strain only” analysis (mainly gaps)

– Pressure effects

 Elbow stiffness

 Strain caused by pressure will be excluded from ‘EXP alone’ (perhaps T+P
rather than just T)

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Is the Code approach of ON/OFF correct?

 No, not in my opinion

 But… correct enough and easy to understand

 ON/OFF gives a discrete “jump” in position and, therefor, load distribution

 Think of the load on the support that will eventually lift off

– There is an initial deadweight load on that +Y restraint

– As the system heats, the strain will start to reduce the load on the restraint

– To the point where the deadweight sag is balanced by the strain upward and
there is zero load on the support but still no disengagement

– As additional (vertical) strain is added, the pipe lifts off the support

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

 Excepts from a CAESAR II Forum discussion started in 2007:

http://65.57.255.42/ubbthreads/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1
6638&page=1

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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A Forum Discussion – Hot Sustained again

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Addressing Recent Changes to B31.3 with CAESAR II

 CAESAR II will use the largest SL in the setting SA – the allowable

expansion stress range

 Be sure to set the proper Sh to use in evaluating these SL

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A CAESAR II change in the Next Release

 In keeping with the Code wording, CAESAR II will provide the capability to
run the sustained load vector for each, selected, operating support
configuration.

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