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Chapter at a Glance
This chapter presents a brief idea of Clarke and Park transformations in which phase
currents and voltages are expressed in terms of current and voltages space vectors. The
space vectors are then represented in stationaiy reference frame. Then general rotating
frame of reference has been introduced. The rotating frame of reference is then described in
terms of d and q axes. The space vector is then expressed with respect to d-q reference
frame. Clarke, Park and Inverse Park transformations have been described.
Clarke and Park Transformation Chapter 6
6.1 Introduction
Clarke and Park transformation are used in high performance architectures in three phase
power system analysis. Current and voltage are represented in terms of space vector which
is represented in a stationary reference frame. A general rotating reference frame has then
been introduced. This frame is described by d and q axes Clarke, Park and Inverse Park
transformations have been described. Through the use of the Clarke transformation, the real
and imaginary currents can be identified. The Park transformation is used to realize the
transformation of those real and imaginary currents from the stationary to the rotating
reference frame.
Ir hr hi ~ ® (6.1)
(6.2)
where, a is an operator described earlier and k = Transformation constant. Figure 6.1 shows
space current vector and its projection.
Phase b
Thus, the current space vector, in the stationary reference frame can be expressed as:
I = (ia+ip) (6.3)
In symmetrical 3-phase machines, the direct and quadrature axis currents ia and ip
are fictitious quadrature-phase (2-phase) current components, which are related to the actual
3-phase currents as
ia (6.4)
(6-5)
In matrix form, the stator current in the stationary reference frame in terms of three phase
currents can be written as
£
198
Clarke and Park Transformation Chapter 6
r i 1 " r
-, - i — !r
OJlbO
A 2
=kx X iy (6.6)
Jfi.
o
|
Jb _
L 2 2 _
(6.9)
3
where,
21,
'
1 —
[<Clarke Matrix] = — x 2 9
(6.12)
x/3 A
0
2 2 .
199
Electric Power Quality in Power System, Ph. D. (Tech) Thesis. Department of Applied Physics, C.U., 2009
If a general reference frame is used, with direct and quadrature axes x, y rotating at a general
instantaneous speed, coG = dOG/d/, as shown in Fig. 6.3, where 0G is the angle between the
direct axis of the stationary reference frame (a) attached to the real axis (x) of the general
reference frame, then, the current space vector in general reference frame can be written as
If 200 1i S|-
1 J
Clarke and Park Transformation Chapter 6
In (a,f3) plane,
In {d,q) plane,
¥ = ¥d + ¥q (6.15)
sin# = (6.16)
¥d
cos 6 = (6.17)
Va
The following transformations are involved due to rotation of orthogonal d-q system
a. a-p to d-q: Park transformation
b. d-q to a~P: Inverse Park transformation
Transformation from (<2,/?)to (d,q) is done by
(f cos 0 sin# a
X
-sin# COS0
A
d a
or, \Park Matrix]x (6 19)
q A
201
d
Electric Power Quality in Power System, Ph. D. (Tech) Thesis. Department of Applied Physics, C.U., 2009
where,
r f cos # sin#
[Park Matrix] = (6.20)
[_-sin# cos #
Transformation from {d,q) to [a,/3) is done by
a cos # -sin#
(6.21)
A sin# cos#
or,
a
(6.22)
A
-sin#
w iere. [inversePark Matrix] = (6.23)
cos#
a
= [Park Matnx]x (5.25)
A
~R
= [Park Matrix]x [ClarkeMatrix]x Y (6.26)
B
The transformation between R-Y-B, Clarke plane and Park plane is shown by a block
diagram in Fig. 6.5 These transformations can be applied both for phase currents and phase
voltages. First consider phase currents
CL with respect to all frames of reference as shown in
Fig. 6.6. cos#
sin#
■[ 202
Clarke and Park Transformation Chapter 6
Currents in Park plane can be obtained from Clarke plane currents as follows
if %
t 203 r
k if
Electric Power Quality in Power System, Ph. D (Tech) Thesis, Department of Applied Physics. C.U., 2009
Now, consider phase voltages with respect to all frames of reference as shown in Fig. 6.7.
Voltages in Park plane can be obtained from Clarke plane voltages as follows
6.7 Discussion
From the above sections, it is seen that :hc voltage and current in a power system can be
converted to a stationary reference frame and also to a rotating reference frame using Clarke
transformation and Park transformation respectively. Applications of these transformations
have specific advantages which are shown in the following chapters.
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