05-Theoretical Principles of Combustion

TRAINING COURSE FOR PT.
GH EMM INDONESIA 1/24
THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES
OF COMBUSTION
School of Energy and Power Engineering North China Electric Power University
TRAINING COURSE FOR PT. GH EMM INDONESIA 2/24
kinetics of chemical reactions

• The combustion of fuel in a furnace involves a number of
complex physical and chemical processes.
• the ignition and subsequent burning of the fuel
• mixing the fuel and the oxidant (aerodynamic factor).
• the temperature and concentration of the reacting
substances are the most essential.
• One also has to deal with the complex fields of velocities,
concentrations and temperatures, which together
determine the kinetics of chemical reactions.
Reaction rates
• Reaction rates obey the law of mass action
• the rate of a reaction in a homogeneous medium
at a constant temperature is proportional at any
given moment to the product of the
concentrations of the reagents:
wr = kC C m
A
n
B
Arrhenius' law
−E
k = k0 e RT
• Where k0 is the pre-exponential factor, E is

the activation energy, R is the gas
constant, and T is the absolute
temperature of the process.
k0
0
T
E, the activation energy is related with the coalition
• The energy that is sufficient to destroy the

molecular bonds of the starting
substances is called the activation energy
E. With a higher activation energy, the
molecular bonds of the original molecules
are destroyed less easily, and
consequently, the reaction rate is lower
• Combustion in furnaces requires the

continuous supply of fuel and oxidant (air)
to the combustion zone, and therefore, the
concentrations of the reagents are
practically invariable in time.
• Under such conditions, the highest
reaction rate can be attained at a hearty
stoichiometric ratio of the concentrations
of reagents.
• The relational between heat evolution and

heat removal at various temperatures of a
combustible mixture can be represented
graphically
Heat evolution at the initial stage of a chemical reaction can
be found from the equation
− E / RT
Qr = k0 e m
C V q
c m
The quantity of heat removed from the reaction zone is

determined by the equation
Q0 = α s (T − Ts )
The combustion of solid fuel

• pulverized coal first passes through
the stage of thermal preparation (Fig. ),
which consists in the evaporation of
residual moisture and separation of
volatiles. Fuel particles are heated up
to a temperature at which volatiles are
evolved intensively (400-600℃) in a
few tenths of a second. The volatiles
are then ignited, so that the
temperature around a coke particle
increases rapidly and its heating is
accelerated
• The intensive burning of the volatiles (Ⅱ)

takes up 0.2--0.5s. A high yield of volatiles
(brown coal, younger coals, oil shales,
peat), produces enough heat through
combustion to ignite coke particles.
• When the yield of volatiles is low, the coke
particles must be heated additionally from
an external source (III).
• The final stage at a temperature above

800-1000℃ (IV). This is a heterogeneous
process whose rate is determined by the
oxygen supply to the reacting surface.
• The burning of a coke particle proper
takes up the greater of portion (1/2 to 2/3)
of the total time of combustion which may
constitute 1 to 2.5 s, depending on the
kind of fuel and the initial size of particles.
Kinetic and Diffusion Regions of

Combustion
• As follows from an analysis of the
mechanisms of solid and liquid
fuel combustion, the total rate of
combustion is determined not
only by the rate of chemical
reactions proper, but also by the
intensity of oxygen supply to the
reaction zone by turbulent and
molecular diffusion. This complex
process can be analyzed by
using the following model of
combustion
kinetic combustion zone
• At relatively low temperature (less than 1000℃

for coke particles), the surface reaction
proceeds rather slowly and oxygen consumption
is only a small fraction of the quantity of oxygen
that can be supplied to surface
• the total rate of reaction is limited by the kinetics
of the chemical reacting on the surface.
diffusion combustion zone

• In this zone, the reaction rate varies slowly,
notwithstanding the increasing temperature. The
oxygen supplied to the surface by diffusion
reacts instantaneously and its concentration at
the surface becomes virtually equal to zero. The
reaction might proceed at an appreciably higher
rate, but is retarded by an insufficient supply of
oxygen.
• At high temperatures (above 1400℃), the rate
constant of the reaction on the surface increases
rapidly and, at a certain moment, exceeds the
maximum rate of oxygen supply to the surface
the transition zone of combustion
• At intermediate temperatures (1000-1400℃), the rate of

reaction at the surface becomes commensurable with
the rate of oxygen supply, and the total rate of the
reaction is determined by both processes.
• The ignition of any fuel begins at relatively low
temperatures under conditions of ample oxygen supply,
that is, essentially in the kinetic zone. As the temperature
rises, the oxygen consumption in the reaction zone
rapidly increases and the process passes through the
transition zone into the diffusion zone.
The Ignition of Fuel-air Mixture

Combustion Front
• The fuel-air mixture from a burner enters the furnace
in the form of straight or swirled jets whose
development in the furnace space determines the
conditions of ignition and combustion intensity.
Influenced factors of pulverized coal ignitions

Type of coal
Coal Finess and distribution of coal
particle
Primary and
Burners secondary velocity,
temperature, ratio
Structure
Furnace Thermal Load
Working Load
Operation
Adjusting style
1、Characteristics of PT.
TRAINING COURSE FOR coalGH EMM INDONESIA 21/24
Vdaf Mar Ad Rx
2. Heat transfer condition :无烟煤Æ卫燃带(结渣)
3. Primary air temperature: 无烟煤ÆHigh temperature primary air
4.Primary air flow rate and velocity not too higher and
too lower keep a suitable range. (if coal volatile
decreases higher or lower?)
5. Characteristics of burners:
mixing of primary air and secondary air: for
lower volatile, delayed
6. Working load
working load lower, means lower temperature in
furnace stable combustion＞50%
Combustion completely
Keep(q3、q4 min）Æcombustion
efficiency
η r = 100 − (q3 + q4 ) , %
Safety (no slagging/DNB）
α l′′
q
1.Optimum excess air ratio at q2＋q3＋q4
furnace exit
q2
keeps (q2＋q3＋q4) minimun
q4
q3 αl′′
2. Suitable furnace temperature:

No slagging and DNB
3. Enough combustion time

dependent on furnace volume, furnace area,
furnace height, flue gas velocity, etc
different coalÆdifferent shape (slim、fat)
4.Mixing and turbulence of air and pulverized coal

characteristics of burners

05-Theoretical Principles of Combustion

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05-Theoretical Principles of Combustion

Hochgeladen von

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TRAINING COURSE FOR PT.

GH EMM INDONESIA 1/24

kinetics of chemical reactions

• Where k0 is the pre-exponential factor, E is

E, the activation energy is related with the coalition

• The energy that is sufficient to destroy the

• Combustion in furnaces requires the

• The relational between heat evolution and

Heat evolution at the initial stage of a chemical reaction can

be found from the equation

The quantity of heat removed from the reaction zone is

The combustion of solid fuel

• The intensive burning of the volatiles (Ⅱ)

• The final stage at a temperature above

Kinetic and Diffusion Regions of

kinetic combustion zone

• At relatively low temperature (less than 1000℃

diffusion combustion zone

the transition zone of combustion

• At intermediate temperatures (1000-1400℃), the rate of

The Ignition of Fuel-air Mixture

Influenced factors of pulverized coal ignitions

2. Heat transfer condition :无烟煤Æ卫燃带(结渣)

3. Primary air temperature: 无烟煤ÆHigh temperature primary air

2. Suitable furnace temperature:

3. Enough combustion time

4.Mixing and turbulence of air and pulverized coal

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