Influence of Land use Change in to Hydrological Process Change

Report by : SUIJI_JPMs_Nahdia, Ehime University, Hasanuddin University

Roles of plantation forest as an economic resource, environmental service by water conservation,

rain water interception capacity by vegetation canopy, flood control, and storage ground water for
downstream river area. To Predicting influence of land use change in to hydrological process change
in a scientific evidence on roles of plantation for stakeholders, hydrological process can assess in
scientific water balance with priority parameter of infiltration rate (direct run off, and base flow) and
evapotranspiration.

Effect of differences land use in a mountainous sub-watershed like flood control and groundwater
recharge namely hydrological services. Hydrological services assess with water balance analysis in
sub-watersheed upstream basin of the river and predicting changes in discharge in land use. The
priority in hydrological services of land use presented in infiltration, ground water flow, and surface
flow. Hydrological services between forest and deforestation presented significant different run off
during rain. Forest area presented low runoff and high infiltration during raining time, deforestation
area presented that deforestation decreased interception of rainfall and increase run off during rain.

Figure 1. Illustration run off between forest and deforestation area during runoff and time

Influence of land use change in to hydrological process change in scientific process assess under
three scenario include direct runoff and base flow, evapotranspiration and infiltration. This scenario
according to the water balance analysis. Water balance analysis revealed that the ratio of base flow
to the total discharge which has a lower areal percentage in land use area (comparing plantation) by
applying the International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management/Public Works Research
Institute (ICHARM/PWRI) distributed hydrological model, discharges under the present land use and
scenario land use change.
Precipitation
Evapotranpiration Water balance : R= Q + ET + ∆S
(Rain)
ET
Measurement yearly ∆S almost 0.
If ∆S > 0 water should be added in the ground.
Estimate ET by comparison with the standard
Change of storage Runoff (Discharge) value of ET under the given meteorological
∆S Q condition.
Figure 2. Illustration Water balance.
Annual water balance and partitioning of total discharge.

Water balance was applied in one year, water balance parameter priority include comparison
component of discharge, which is direct runoff and base flow. Direct runoff following are channel
runoff and surface runoff. Channel runoff occurs when rain falls on a flowing stream. It appears in
the hydrograph at the start of the storm and continues throughout the storm, varying with the
rainfall intensity. Surface runoff or overland flow occurs when the rainfall rate is greater than the
infiltration rate. Surface runoff appears in the hydrograph after the initial demands of interception,
infiltration, and surface storage have been satisfied. Baseflow occurs when there is a fairly steady
flow from natural storage. In flood hydrology baseflow is generally dealt with separately, and all
other types are combined into direct runoff, which consists of channel runoff, sur- face runoff, and
subsurface flow in unknown propor-tions (USDA, 2004).

Ehime University research study Effects of Plantation Forest on Water Balance in the Upstream Basin
Bali presented large coffee and natural forest area have 70.3% of base flow and 29.7% of direct
runoff. Comparison between large clove and flower garden area presented 60.5% baseflow and
39.5% of direct runoff. Condition direct runoff < baseflow will present saving flood and storing
ground water (general quality forest).

Comparison of infiltration rate

Infiltration rate component of the direct runoff and baseflow.

Under a watershed management approach, one must
visualize the process of infiltration through the soil media/
hour. Direct measurements of infiltration rate can be
undertaken using a “Double-Ring Infiltrometer” (Figure
3).The “Double-Ring Infiltrometer” is a flood-type device that
directly measures the rate of water leaving the ponded
surface.
(Figure 3 Double-Ring Infiltrometer)

Measurement infiltration use Kostiakov’s equation the infiltration estimation technique is to

infiltration rate measurement in plots.

Kostiakov Branch : f = a k ta-1, t <tc

f = c, t< tc
Kostiakov (modified) : f = a k ta-1+c
f = infiltration rate
k , c , t c = constant

Ehime University research study Effects of Plantation Forest on Water Balance in the Upstream Basin
Bali presented result influence of land use change in to hydrological process change under three
scenarios situation. First scenario change land use all coffee plantation to clove plantation and
natural forest area. Second scenario partly clove to coffee and natural forest. Third scenario land use
change to all land use with natural forest.
Predicting changes in discharge between Remarks
different land use scenario
First scenario change land use all coffee
plantation to clove plantation and natural forest
area presented increased direct runoff and
decreased baseflow.
Applying Kostiakov’s equation to infiltration rate
measurement for Clove plantation between
rainfall (Log[I(mm)]) and time (Log[t(min)]
recorded Y= 0.4112x + 0.6357; R2 = 0.9454.

Second scenario partly clove to coffee and

natural forest presented decreased direct runoff
and increased baseflow.
Applying Kostiakov’s equation to infiltration rate
measurement for Coffee plantation between
rainfall (Log[I(mm)]) and time (Log[t(min)]
recorded Y= 0.6912x + 0.9134 ; R2 = 0.9933.

Third scenario land use change to all land use

with natural forest presented decreased direct
runoff and increased baseflow.
Applying Kostiakov’s equation to infiltration rate
measurement for natural forest between rainfall
(Log[I(mm)]) and time (Log[t(min)] recorded
Y= 0.6488x + 0.978 ; R2 = 0.9988.

Conclusions
1. Land use change positively influence in to hydrological process in assessment water balance
with component measurement direct runoff, baseflow, and comparison infiltration rate.
2. Clove plantation highest possibility to causes a flood disaster.
3. Coffee plantation possibility to save a flood disaster and increase ground water.
4. Natural forest highest possibility to save a flood disaster and increase ground water.