COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - I

Quadratic Equations
Quadratic equations
The general form of a quadratic equation over real numbers is ax 2+bx+c = 0 where a, b,c  R & a z
0. The solution of the quadrati equation ax 2+bx+c = 0 is given by

– b r b 2 – 4ac
x= . The expression b2–4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation
2a
and is denoted by D.
Nature of roots : For the quadratic equation ax 2+bx+c = 0, where a, b, c  R and a z 0, then

D>O D=O D<0

Roots are real and Roots are real & Roots are imaginary{If p+iq is
unequal (distinct) equal (coincident) one of the roots then the other
must be the conjugate p–iq
where p,q  R & i = –1 }
For the quadratic equation ax 2+bx+c = 0 where a, b, c  Q and a z 0, then :

D>0 and is a perfect square. D>0 and not a perfect square.

Roots are rational and unequal (distinct). Roots are irrational{If p+ q is one root,
then the other root must be the conjugate
p – q }ie, Irrational roots occurr in
pairs if a, b, c  Q.
Note1 : If D is a root of ƒ(x) = 0, then the polynomial ƒ(x) is exactly divisible by x– D or (x– D ) is
a factor of ƒ(x) and vice versa.
Note 2 : ax2+bx+c = 0 cannot have three different roots. If it has, then the equation becomes an
identity in x. ie, a = b = c = 0.
Relation between roots and coefficients
If D 1, D 2,......... D n are roots of the equation ƒ(x)=anxn+an–1xn–1+an–2xn–2+....... ..a2x2+a1x+a0 = 0,
then ƒ(x) = an(x– D 1)(x– D 2)(x– D 3)..............(x– D n)
? anxn+an–1xn–1+an–2xn–2+.............+a2x2+a1x+a0 = an (x– D 1) (x– D 2)............(x– D n)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x an both sides, we get,
– a n –1 – coeft.of x n –1
S1 = D 1+ D 2+.............+ D n = ¦ Di = an =
coeft of x n

+................ ¦ i j
DD a n–2 coeft.of x n – 2
S 2 = D 1 D 2+ D 1 D 3 = (–1) a = (–1)
22
iz j n coeft of x n
a n –3
D +................ ¦
DDD coeft.of x n –3
S3 = D 1 D 2 D 3+ D 2 D 3 i j k = (–1) a = (–1)
3 3
4 i z jz k n coeft of x n
......................................
.....................................

125
 a0 constant term
Sn = D 1 D 2 D 3...................... D n = (–1)n a = (–1)n coeft of xn
n

Here Sk denotes the sum of the products of the roots taken ‘k’ at a time.
Particular cases :-
Quadratic equation : If D & E are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0, then
–b c
S1 = D + E = , & S2 = D E =
a a
Cubic equation : If D , E , J are the roots of the cubic equation ax3+bx2+cx+d = 0, then
–b
S1 = D + E + J =
a
c c
S2 = D E + E D + J D = (–1)2 =
a a
d –d
S3 = D E J = (–1)3 =
a a
Biquadratic equation : If D , E , J , G are roots of the biquadratic equation ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e = 0,
then cons tant term
–b coeft of x n
S1 = D + E + J + G =
a
c
S2 = D E + E J + D G + E J + E G + J G = (–1)2
a
c
Or S2=( D + E ) ( J + G )+ D E + J G =
a
d
S3 = D E J + E J G + J G D + D E G = (–1)3
a
–d
Or S3 = D E ( J + G )+ J G ( D + E ) =
a
e e
and S4 = D E J G = (–1)4 =
a a
Formation of a polynomial equation from given roots
If D 1, D 2, D 3, ................, D n are the roots of an nth degree equation, then the equation is
xn–S1xn–1+S2xn–2–S3xn–3+..............+(–1)n Sn = 0 where Sk denotes the sum of the products of roots
taken k at a time.
Particular cases
Quadratic equation : If D , E are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation is
x2–S1x+S2 = 0 ie, x2–( D + E )x+ D E = 0.

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 Cubic equation : If D , E , J are the roots of a cubic equation. Then the equation is ,
x3–S1x2+S2x–S3 = 0 ie, x3–( D + E + J ) x2+( D E + E J + J D ) x– D E J = 0
Biquadratic equation : If D , E , J , G are the roots of a biquadratic equation, then the equation is
x4–S1x3+S2x2–S3x+S4 = 0
i e , x 4– ( D + E + J + G ) x 3+ ( D E + E J + J G + D G + E G + D J ) x 2–
( D J E + D E G + E J G + D J G )x+ D E J G = 0.
Quadratic Expression : An expression of the form ax2+bx+c, where a, b, c R & a z 0 is called a
quadratic expression in x. So in general quadratic expression is represented as: ƒ(x)=ax2 +bx+c or y =
ax2+bx+c.
Graph of a quadratic Expression
Let y = ax2+bx+c where a z 0.

§ 2 b c· § 2 bx b 2 c b 2 ·
Then y = a ¨ x  x  ¸ Ÿ y = a ¨x   2  – 2¸
© a a¹ ¨ a 4a a 4a ¸¹
©
2 2
b 2 – 4ac § b · D § b ·
Ÿy + =a ¨ x  ¸ Ÿ y+ = a¨x  ¸
4a © 2a ¹ 4a © 2a ¹
D b
Let y+ = Y & x+ =X
4a 2a
Y
? Y = aX2 or X2 =
a
§ – b – D·
Clearly it is the equation of a parabola having its vertex at ¨ , ¸.
© 2a 4a ¹
If a>0, then the parabola open upwards.
If a<0, then the parabola open downwards.
Sign of quadratic Expression
(1) The parabola will intersect the x–axis in two distinct points if D>0.
(i) a>0 (ii) a<0

D E D E
X X

Let ƒ(x) = 0 have 2 real roots Let ƒ(x) = 0 have 2 real roots
D & E ( D < E ).Then ƒ(x)>0 D & E ( D < E )Then ƒ(x)<0
 x  (– f , D ) ‰ ( E f ) and ƒ(x)<0  x  (– f , D ) ‰ ( E f )
 x ( D , E ) & ƒ(x)>0 for all x  ( D , E )

127
(2) The parabola will touch the x–axis at one point if D = 0
(i) a>0 (ii) a<0
X

X
ƒ(x) t 0  x R ƒ(x) d 0  x R
(3) The parabola will not intersect x–axis if D<0.
(i) a>0 (ii) a<0

ƒ(x)>0  x R ƒ(x)<0  x R
NOTE : Condition that a quadratic function ƒ(x,y) = ax +2hxy+by2+2gx+2ƒy+c may be resolved
2

into two linear factions is that

a h g
h b f
abc+2ƒgh–aƒ2–bg2–ch2 = =0
g f c
NOTE :
–b –D
(i) For a>0, ƒ(x) = ax2+bx+c has least value at x= . This least value is given by
2a 4a
–b –D
(ii) For a<0, ƒ(x) = ax2+bx+c has greatest value at x= . This greatest value is given by
2a 4a
Solved Examples
1 If D , E are roots of ax2+bx+c = 0 ; D +h and E +h are roots of px2+qx+r = 0 and D1, D2 are their
discriminants, then D1: D2 =
a2 b2 c2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
p2 q2 r2
Solution : D – E = ( D +h)–( E +h)
Ÿ ( D – E )2 = (( D +h) – (E +h))2
Ÿ ( D + E )2 –4 D E = (( D +h)–
+ (E +h))2 – 4( D +h)( E +h)
2 2
§ –b· c §–q· 4r
¨ ¸ –4 = ¨¨ ¸¸ –
© a ¹ a © p ¹ p

128
 b 2 – 4ac q 2 – 4pr Ÿ D1 D2
= 2 =
a2 p2 a p2

D1 a2
ŸD =
2 p2
Ans : (a)
2 If a Z and the equation (x–a)(x–10)+1 = 0 has integral roots, then the values of a are
(a) 10, 8 (b) 12, 10 (c) 12, 8 (d) None of these
Solution : (x–a)(x–10) = – 1
Ÿ x–a = 1 & x–10 = –1 OR x–a = –1 & x–10=1
9–a = 1 x= 10 – 1 11 – a = – 1 x = 11
a=8 x=9 a =12
Ans : (c)
3 If D , E are roots of the equation (x–a)(x–b)+c = 0 (c z 0), then then roots of the equation (x–c–
D )(x–c– E ) = c are
(a) a and b+c (b) a+c and b (c) a+c and b+c (d) None of these
Solution: x2–(a+b)x+ab+c = 0
Ÿ D + E = a+b and D E = ab+c
Now (x–c– D )(x–c– E ) = c
Ÿ (x–c)2 –( D + E )(x–c)+ D E –c = 0
(x–c)2–(a+b)(x–c) +ab = 0
(x–c)2– a(x–c) –b(x–c) +ab = 0
Ÿ (x–c–a)(x–c–b) = 0
? x = c+a and b+c
Ans (c)
4 Let ' 2 be the discriminant and D , E be the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c = 0. Then 2a D + ' and
2a E – ' can be roots of the equation
2
(a) x2+2bx+b2 = 0 (b) x2–2bx+b = 0
(c) x2+2bx–3b2–16ac = 0 (d) x2+2bx–3b2+16ac = 0

– b r '2
Solution : D , E =
2a
–b' –b–' –b–' –b'
D= and E = Or D= and E =
2a 2a 2a 2a
2a D = –b+ ' 2a E = –b– ' Ÿ 2a D + ' = – b & 2a E – ' = – b
2a D + ' = –b+2 ' 2a E – ' = –b–2 ' ? S = –2b and P = b2
? S = – 2b and P = +b2–4 ' 2
= +b2–4(b2–4ac)
D
S = (2a + ' )+(2a E - ') = - 2b = –3b2+16ac Heve S means sum of the roots
P = (2a D + ' ). (2a E- ') = 16ac -3b
2
P means product of the roots

129
 ? quadatic equation is ? quadratic equation is
x +2bx–3b +16ac = 0
2 2
x2+2bx+b2 = 0
Ans : (a) and (d)
5 The polynomial equation (ax2+bx+c)(ax2–dx–c) = 0 , ac z 0 has
(a) four real roots (b) atleast two real roots
(c) atmost two real roots (d) No real roots
Solution : ac z 0
Ÿ ac>0 or ac<0
Now D1=b2–4ac & D2 = d2+4ac
When ac> 0 Ÿ D2>0 but D1 may positive or negative
When ac<0 Ÿ D1>0 but D2 may be positive or negative
In either case the polynomial has atleast two real roots
Ans (b)
D 2  2D  1 E 2  2E  1
6 If D , E are roots of x –p(x+1) –q = 0 , then the value of 2
2
+ is
D  2D  q E2  2E  q
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
Solution : x2–px–p–q = 0
Ÿ D +E = p and D E = – p–q
Now ( D +1)( E +1) = ( D + E )+ D E +1
= p–q–p+1 = 1–q
D  2D  1
2
E  2E  1
2

Now 2 + 2
D  2D  q E  2E  q
(D  1) 2 (E  1) 2
= +
(D  1) 2  q – 1 (E  1) 2  q – 1
(D  1) 2 (E  1) 2
= +
(D  1) 2 – (D  1)(E  1) (E  1) 2 – (D  1)(E  1)
1 1 D+ 1 E +1
+ = +
= E +1 (D+1 ) (D+1 ) – (E +1) E + 1– (D+1 )
–
1 D ( +1 ) 1 – E +1

D 1 E D 1 – E –1
= + =
D –E E–D D –E
D –E
Ÿ D –E = 1
Ans (a)
7 Let D , E , J be the roots of the equation x3+4x+1 = 0, then ( D + E )–1+( E + J )–1+( J + D )–1 equals
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Solution : D + E + J = 0, D E + E J + J D = 4, D E J = –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 DE  EJ  JD § 4 ·
? DE+E J + JD = – J – –E = – = –¨ ¸ = 4
D DEJ © – 1¹
Ans : (c)
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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 The minimum value of ƒ(x) = x2+2bx+2c2 is greatest than the maximum value of
g(x)= –x2–2cx+b2, then (x being a real )
|b| |c|
(a) |c|> (b) >|b|
3 2
(c) –1<c< 2 b (d) Non real value of b &c exist
2 If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
2
P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P1(x)>0  x  [0,1], then S = Here, P(x) = b x + ax + c
(a) I (b) {(1–a)x2+ax, 0<a<2}
(c) {(1–a)x2+ax,a>0} (d) {(1–a)x2+ax,0<a<1}
3 In the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 if ' = b2–4ac and D + E , D 2+ E 2 and D 3+ E 3 are in G.P, .P,
where D , E are the roots of the equation, then
(a) ' z 0 (b) b ' = 0 (c) c ' = 0 (d) ' = 0
4 If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle ABC such that x –2(a+b+c)x+3 O (ab+bc+ca) = 0 has real roots,
2

then
4 5 § 4 5· §1 5·
(a) O< 3 (b) O> 3 (c) O ¨ 3 , 3¸ (d) O ¨3, 3¸
© ¹ © ¹
5 Let D & E be the roots of x2–6x–2 = 0, with D > E . If an = D n – E n for n t 1, then the value of
a10 – 2a 8
2a 9 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

6 If x –10ax–11b = 0 have roots c & d. x –10cx–11d = 0 have roots a & b, then a+b+c+d is
2 2

(a) 1210 (b) 1120 (c) 1200 (d) None of these

1 1
7 If tn denotes the nth term of an A.P. and tp = and tq = , then which of the following is necessarily
q p
a root of the equation (p+2q–3r)x +(q+2r–3p)x+(r+2p–3q) = 0 is
2

(a) tp (b) tq (c) tpq (r) tp+q

8 The curve y = ( O +1) x +2 intersect the curve y = O x+3 in exactly one point, if O equals
2

(a) {–2, 2} (b) {1} (c) {–2} (d) {2}

9 Read the passage and answer the following questions.
Consider the equation x4+(1–2k) x2+k2–1 = 0 where k is real. If x2 is imaginary, or x2<0, the equation
has no real roots. If x2>0, the equation has real roots.
(i)* The equation has no real roots if k
§ 5· §5 ·
(a) (– f –1) (b) (–1,1) (c) ¨1, ¸ (d) ¨ ,f¸
© 4¹ ©4 ¹
(ii) The equation has only two real roots if k
(a) (– f –1) (b) (0, 1) (c) (1, 2) (d) (–1, 1)

131
(iii) The equation has four real roots if k
§ 5·
(a) (– f ,0) (b) (–1, 1) (c) ¨1, ¸ (d) (1, f )
© 4¹
10 If D , E are the roots of the equation ax 2 +bx+c = 0, then the value of

1 cos(E – D) cos D
cos(D – E) 1 cos E
is
cos D cos E 1

(a) sin( D + E ) (b) sin D sin E (c) 1+cos( D + E ) (d) None of these
11* If (1+k) tan2x–4tan x–1+k = 0 has real roots, then
S
(a) k2 d 5 (b) tan(x1+x2)=2 (c) for k=2, x1=
(d) for k =1, x1 = 0
4
12 If p,q {1,2,3,4}, the number of equations of the form px2+qx+1 = 0 having real roots is
(a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 8
S p Q
13 In ' PQR ‘ R = . If tan & tan are the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c = 0 (a z 0) then
2 2 2
(a) a+b=c (b) b+c = 0 (c) a+c = b (d) b = c

Note : * Questions with more than one option is correct

Answers
1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. a 7. c 8. c 9 (i) a, d (ii) d (iii) c
10. d 11. a, b, c, d 12. c 13. a

132
 COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - II
Quadratic Equations(Location o f Roots)
Let ƒ(x) = ax 2+bx+c, a,b,c  R , a z 0 and Į, ȕĮ  ȕ be the roots of ƒ(x)=0. Let k be any
real number

Cases Figure Condition

Į  k and i. a > 0 i. D t 0 (roots may be equal)
D E
ȕ  k Both the k
X
ii. a.ƒ(k) > 0
roots are less than k iii. 2k > Į  ȕ i.e 2k > sumof
D Ek
X –b
ii. a < 0 roots or k >
2a

Į ! k and ȕ ! k i. a > 0 k
D E
X i. D t 0 (roots may be equal)
Both the roots are ii. a.ƒ(k) > 0
greater than k iii. 2k < Į  ȕ i.e 2k < sumof
kD E
X
–b
ii. a < 0 roots or k <
2a

D k E
X

Įkȕ i. a > 0 i. D > 0

k lies between (distinct roots)
the roots D E
X ii. a ƒ(k) < 0
k
ii. a < 0

Wavy Curve Method

Let ƒ(x) = x – a 1 k 1 x – a 2 k 2 …… x – a n k n – (1)
Where k i  Ni & ai  R such that a1 < a2 < ……< an. Mark a1,a2…… an on real axis check the
sign of ƒ(x) in each interval. The solution of ƒ(x) > 0 is the union of all intervals in which we have put
plus sign and the solution of ƒ(x) < 0 is the union of all intervals in which we have put the minus sign.

Exponential Equations
If we have an equation of the form
ax = b where a > 0, then
x if b d 0 ; x = log a b if b > 0, a z 1 ;
x  if a = 1, b z 1 ; x  R , if a = 1, b = 1

133
Lagrange’s Identity
If a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3  R then
a 2
1  
 a 22  a 32 b12  b 22  b 32 – a 1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 2

= a 1 b 2 – a 2 b1 2 + a 2 b 3 – a 3 b 2 2 + a 3 b1 – a 1 b 3 2
a c e
Note: If , then each ratio is equal to
b d f
a  c  e  ....
i.
b  d  f  ....

§ pa n  qc n  re n  .... ·
1/ n

ii. ¨ n ¸ where p, q, r, n  R
© pb  qd n  rf n  ....¹
n
ac ace...
iii. n
bd bdf ...
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. The values of m for which both roots of the equation x2–mx+1=0 are less than unity is
a. – f,–2 b. (–f,–2] c. – 2, f d. none of these
Solution:
Dt0 a.f(1) > 0 Įȕ  2
(–m)2 –4.1.1 t 0 1.(1–m+1) > 0 m<2
(m –2) (m+2) t 0 Ÿm<2 Ÿ m  – f,2 .......(3)
Ÿ m  (–f,–2] ‰ [ 2, f ) .... (1) m  – f,2 ....(2) Form (1), (2) and (3) we have
m  (– f,–2]

Ans: b

2. The values of m m  R  , for which both roots of the equation x2–6mx+9m2–2m+2 = 0 exceed
3 is
a. (–f,1] b. – f,1 c. [1, f) d. none of these
Solution:
Dt0
(–6m)2 –4.1.(9m2 –2m+2) t 0 a.f(3) > 0 Įȕ ! 6
8m–8 t 0 1.(3 –18m+9m –2m+2) > 0 6m > 6
2 2

Ÿ m t 1 ........(1) 9m2 – 20m + 11 > 0 m > 1 ...(3)

9m – 9m – 11m + 11 > 0
2

(9m – 11) (m–1) > 0

11
Ÿ < ......(2)
9

134
 §11 ·
From (1), (2) and (3) m  ¨© , f ¸¹
9
Ans: d

3. The values of p for which 6 lies between the roots of the equation x 2+2(p–3)x+9 = 0 is
§ 3· § 3º
a. ¨ – f,– ¸
© 4¹
b. ¨ – f,– »
© 4¼
c. – f,1@ d. none of these

Solution: D ! 0 a.ƒ(6) < 0

(–2(p–3))2 –4.1.9 > 0 1.(36+12(p–3) +9)) < 0
p2–6p > 0 Ÿ 12p+9 < 0
p (p – 6) > 0
–3
p > 0, p> 6 .....(1) P< .....(2)
4
§ – 3·
From (1) and (2) p  ¨© – f, ¸¹
4
Ans: a

4. If a, b, c  R , and the equation ax 2+bx+ c = 0 has no real roots, then

a. (a+b+c) > 0 b. a(a+b+c) > 0
c. b (a+b+c) > 0 d. c(a+b+c) < 0
Solution:
a>0 a<0
ƒ(0) > 0 Ÿ c > 0 ƒ(0) < 0 Ÿ c < 0
ƒ(1) > 0 Ÿ a+b+c > 0 ƒ(1) < 0 Ÿ a+b+c < 0
aƒ(1) > 0 & cƒ(1) > 0 ? aƒ(1) > 0 & c.ƒ(1) > 0
a(a+b+c) > 0 and c (a+b+c) > 0 a(a+b+c) > 0 and c (a+b+c) > 0
Ans: b

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. If the roots of equation x –2ax+a2+a–3 are less than 3, then
2

a. a<2 b. a>4 c. 3<a<4 d. –2 < a < 3

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions:-
ƒ(x) = ax 2+bx+c = a x – Įx – ȕ , where Į  ȕ are the roots of ƒ(x) = 0. If ǻ b 2 – 4ac is
negative, then its sign is same as that of a, the coefficient of x2. If ƒ(x) = a x – Įx – ȕ , where
Į  ȕ , a is positive, then for any number p which lies between Į & ȕ; ƒ(p) is negative and for
any number q or r which do not lie between D & E , ƒ(q) or ƒ(r) both will be positive. Also if a2
< x 2 < b2, then a < x < b or –b < x < –a.
i. If x 2 – 24Ȝ – 1x + 15Ȝ2 – 2Ȝ – 7 > 0  x  R , then Ȝ 
a. (0,2) b. (1,3)
c. (2,4) d. none of these

135
 ii. Let ƒ(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real x.If g(x) = ƒ(x)
+ ƒ c( x )  ƒ cc( x ), then for any real x,
a. g(x) > 0 b. g(x) t 0 c. g(x) d 0 d. g(x) < 0
x2 – x – 2
iii. The inequality > 2 holds only if
2 x – x2 – 2

–2 2
a. –1 x  only b. only for  x 1
3 3
2 2
c. –1 < x < 1 d. –1 < x < or  x  1
3 3

iv* for real x, the function

x – a x – b will assume all real values, provided
x–c
a. a<b<c b. a>b>c
c. a>c >b d. a<c<b
3. Values of ‘a’ for which the roots of the equation (a+1)x 2–3ax+4a = 0 a z –1 greater than
unity is
ª – 16 º § – 16 ·
a. a « ,–1» b. a ¨ ,–1¸
¬ 7 ¼ © 7 ¹

§ – 16 º
c. a ¨ ,–1» d. none of these
© 7 ¼
4*. If x  R satisfies (log10(100x))2 + (log10(10x))2 + log10x d 14 , then the solution set contains
the interval
a. 1,10@ b. >10 –9 / 2
@
,1 c. 0, f d. – 1, f
5*. If a, b are the real roots of x 2+px+1 = 0 and c, d are the real roots of x 2+qx+1 = 0, then
(a – c) (b – c) (a + d) (b + d) is divisible by
a. a–b–c–d b. a+b+c–d
c. a+b+c+d d. a+b–c–d

6. Match the following:-

Column I Column II
§ 5 – 1º
a. The value of x for which loge(x – 3) < 1 is (p) ¨ 0, »
© 2 ¼
b. The value of x for which log1/2x t log1/3x is (q) (0, 1)
c. If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09(x– 1), then x lies in the interval (r) (2, 8)
d. If log cos x sin x t 2 and x >0,3ʌ@ then sinx lies in the interval (s) (3, 3 + e)

§ 5  1º
(t) ¨ 0, »
© 2 ¼
136
7. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow:


Let a  b    + a – b    = A, where Ȝ  N, A  R and a – b = 1 ? a  b a – b 
Qx Q x –2Ȝ
2
1
i.e Ÿ a r b  a  b  ora – b 
r1 r1

If 4  5  + 4 – 5  = 62, then
> @x > @ x
i.
a. x >– 3,–2 ‰ >1,2 b. x >– 3,2 ‰ >– 2,1
c. x >– 2,–1 ‰ >2,3 d. x >– 2,3 ‰ >– 1,2

Solution of 2  3   
x 2 – 2 x 1 x 2 – 2 x –1 4
ii.  2– 3 are
2– 3
a. 1 r 3 ,1 b. 1 r 2 ,1
c. 1 r 3 ,2 d. 1 r 2 ,2
iii. The number of real solutions of the equation 15  4 14  15 – 4 14   
t
t
30 are where
t = x 2–2 x
a. 0 b. 2
c. 4 d. 6
3x 2  9 x  17
8. The maximum value of ƒ(x) = is 5k+1, Then k is
3x 2  9 x  7
a. 41 b. 40 c. 8 d. none of these
x 2 – yz y 2 – zx z 2 – xy
9. If , then (x+y+z) (a+b+c) is
a b c
x yz
a. ax+by+cz b. a+b+c c. d. none of these
3
log 3 x 2 – 2 log x 9
10 The value of x satisfying the equation x – 1 x – 17 is
a. 3 b. 9 c. 27 d. 81
If x – 9 x  20 ! x – 9 x  20 then which is true?
2 2
11.
a. x d 4 or x t 5 b. 4dxd5
c. 4<x<5 d. none of these
12. If x2+px+1 is a factor of ax 3+bx+c, then
a. a2+c2 = –ab b. a2– c2 = –ab
c. a2– c2 = ab d. none of these
Ȝ ȝ
13. If Ȝ z ȝ and Ȝ2 5Ȝ – 3, ȝ 2 5ȝ – 3 , then the equation whose roots one ȝ and is
Ȝ
a. x2–5x–3 = 0 b. 3x +19x+3 = 0
2

c. 3x 2–19x+3 = 0 ‘ d. x 2+5x–3 = 0

137
14. If the equation (cos p – 1)x 2+ x (cos p) + sin p = 0, in the variable x, has real roots then ‘p’
can take any value in the interval.
a. 0,2ʌ b. – ʌ,0
§ – ʌ ʌ·
c. ¨ , ¸
© 2 2¹ d. 0, ʌ
15. If (cosD +isinD) is a root of the equation ax 2+bx+c = 0, a, b, c  R , then
a. a cos 2Į  b sin Į  c 0 b. a cos 2Į  b cos Į  c 0
c. a sin 2Į  b sin Į  c 0 d. none of these

Note:* Questions with more than one option is correct.

ANSWERS

1. a 2. (i) c (ii) a (iii) d (iv) c,d 3. a 4. a,b 5. c,d

6. a o s; b o q; c o r; d o p 7. (i) c (ii) b (iii) c 8. c 9. a 10. d

11. c 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. b

138
 COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - III
Quadratic Equations(Location o f Roots)
Let ƒ(x) = ax 2+bx+c, a, b, c  R , a z 0 and Į, ȕĮ  ȕ be the roots of ƒ(x) = 0. Let k 1, k2 be two
real numbers such that k1 < k2

Cases Figure Conditions

Exactly one root k1

D k2 E
X i. D > 0 (distinct roots)
lies is the interval (k1,k2) i. a > 0 ii. ƒ(k1) ƒ(k2) < 0

k1 D E
X
k2
ii. a < 0

E
Both the roots lie i. a > 0 k1
D
k2
X i. D t 0
between k1 & k2 (roots may be equal)
k1 < Į d ȕ  k 2 ii. a < 0 k1 D E k2
ii. a ƒ(k1) > 0 & a ƒ(k2) > 0
X

–b
iii. k1 <  k2
2a
k1 & k2 lie between i. a > 0 D k1 k2 E
X
i. D > 0 (distinct roots)
the roots Į  k1  k 2  ȕ ii. a ƒ(k1) < 0 & a ƒ(k2) < 0
D E
ii. a < 0 k1 k2
X

Logarithmic Equations
If we have an equation of the form as log a ƒ(x) = b where a > 0, a z 1 can be written as ƒ(x) = a b
when ƒ(x) > 0.

Logarithmic Inequalities

For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1

0 < x < y and 0 < x < y and

log a x  log a y are log a x ! log a y are
equivalent equivalent

log a x  p log a x  p
Ÿ0 < x < aP Ÿx > aP

log a x ! p log a x ! p
Ÿ x > aP Ÿ 0 < x < aP

139
Descartes Rule of signs
The maximum number of positive real roots of a polynomial equation ƒ(x) = 0 is the number of
changes of signs from positive to negative and negative to positive.
The maximum number of negative real roots of a polynomial equation ƒ(x) = 0 is the number of
changed signs from positive to negative and negative to positive in ƒ(– x) = 0
Solved examples
1. The values of m for which exactly one root of x2 – 2mx + m2 –1= 0 lies in the interval (–2, 4) is
a. (–3, –1) ‰ (3, 5) b. (–3, –1) c. (3, 5) d. none
Solution: D > 0 ƒ(–2)ƒ(4) < 0
(–2m)2 –4.1.(m2–1) > 0 (4+4m+m2–1) (16 –8m+m2–1) < 0
4>0 (m2 +4m+3) (m2 –8m+3)
Ÿ m  R ......(1) (m +1) (m + 3) (m – 3) (m – 5) < 0
Ÿm  (–3, –1) ‰ (3, 5) ......(2)
From (1) and (2) , m  (–3, –1) ‰ (3, 5)

Ans: a
2. The values of a for which both the roots of the equation 4x 2 –2x + a = 0 lie in the interval
(–1, 1) is.
§ 1º § 1º
a. – 2, f b. ¨ – f, »
© 4¼ c. ¨© – 2, 4 »
¼
d. none of these
Solution:
Dt0 a.ƒ(–1) > 0 a. ƒ(1) > 0
(–2)2 – 4.4.a t 0 4.(4+2+a) > 0 4.(4 –2+a) > 0
4a –1 d 0 a+6 > 0 a > –2
1
ad – (1) a> –6 – (2) a  (–2, f ) – (3)
4
§ 1º
From (1),(2) and (3),a  ¨ – 2, »
© 4¼
Ans: c
3. The all possible values of a for which one root of the equation (a –5)x 2 –2ax+a – 4 = 0 is
smaller than 1 and the other greater than 2 is
a. [5, 24) b. (5, 24] c. (5, 24) d. none of these
Solution: D t 0 (a –5) ƒ(1) < 0 (a –5) ƒ(2) < 0
(–2a)2– 4(a – 5) (a – 4) t 0 (a –5) (a–5 –2a+ a –4) < 0 (a –5) (4(a –5) –4a + a –4) < 0
Ÿ 9a –20 t 0 Ÿ (a –5) 9 > 0 Ÿ(a–5)(–9) < 0 Ÿ(a – 5) (a – 24) < 0
20
a t – (1) a>5 – (2) Ÿ5 < a < 24 –(3)
9
From (1), (2), and (3) a  (5,24)
Ans: c
4. If a, b, c  R and the equation x2 + (a+b) x + c = 0 has no real roots, then

140
 a. c (a+b+c) > 0 b. c + (a+b+c) c > 0
c. c – (a+b–c) c > 0 d. c (a+b–c) > 0
Solution:
ƒ(0) > 0 Ÿc > 0 ƒ(0) < 0 Ÿc > 0
ƒ(1) > 0 Ÿ1+a+b+c > 0 ƒ(1) < 0 Ÿ1+a+b+c < 0
ƒ(–1) > 0 Ÿ– (a+b) + c > 0 ƒ(–1) < 0
? ƒ(0). ƒ(1) > 0 and ƒ(0). ƒ(–1) > 0 Ÿ1– (a+b) + c < 0
gives b and c ? ƒ(0) ƒ(1) > 0 and ƒ(0). ƒ(–1) > 0
gives (b) and (c)
Ans b and c

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. The values of a for which 2x 2–2(2a+1)x + a(a+1) = 0 may have one root less than a and other
root greater than a are given by
a. 1>a>0 b. –1< a < 0 c. a t0 d. a > 0 & a < –1
2. The value of a for which the equation (1–a )x +2ax–1= 0 has roots belonging to (0, 1) is
2 2

1 5 1 5
a. a! b. a>2 c.  a  2 d. a> 2
2 2
3. If a, b, c, x, y, z,  R be such that (a+b+c) 2=3(ab+bc+ca–x 2–y2–z2), then
a. a=b=c=0=x=y=z b. x = y = z = 0, a = b = c
c. a = b = c = 0; x = y = z d. x=y=z=a=b=c
4. Number of positive integers n for which n2+96 is a perfect square is
a. 8 b. 12 c. 4 d. infinite
5. The curve y = Ȝ  1x 2  2 intersects the curve y = Ȝx  3 is exactly one point, if Ȝ equals
a. {–2, 2} b. {1} c. {–2} d. {2}
6. A quadratic equation whose product of roots x 1 & x 2 is equal to 4 and satisfying the
x1 x2
relation x – 1  x – 1 2 is
1 2

a. x2–2x+4 = 0 b. x 2+2x+4 = 0 c. x2+4x+4 = 0 d. x2–4x+4 = 0

7. If a,b,c,d  R , then the equation (x +ax–3b) (x –cx+3b) (x –dx+2b) = 0 has
2 2 2

a. 6 real roots b. at least 2 real roots

c. 4 real roots d. 3 real roots
8. Suppose P,Q,R are defined as P=a 2b+ab2–a2c–ac2, Q=b2c+bc2–a2b–ab2 & R=a2c+ac2–b2c–
bc2, where a>b>c and the equation Px 2+Qx+R=0 has equal roots, then a,b,c are in
a. A.P b. G.P c. H.P d. AGP
9. If a (p+q)2+2abpq+c=0 & a(p+r) 2+2abpr+c=0 a z 0 then
c
qr = p 
2
a. qr=p2 b. c. qr= – p2 d. none of these
a

141
10. x2–xy+y2–4x–4y+16=0 represents
a. point b. a circle
c. a pair of straight line d. none of these
k 1 k  2
11. If the roots of the equation ax 2+bx+c=0 are of the form & , then (a+b+c)2 is equal
k k 1
to
a. 2b2– ac b. ¦a 2
c. b2–4ac d. b2–2ac
12. Read the passage and answer the following questions:-
aƒ( ȝ ) < 0 is the necessary and sufficient condition for a particular real number ȝ to the between
the roots of a quadratic equation ƒ(x)=0, where ƒ(x)= ax2+bx+c. Again if ƒȝ1  ƒȝ 2  <0, then

exactly one of the roots will lie between ȝ1 & ȝ 2 .

1. If b ! a  c , then
a. One root of ƒ(x)=0 is positive, the other is negative.
b. Exactly one of the roots of ƒ(x)=0 lies in (–1, 1).
c. 1 lies between the roots of ƒ(x)=0.
d. Both the roots of ƒ(x)=0 are less than 1
2. If a(a+b+c) < 0 < (a+b+c) c, then
a. one root is less than 0, the other is greater than 1.
b. Exactly one of the roots lies in (0, 1)
c. Both the roots lie in (0, 1)
d. At least one of the roots lies in (0, 1)
3. If (a+b+c) c < 0 < a(a+b+c), then
a. one root is less than 0, the other is greater than 1
b. one root lies in – f, o and the other in (0, 1)
c. both roots lie in (0, 1)
d. one root lies in (0, 1) and other in 1, f
13. Match the following:-
Column I Column II
(Number of positive integers for which) (p) 0
a. One root is positive and the other
is negative for the equation
(m–2)x2–(8–2m)x – (8–3m) = 0
b. Exactly one root of the equation (q) infinite
x2–m(2x–8)–15=0 lies in the interval
(0, 1) (r) 1
c. The equation x2+2(m+1)x+9m–5=0 has
both roots negative
d. The equation x2+2(m–1)x+m+5=0 has (s) 2
both roots lying on either sides of 1

142
 1
14. If Į, ȕ are the roots of 375x2–25x–2=0 & Sn = Į n  ȕ n , then the value of is.....
§ n
·
3¨ lim ¦ Sr ¸
© n of r 1 ¹

1 1 1
15. If x,y,z are distinct positive number such that x  y z , then xyz = .......
y z x

ANSWERS

1. d 2. b 3. a.b 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. b 10. a 11. c

12. (i) b (ii) a (iii) b 13. a orb or c oqd op  

143
 COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS - IV
Quadratic Equations
Problem solving skills.
If one root of ax2+bx+c=0 is n times the other, then (n+1)2 ac = nb2
If one root of ax2+bx+c=0 is square of the other, then (a2c)1/3+(ac2)1/3+b=0
If D , E are roots of ax2+bx+c=0 then
(i) – D ,– E are roots of ax2–bx+c=0
1 1
(ii) , are roots of cx2+bx+a=0 ; ac z 0
D E
(iii) k D , k E are roots of ax2+kbx+k2c=0
(iv) D 2, E 2 are roots of a2x2–(b2–2ac)x+c2=0
If the sum of the coefficient of ƒ(x) = 0 is 0, then 1 is always a root of ƒ(x) = 0. Also x–1 is a facter
of ƒ(x).
In particular, for ax2+bx+c=0 if
c c
a+b+c=0, then 1 is always a root and the other root = (' product of roots = ).
a a
ƒ(x)=(x–a1) +(x–a2) +.....................+(x–an) , where ai R  i.
2 2 2

a 1  a 2  .......  a n
ƒ(x) assumes its least value when x=
n
While solving an equation, if you have to square, then additional roots will occur as the degree of
the equation will change. In such cases, you have to check whether the roots satisfy the original
equation or not.
Solved Examples
1 If D , E are roots of the equation x2–2x+3=0
Then the equation whose roots are
D 3–3 D 2+5 D –2 and E 3– E 2+ E +5 is
(a) x2+3x+2=0 (b) x2–3x–2=0 (c) x2–3x+2=0 (d) None
Solutions :
D 2–2 D +3=0 and E 2–2 E +3=o
? D 3=2 D 2–3 D and E 3=2 E 2–3 E
? P= D 3–3 D 2+5 D –2 = 2 D 2–3 D –3 D 2+5 D –2 = – D 2+2 D –2
=3–2 = 1
Similarly, we can show that Q = E 3– E 2+ E +5 = 2
? Sum = 1+2 = 3 and product = 1×2=2
Hence x2–3x+2=0
Ans (c)
1
2 If D , E are roots of the equatio x2+px– =0,  p  R–{0}, then the minimum value of D 4+ E 4
2p 2

144
 is
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 – 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 2
Solutions :
D 4+ E 4 = ( D 2+ E 2)2 –2 D 2 E 2 = (( D + E )2–2 D E )2 – 2( D E )2
2
§ 2 1 · 1 1
= ¨¨ p  2 ¸¸ – = p 4
+ +2
© p ¹ 2p 4 2p 4

2
§ 2 1 ·
= ¨¨ p – ¸
2 ¸ + 2+ 2
© 2 p ¹
? Min value is 2+ 2 .
Ans (d)
1 1
3 Let p(x) be a polynomial of least possible degree with rational coefficients, having 3 + 3 as
7 49
one of its roots, then the product of all roots of p(x) = 0 is
(a) 56 (b) 63 (c) 7 (d) 49
Solutions :
1 1
Let x = +
73 49 3
3 3 11
§ 1· § 1· § 1 1·
Cubing x = ¨ 7 3 ¸ + ¨ 49 3 ¸ +3. 7 . 49 3
3 3 ¨ 7 3  49 3 ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹

§ 1 2·
¨ 7 3  49 3 ¸
Ÿ x3 = 7+49+3.7. ¨ ¸
© ¹
Ÿ x3 = 56+21x
Ÿ x3+0 x2–21x–56 = 0
? Product of roots is 56
Ans : (a)
4 If D , E , J , G are roots of x4+4x3–6x2+7x–9=0, then the value of (1+ D 2)(1+ E 2)(1+ J 2)(1+ G 2) is
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 5
Solution :
x4+4x3–6x2+7x–9 = (x– D )(x– E )(x– J )(x– G )
Put x=i, i4+4i3–6i2+7i–9=(i– D )(i– E )(i– J )(i– G )
Ÿ –2+3i = (i– D )(i– E )(i– J )(i– G )...............................(1)
Put x = – i
– 2–3i = (– i – D )(– i – E )(– i – J )(– i – G ).....................(2)
Multiply (1) & (2)

145
 4–9i2=( D 2–i2)( E 2–i2)( J 2–i2)( G 2–i2)
Ÿ 13 = (1+ D 2)(1+ E 2)(1+ J 2)(1+ G 2)
Ans : (c)
5 If D , E , J , are roots of 8x3+1001x+2008 =0, then the value of ( D + E )3+( E + J )3+( J + D )3 is
(a) 251 (b) 751 (c) 735 (d) 753
Solution :
D +E + J = 0
? ( D + E )3+( E + D )3+( J + D )3 = (– J )3+(– D )3+(– E )3
§ – 2008 ·
= – 3D E J = – 3¨ ¸ = 753
© 8 ¹
Ans : (d)
6 Total number of integral values of ‘n’ so that the equation x2+2x–n = 0 (n N) and n [5, 100] has
integral roots is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 and n  [5,100]
Solution :
x2+2x–n = 0
Ÿ x2+2x+1 = n+1
Ÿ (x+1)2=n+1
x+1 = r n  1 Ÿ n+1 should be perfect square
n  [5,100]
? n+1  [6,101]
Perfect squares in the given interval are
9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
8 values ?
Ans : (d)
7 If the equation p(q–r)x2+q(r–p)x+r(p–q) = 0
2
has equal roots, then is equal to
q
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) p+r (c)  r (d) p
p r p r
Solution :
r (p – q)
Clearly x = 1 is one root and the other root is . roots are equal, we have
p (q – r ) '

r (p – q) § r (p – q ) ·
¨¨' Pr oductof roots ¸
p(q – r ) ¸¹
=1
p (q – r ) ©
Ÿ rp–rq = pq–rq
2rp=pq+rq

146
 2 1 2
Ÿ = +
q p r
Ans : (a)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 The largest interval for which x12–x9+x4–x+1>0 is
(a) –4<x d 0 (b) 0<x<1 (c) –100<x<100 (d) – f <x< f
2 Read the following passage and answer the questions.
If a continuous function ƒ defined on the real line R, assumes positive and negative values in R, then
the equation ƒ(x) = 0 has a root in R, for example, if it is known that a continous function ƒ on R is
positive at some point and its minimum value is negative , then the equations ƒ(x) = 0 has a root in R.
Consider ƒ(x) = kex–x,  x  R where k R is a constant.
(i) The line y=x meets y=kex for k d 0 at
(a) no point (b) one point
(c) two point (d) more than two points
(ii) The value of k for which ke –x=0 has only one root is
x

1
(a) (b) e (c) log e 2 (d) 1
e
(iii) For k>0, the set of all values of k for which kex–x=0 has two distinct roots is
§ 1· §1 · §1 ·
(a) ¨ 0, ¸ (b) ¨ ,1¸ (c) ¨ ,f¸ (d) (0, 1)
© e¹ ©e ¹ ©e ¹

26 – 15 3
3 If = a2, then a is
5 2 – (38  5 3 )

1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) None of these
3 3
4* Solution of 2 log x a + log ax a + 3 log b a = 0 , where a>0, b=a2x is
(a) a–1/2 (b) a–4/3 (c) a1/2 (d) None of these
5 Solution of the system of equations
3x – y x  3y
x+ 2 2 = 3, y–
= 0 is _________ or ________________
x y x 2  y2
6 The number of ordered 4–tuple (x, y, z, w) where x, y, z, w  [1, 10], which satisfies the inequality
cos 2 y sin 2 z cos 2 w
t 120 is
2
2sin x 3 4 5
(a) 0 (b) 144 (c) 81 (d) infinite.
7 The number of solutions of the following inequality
1 1 1 1
2
sin x 2 . sin 2 x 3 . sin 2 x 4 . .......... sin 2 x n d n! where
2 3 4 n
xi (0,2 S ) for i = 1,2,3.............n is
(a) 1 (b) 2n–1 (c) nn (d) infinite

147
8 The number of solutions of |[x]–2x| = 4 is
(a) infinite (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
9 How many roots does the equation 3 |2–|x|| = 1 possess?
|x|

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

10 Let S be the set of values of ‘a’ for which 2 lie between the roots of the quadratic equation x2+(a+2)x–
(a+3)=0, then S is gives by
(a) (– f ,–5) (b) (5, f ) (c) (– f ,–5] (d) [5, f )
11 Match the following
For what values of m, the equation 2x2–2(m+1)x+m(m+1) = 0 has (m R)
ColumnI Columan II
(a) both roots are smaller than 2 (p) {0,3}
(b) both roots are grater than 2 (q) (0,3)
(c) both roots lie in the interval (2, 3) (r) (– f ,0) ‰ (3, f )
(d) exactly one root lie in the interval (2,3) (s) I
­ 81  6625 81 – 6625 ½
(e) one root is smaller than 1, the other root (t) ® , ¾
is greater than 1 ¯ 32 32 ¿

(f) both 2 & 3 lie between the roots (v) (– f ,–1) ‰ [3, f )
12* The real roots of the equation

x  2 x  2 x  ........  2 x  2 3x = x is
(nradicalsigns)
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) None of these
13 Solution of the equation 1+3 = 2 is ___________
x/2 x

14 The number of real solutions of the system of equations

2z 2 2x 2 2y2
x= , y= , z= is
1  z2 1 x2 1  y2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
15 If a, b, c > 0, a = bc and a+b+c = abc, then the least value of a +a +7 must be equal to
2 4 2

(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 21 (d) 18

'Note : Questions with * have more than one correct option'

Answers
1. d 2. (i) b (ii) a (iii) a 3. d 4. a,b
5. (2,1),(+1,–1) 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. a
11. a oq ; b op ; c or ; d ov ; e os ; f ot 12. a,b 13. 2 14.a 15.

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