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NI Assam University Journal of Science & Technology : ISSN 0975-2773
ASSAM U

SI
LCHAR

Biological and Environmental Sciences


Vol. 7 Number I
139-144, 2011

Neurotoxic and Medicinal Properties of Datura stramonium L. – Review


Maibam Rasila Devi1, Meenakshi Bawari1, S.B Paul2, G.D.Sharma1
1
Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics
2
Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
*Corresponding author email: rasiladevi.2u@gmail.com

Abstract
The troublesome weed, jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.) is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal
properties. The neurotoxicity is attributed to the presence of tropane alkaloids which contain a methylated
nitrogen atom (N-CH3) and include the anticholinergic drugs atropine, and scopolamine, as well as the
narcotic cocaine. A wide range of medicinal values of this plant have contributed in scientific field and also
in ethnomedicine. The phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and toxicological works on D.stramonium has
given a better assessment and information of this particular plant. The present paper presents an exclusive
review work on the neurotoxic properties of D. stramonium.
Keywords : Datura stramonium, tropane alkaloids, ethnomedicine, neurotoxicity, intoxication, anticholinergic

Introduction
Datura stramonium is a wild-growing herb, the highest concentration. An extract made by
known as Jimson weed. It also has several other boiling crushed seeds retains the anticholinergic
names: thorn apple, angel’s trumpet, loco weed, activity, has a rapid onset of action (Chang et
etc. The incidence of D. stramonium poisoning al., 1999) and thus may be potentially useful
is sporadic with a cluster of poisoning cases as an alternative to atropine for the treatment
occurring mostly among adolescents. Some of the muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate
medicinal uses of the plant are its anti- toxicity and some of central anticholinergic effects
inflammatory property of all part of the plants (Theodore et al., 2004). The wide distribution,
(Spring, 1989), stimulation of the central nervous the strong toxicity and the potential for
system (CNS) (Guarov and Barajas,1991; occurrence in foodstuffs are responsible for
Manandhar, 1995), respiratory decongestion the numerous incidents in humans (Roblot et
(Zagari, 1992), treatment of dental and skin al.,1995; Arouko et al., 2003; Boumba et al.,2005;
infections (John,1984; Darias et al., 1986; De Foe Ertekin et al.,2005; Oberndorfer et al.,2002;
and Senatore, 1993) and also in the treatment Thabet et al.,1999; Shaikh et al., 2005). The
of toothache (Abebe,1986) and alopecia (John, anticholinergic compounds of D.stramonium are
1984). It is a hallucinogenic plant that causes likely to produce delirium and stupor but rarely
serious poisoning. Consumption of any part of cause deep coma. The plant is a rich source
the plant may result in a severe anticholinergic of alkaloids and it is an analgesic herb. Seed
reaction that may lead to toxicity and occasionally extract has an analgesic effect in both acute
cause diagnostic difficulties (Diker, 2006). It is and chronic pain (Khalili and Atyabi, 2004).It is
used recreationally for its anticholinergic effects, also used frequently in anti-asthmatic treatment
resulting in hallucinations. The entire plant has and known for its hallucinogenic and euphoric
anti-cholinergic compounds, but the seeds contain effects (Muller, 1998; Weitz, 2003 and Ertekin

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Neurotoxic and Medicinal Properties of......

et al., 2005). The plant occurs indigenously in 7-hydroxyhyoscyamine are reported for the first
Southern Africa and distributed to other areas time for this species (Strahil Berkov et al., 2005).
of the world. It was used by Red Indians for
Table no. 1: List of the other alkaloids found in
many years as euphoric agent and since the
D.stramonium (Strahil Berkov et al., 2006)
1800’s, used as a therapeutic agent and in
Great Britian (Dessanges, 2001). However over 1) Hygrine
dosage can result in severe toxicity. 2) 3á,6â-Ditigloyloxy-7-hydroxytropane
D.stramonium contains a variety of alkaloids 3) 6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine
that can cause anticholinergic poisoning if taken 4) Pseudotropine
in large concentrations (Ertekin et al., 2005).The 5) 3á-Tigloyloxytropane
anticholinergic alkaloids contribute to the anti- 6) Hydroxy-6-tigloyloxytropane
asthmatic properties (Friedman, 2004). Atropine 7) Phenylacetoxytropane
is found to have more exciting properties, while 8) 3-Tigloyloxy-6-(2-methylbutyryloxy)
scopolamine has more relaxing and tropane
hallucinogenic properties (Weitz, 2003). It has 9) Hyoscyamine
been reported that all parts of the plant are 10) 3-Tigloyloxy-6-isovaleroyloxy-7-
poisonous if ingested by humans or livestock hydroxytropane
(Radford et al.,1964). However, its small quantity 11) Scopolamine
is used for medicinal purposes (King 1984, 12) Tropinone
Mann 1992). The larvicidal effects of this plant 13) Scopine
against the rust-red flour beetle Tribolium 14) 6-Hydroxyacetoxytropane
castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) 15) 3,6-Diacetoxytropane
were also observed (Pascual-Villalobos and 16) 3-Tigloxyloxy-6-acetoxytropane
Robledo, 1997). It can produce a number of 17) 3-Tigloyloxy-2-methylbutyryloxytropane
amino acids particularly alanine, glutamate, 18) 3á,6â-Ditiglotoxytropane
phenylalanine, and tyrosine. These amino acids 19) 3-Acetoxy-6-isobutyryloxytropan
can be incorporated into the seed protein. The 20) 3-(2-Phenylpropionyloxy) tropane
bulk of the amino acids incorporated into the 21) Littorine
seed protein must, however, be supplied by adult 22) 6-Hydroxyapoatropine
leaves in the proximity of the fruit, either as 23) 3â,6â-Ditigloyloxy-7-hydroxytropane
the amino acids themselves, or their immediate 24) 3-Tropoyloxy-6-acetoxytropane
precursors. The major free amino- acid products 25) 3,6-Dihydroxytropane
of leaves are the amides asparagines and 26) 3â-Tigloyloxytropane
glutamine (Lewis et al., 1970). 27) 3 - Ti g l o y l o x y - 6 - p r o p i o n y l o x y - 7 -
hydroxytropane
Phytochemistry of Datura stramonium 28) 3á-Apotropoyloxytropane
Sixty-four tropane alkaloids have been detected 29) Aposcopolamine
from D. stramonium. Two new tropane alkaloids, 30) 3â,6â-Ditigloyloxytropane
3-phenylacetoxy-6, 7-epoxynortropane and 7- 31) 3-(3'-Acetoxytropoyloxy) tropane
hydroxyapoatropine were tentatively identified. 32) 3á-Tigloyloxy-6-hydroxytropane
The alkaloids scopoline, 3-(hydroxyacetoxy) 33) Tropine
tropane, 3-hydroxy-6-(2-methylbutyryloxy) 34) 3-Acetoxytropane
tropane, 3â-tigloyloxy-6-hydroxytropane, 3,7- 35) 3-Hydroxy-6-acetoxytropane
dihydroxy-6-tigloyloxytropane, 3-tigloyloxy-6- 36) 3-Hydroxy-6-methylbutyryloxytropane
propionyloxytropane, 3-phenylacetoxy-6,7- 37) 3-Tigloloxy-6-isobutyryloxytropane
epoxytropane, 3-phenylacetoxy-6-hydroxytropane, 38) Aponorscopolamine
aponorscopolamine, 3â,6â-ditigloyloxytropane and 39) 7-Hydroxyhyoscyamine
40) Meteloidine
41) 3â,6â-Ditigloyloxytropane
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Neurotoxic and Medicinal Properties of......

Table no. 2 : Alkaloid contents (ìg/mg) in Datura stramonium (Elisabetta Miraldi et al., 2001).

Samples Young plants Adults plants


Atropine Scopolamine Atropine Scopolamine

Small leaves 0.156 ± 0.008 0.073 ± 0.001 0.165 ± 0.006 0.016 ± 007
Medium leaves 0.831 ± 0.014 0.041 ± 0.005 0.150 ± 0.002 0.022 ± 0.005
Big leaves 0.228 ± 0.014 0.035 ± 0.009 0.134 ± 0.004 0.044 ± 0.006
Stems 0.915 ± 0.015 0.129 ± 0.014 0.001 ± 0.001 --
Roots 0.121 ± 0.015 0.014 ± 0.004 -- --
Flowers Flower buds -- Open flowers --
0.299 ± 0.021 0.106 ± 0.031 0.270 ± 0.026 0.066 ± 0.004
Fruits Immature fruits -- Mature fruits --
Pericarp 0.001 ± 0.001 -- 0.001 ± 0.001 --
Seeds 0.670 ± 0.003 0.012 ± 0.001 0.387 ± 0.015 0.089 ± 0.010

The toxins in Jimson weed are tropane frequently given to pregnant mother with
belladonna alkaloids, which possess strong asthmatic complaints (Pretorius andMarx, 2006).
anticholinergic properties. These alkaloids It is used as a medicinal, psychotropic, sacred
include: hyoscyamine (leaves, roots, seeds), & antispasmodic (Kulkarni SK, 2005; Kirtikar &
hyoscine (roots); atropine (d,l-hyoscyamine) and Basle,1784; Evans et al.,1996; T.Oshima et
scopolamine (l-hyoscine), as well as sitosterol and al.,1989). It is used for asthma, burns, ulcers,
proteins (Friedman and Levin,1989;Chang et sinus infection, headaches, sores ( Mitchell &
al.,1999). It is reported that hyoscyamine is the MH Ahmad, 2006). DS is used recreationally
predominant alkaloid in DS from the line of for its central anticholinergic effects and is
flowering (Evans et al., 1989; Bruni In, 1999; made easily into an extract by boiling the
Osshima et al.,1989). Thorn apple leaves contains crushed seeds. The extract has rapid onset of
0.2%-0.45% of total alkaloids, seeds effects and may be useful for treatment of
approximately 0.2% (Evans et al.,1989).The organophosphate poisoning (Theodore et al.,
tropane alkaloid contain a methylated nitrogen 2004). DS is a medicinal plant with
atom (N-CH3) and include the anticholinergic antinociceptive (Abdollahi et al., 2003) antioxidant
drugs, atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine as (Couladis et al., 2003), hypolipidemic (Resekh et
well as the narcotic cocaine (Fan Dang, 2005). al., 2001), anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatoid
Medicinal properties of D.stramonium (Tariq et al.,1989), and hypoglycemic properties
(Gharaibeh et al.,1988).
D.stramonium is used frequently as an anti-
asthmatic treatment (Muller,1998,Weitz, 2003 & Pharmacological activity
Ertekin et al.,2005). The widely reported D.stramonium seed extract has an analgesic
medicinal uses include the use of the dried effect on both acute & chronic pain which were
leaves of the plant as an anti-asthmatic agent produced by hot plate and formalin tests. It is
(John,1984; Sezik et al., 1992; De Foe and likely that, this effect can be attributed to the
Senatore, 1993). As the cure for the asthma alkaloid which interact with opioid system
mixture of the leaves and seeds is taken orally (Khalili et al., 2004).The whole plant is toxic,
as a decoction or smoke. (Hirschmann et al., particularly the foliage & seeds. The
1990). Aqueous extract of the seeds are anticholinergic syndrome results from the
reported to be used in the treatment of gastric inhibition of central and peripheral muscarinic
pains and indigestion (Bhattarai, 1993). neurotransmission. The patient presents with dry
Furthermore, this plant as herbal remedy is also skin and mucosa, flushing, mydriasis with loss of

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Neurotoxic and Medicinal Properties of......

accommodation that causes blurred vision and haemagglutinin or lectin. The extract is capable
photophobia, altered mental status, hyperpyrexia, of agglutinating erythrocytes from several species,
sinus tachycardia, urinary retention, myoclonic and is non-specific with regard to human ABO
jerking. Other symptoms may include ataxia, blood groups (Kalpatrick et al., 1978). Laboratory
impaired short-term memory, disorientation, monitoring of changes in some blood parameters
confusion, hallucinations, psychosis, agitated in horses intoxicated with jimsonweed was carried
delirium, seizures, coma, respiratory failure and out. It was established that the intoxication was
cardiovascular collapse (Alberto et al., 2001). Its accompanied by hyperchromaemic,
anticholinergic compounds are likely to produce erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and
delirium and stupor but rarely cause deep coma regenerative shift, lymphocytopenia,
(Ohernodorfer et al., 2002).The ethanolic extracts aneosinophilia, increased haematocrit values and
obtained from both leaf and seed in the thorn low erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Binev et al.,
apple were investigated for acaricidal, repellent 2006). All parts of the plant are toxic but the highest
and oviposition deterrent properties against adult amount of the alkaloids is contained in ripe seeds
two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae (Chang et al.,1999; De Frates, 2005).They act as
Koch) under laboratory conditions. Leaf & seed competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at
extracts, which were applied in 167,250 and peripheral and central muscarinic receptor sites
145,750 mg/l concentrations, respectively caused (Dugan et al.,1989). Poisoning results in
98% and 25 % mortality among spider mite widespread paralysis of parasympathetic
adults after 48 h (Nabi et al., 2009). Exposure of innervated organs.(Friedman et al.,1989). Datura
the foetus to this plant when a mother uses it aqueous leaf extract-induced cytotoxicity &
for asthma, will cause a continuous release of oxidative stress in human cancer cell lines
Ach, resulting in the desensitizing of nicotinic (Ahmad, 2009). Severe toxicity has been
receptors, this could ultimately result in associated with coma and seizures, although death
permanent damage to the foetus (Pretorius and is rare (Dewitt et al.,1997).
Marx, 2006).
Conclusion
The main effects of jimsonweed seeds were:
The current review demonstrated that the whole
decreased body weight gain, serum alkaline
part of DS has got many uses and toxicity to a
phosphatase and blood urea nitrogen. Female rats
greater extent. This plant has been used in curing
showed more marked responses to jimson weed
different types of diseases. The alkaloids isolated
seed than did males. In addition to the effects seen
from the plants are also found to be toxic to the
in both sexes, the females developed decreased
animals and 48 alkaloids have been determined.
serum total protein and cholesterol, and increase
Two new tropane alkaloids, 3- phenylacetoxy-6,7-
serum glutamic, pyruvic transaminase and
epoxynortropane and 7-hydroxyapoatropine were
chloride, red blood cell count, haemoglobin
also identified. The outcome of this review work
concentration and packed red cell volume (Dugan
may facilitate the enrichment of concept and the
et al.,1989). An extract prepared from the seeds
possible outcome from the use and consumption
of the DS possess activity typical of a protien
of D. stramonium.

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