A Cooperative V2I Uplink Transmission Scheme

Utilizing V2V Network Coding

Eiji Okamoto†, Keisuke Kunitomo†, Hidenori Akita‡, and Takuma Kyo‡
†Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
‡Corporate R&D Division 1, DENSO CORPORATION
1-1, Showa-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8661, Japan.
Email: †{okamoto@, 27417533@stn.}nitech.ac.jp, ‡{HIDENORI_AKITA, TAKUMA_KYO}@denso.co.jp

Abstract—Wireless communications in intelligent transport
systems (ITS) require low-latency high-quality vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I) transmission. However, fading due to
vehicular movement sometimes causes transmission errors,
resulting in repeated requests and high latency. A path diversity
scheme for data transmission with multiple paths is effective in
handling this problem. In addition, it is important that these
transmissions should be conducted with a minimum number of
resources to avoid signal traffic congestion. In this paper, we
propose a novel cooperative V2I uplink transmission scheme that
utilizes vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) network coding, in which the
need for additional resources is restricted by using analog
network coding (ANC) or digital network coding (DNC).
Cooperative communication improves the quality of the V2I
transmission. We compare the performances of the required
resources and the transmission quality for both schemes. In
addition, we propose an iterative decoding scheme for ANC to
improve the performance further. Numerical results show that
the proposed scheme increases throughput and that the
performance of ANC transmission is superior to that of DNC
transmission despite that the former requires fewer resources
when the average SNR of the link decreases.
Keywords—intelligent transport systems; vehicle-to-
infrastructure; vehicle-to-vehicle cooperative transmission; network
coding; iterative decoding.
I. INTRODUCTION
IEEE 802.11p standardized wireless communication for
intelligent transport systems (ITS) using the 5.9 GHz band [1].
In addition, in 2012, ARIB STD-T109 standardized ITS using
the 700 MHz band in Japan [2], for the newly implemented
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications for safe driving
assistance service and for supplemental information for
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Advanced
driver assistance systems (ADAS) such as collision avoidance
systems in cross-point have attracted much attention and will
eventually evolve toward autonomous driving systems. An
ADAS consists of machine decision-making, self-control
using sensors, and intercontrol using wireless communication
such as V2I and V2V (also denoted as V2X). An ADAS will
need a massive amount of control information as
automatization progresses, and frequency-efficient, high-
capacity, low-latency V2X communication is required to
transmit the control information.
One realization of ADAS communications is cooperative
communication [3]. Cooperative communication increases
path diversity by utilizing multiple-path transmissions via
relaying. In related work, an adaptive decode-and-forward
(DF) cooperative relaying scheme for V2X has been proposed
to improve transmission quality [4]. However, transmission
latency increased because of the relaying nature of DF. In this
case, network coding [5, 6] can reduce transmission latency in
ad-hoc networks. In network coding, a relay node combines
multiple received signals into one signal and forwards it at one
time, thus reducing the timeslots required in multihop
transmission.
Exploiting this property of network coding, we propose a
cooperative V2I uplink transmission scheme that uses
network-coded V2V communication to achieve high-quality
V2I transmission with few required resources. Analog
network coding (ANC) and digital network coding (DNC) are
considered, and their performances are compared. In addition,
we propose an iterative decoding scheme for ANC-assisted
V2I transmission to improve the performance further. A
previous report proposed DNC-based cooperative transmission
for WLAN systems [7], but it limited the system to a
symmetric topology, and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
and flat fading were assumed. In our proposal, the DNC
scheme does not have these limitations, and the ANC scheme
is a new proposal. We use numerical simulations to show that
the V2I throughput is significantly increased by the proposed
scheme and that the ANC scheme is superior to the DNC
scheme despite that the former requires fewer resources when
the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of all the links
decreases.
In the following, the proposed system model and ANC- and
DNC-based cooperative relaying schemes are introduced in
Section II, numerical results are presented in Section III, and
concluding remarks are given in Section IV.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
Fig. 1 shows the proposed V2V network-coded cooperative
V2I uplink transmission model. The objective of this system is
to improve the quality of transmission from terminals 1 (T1)
and 2 (T2) to the base station (BS) with the assistance of
cooperative relay transmission through the relay terminal (R)
and links C, D, and E. We assumed that all links A-E use
single-carrier transmission with frequency-domain
equalization (SC-FDE) at the receiver because of the uplink
transmission and that two timeslots (TS) are used for
transmission, as indicated in Table 1, which lists the relay
types at R and the required number of resources. To simplify
the study, we assume that the selection of three terminals and
the wireless resource allocation are already conducted. This

978-1-5090-1698-3/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 timeslot 1 already CRC-encoded and the parity bits are included. Next,
timeslot 2
A
by turbo-coding, we obtain the N (>K)-bit transmit sequence,
ci = {ci 0 , , ci ( N −1) } . Finally, the complex baseband symbol
B si (k ) , which has an average power of 1, is obtained by
E Base station modulation mapping, i.e., si (k ) = M (cik ) , where k is a discrete
(BS)
Terminal 1
C D time index, M is a mapping function, and c ik ⊂ c i .
(T1)
Terminal 2
A. ANC cooperative relay
(T2) In TS1 in the proposed ANC system, terminal Ti, i ∈ {1,2} ,
Relay terminal (R)
transmits the encoded data, using different resources, to BS
Fig. 1. System model of cooperative V2I transmission with V2V and R via single-carrier Nc-sample block transmission. The
network coding.
received signal at BS is expressed as
TABLE 1 L −1
Configuration of relay type and required resources
Type
No. of resources No. of resources Combination at BS in
rBi (k ) = PBi hl =0
Bi ,l si (k − l ) + nBi (k ) (1)
in timeslot 1 in timeslot 2 timeslot 2
AF, DF 4 (A,B,C,D) 2 (E, E) MRC where 0 ≤ k ≤ Nc − 1 , PBi is the transmit amplification
DNC 4 (A,B,C,D) 1 (E) CRC-based XOR
ANC 3 (A,B,CD) 1 (E) MRC
coefficient, hBi ,l is the lth quasi-static multipath fading
coefficient from Ti to BS, and nBi (k ) is the zero-mean
scheduling will be considered in a future work. Because the Gaussian noise with a variance of σ Bi2 . Here, we assumed that
number of TS is set to two for amplify-and-forward (AF) and the fading is quasi-static for simplicity, and that the fading
DF relays, the number of required resources in TS1 and TS2 is coefficient is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) for
four and two, respectively. For direct transmission from T1 i and l. When (1) is transformed for the frequency domain, it
and T2 to BS, links A and B are assumed to use different becomes
resources. For relay transmission, links C and D use different RBi (n) = PBi H Bi (n)Si (n) + N Bi (n) (2)
resources than links A and B. In TS2, link E needs two
resources to forward the signals of links C and D. On the other where n is the subcarrier index and 0 ≤ n ≤ N c − 1 , Bi (n) is
H
hand, when ANC or DNC is applied, the number of resources the frequency-domain channel coefficient at n from Ti to BS,
needed in TS2 is reduced to one. Furthermore, with ANC, the and Si (n) and N Bi (n) are the frequency-domain transmit
number of resources needed in TS1 is reduced to three. For signal and noise signal, respectively, and have the same mean
relay transmission in TS1, we assumed that the DNC uses two and variance as nBi (k ) . These frequency-domain signals are
different resources and that ANC uses the same resource for a used for signal processing in BS. Similar to BS, the time-
total of three. Therefore, we focus on the use of ANC and domain and frequency-domain received signals at R from Ti
DNC because they require fewer resources.
are, respectively,
In TS1, T1 and T2 transmit cyclic redundancy check 2 L −1
(CRC)-encoded and turbo-coded data to BS and R, and in TS2,
R forwards the network-coded data to BS. BS then combines
rR1 (k ) =  h
i =1
PRi
l =0
Ri ,l si ( k − l ) + nR1 (k ) (3)
the directly received signal in TS1 and the forwarded signal in 2
TS2 into one signal and decodes it. In the ANC cooperative
scheme, R performs the ANC for links C and D and forwards
RR1 (n) = P
i =1
Ri H Ri (n) S i (n) + N R1 (n) (4)
the signal to BS, which combines the directly received signal
of link A or B in TS1 and the forwarded signal of link E in where PRi is the transmit amplification coefficient, hRi ,l is the
TS2 using maximal ratio combining (MRC) and decodes the i.i.d. lth quasi-static multipath fading coefficient from Ti to R,
result. In the DNC cooperative scheme, R turbo-decodes the nR1 (k ) is the zero-mean Gaussian noise with a variance of
received signals of links C and D separately, combines the σ R21 , H Ri (n) is the frequency-domain channel coefficient at n
decoded data using XOR (exclusive or), re-encodes it using from Ti to R, and N R1 (n) is the zero-mean Gaussian noise
turbo code, and forwards the result to BS using one resource with a variance of σ R21 . This frequency-domain signal is used
in link E. Because the forwarded signal of link E is XOR- for signal processing in R.
coded and MRC with link A or B cannot be performed in BS, The forwarding signal in R is defined as
CRC-based XOR-combining is used as follows: First, each s R1 (k ) = β1rR1 (k ) (5)
received signal of links A, B, and E is turbo-decoded. Next,
each frame is checked using CRC-parity to detect decoding where β1 is the amplification factor given by
−1
errors. Then, for example, if link A includes a bit error and  1 2  (6)
 i =1  n=0
2 N c −1 2
links B and E are error-free, the T1 data are recovered by β1 =  PRi H Ri (n) + σ Ri 
 Nc
 
XOR addition of the data in links B and E. Otherwise, the The signal is forwarded to BS with the use of one resource in
decoded data of link A are used for T1. This is also true for TS2 [8]. The received signal at BS in TS2 is given by
link B. These procedures are represented by equations in the L −1
following.
Let bi = {bi 0 , , bi ( K −1) } be the K-bit sequence at Ti
rBR1 (k ) = h l =0
BR1,l s R1 (k − l ) + nBR1 (k ) (7)
( i ∈ {1,2} ), where bik ∈{0,1} . Here, we assume that b i is
where hBR1,l is the i.i.d. lth quasi-static multipath fading B. DNC cooperative relay
coefficient from R to BS and nBR1 (k ) is zero-mean Gaussian In TS1 of the DNC relay, two resources are used to transmit
2
noise with a variance of σ BR 1 . Transforming (7) for the from Ti to BS, as well as ANC, and two additional resources
frequency domain yields are used to transmit from Ti to R. The transmission from Ti to
RBR1 (n) = H BR1 (n)S R1 (n) + N BR1 (n) (8) BS is defined by (1) and (2). The received signal rRi (k ) at R
where SR1(n) is the frequency-domain forwarding symbol and from Ti is defined by
N BR1 (n) is the zero-mean Gaussian noise with a variance of L −1
2
σ BR 1.
rRi (k ) = PRi h
l =0
Ri ,l si ( k − l ) + nRi (k ) (16)
The directly received signal at BS, defined by (1), is
transformed into (2), and undergoes frequency-domain where i ∈ {1,2} and 0 ≤ k ≤ N c − 1 .
equalization using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) The frequency-domain MMSE equalization at R is
criterion to yield performed for each received signal rRi (k ) , i ∈ {1,2} , using
Rˆ Bi ( n) = WBi ( n) RBi ( n) (9) Rˆ Ri ( n) = WRi ( n) RRi (n) (17)
where where
* *
H Bi ( n) H Ri ( n) .
WBi (n) = WRi (n) =
2 2 2
2
H Bi (n) + σ Bi H Ri (n) + σ Ri
after which it is changed into the time-domain signal rˆBi (k ) rˆRi (k ) is obtained by IFFT, stored, and turbo-decoded, and
using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Next, the then b'i is obtained. Each bit of b 'i is XOR-combined for
desired signal is extracted from the forwarded received signal DNC as follows:
(8) in the frequency domain by removing the signal from the b' k = b'1k ⊕b' 2 k (18)
other side of ANC, i.e., T i , where i = 3 − i , as follows: The combined b' k is again CRC-coded and turbo-coded, and
~
R BRi ( n ) = R BR1 ( n ) − β 1 H Ri ( n ) H BR1 ( n ) Rˆ Bi ( n ) . (10) then c' is obtained. The relay signal is generated using
Then, R BRi ( n ) is equalized in the frequency domain using the sR1 (k ) = M (c'k ) and transmitted to BS using one resource at
MMSE criterion to yield TS2.
~ In BS, the equalized directly received signal rˆBi (k ) ,
Rˆ BRi (n) = WBRi (n) RBRi (n)
i ∈ {1,2} , is obtained by the IFFT of (9), and the forwarded
β1[ H Ri (n) H BR1 (n)]* (11)
WBRi (n) = received signal rBR1 (k ) is defined by (7) and (8) as well as
2 2
β12 H Ri (n) H BR1 (n) + β12 H BR1 (n) 2
σ Ri 2
+ σ BR1 ANC. The frequency-domain forwarded signal of rBR1 (k ) is
which is transformed to the time-domain signal rˆBRi (k ) . Next, equalized via MMSE as follows:
the direct signal rˆBi (k ) and the forwarded signal rˆBRi (k ) are Rˆ BR1 (n) = WBR1 (n) RBR1 (n) (19)
combined using MRC to yield where

rˆi (k ) =
(γ Bi rˆBi (k ) + γ BRTi rˆBRi (k )
(12)
) W BR1 ( n) =
*
H BR1 (n) .
22
γ Bi + γ BRTi H BR1 ( n) + σ BR1

The SNR of rˆBi (k ) is rˆBR1 (k ) is obtained by the IFFT of (19). The three decoded bit
 1 2
sequences b 'Bi and b'R are obtained by turbo-decoding

N c −1
 H Bi ( n)  PBi rˆBi (k ) , i ∈ {1,2} , and rˆBR1 (k ) . The following algorithm is
Nc n =0
γ Bi = 2
 (13) used for cooperative decoding:
2σ Bi
and the SNR of rˆBRi (k ) is Cooperative decoding algorithm for DNC ( i ∈ {1,2} )
1) If a CRC error is not detected in b 'Bi , then b ' Bi is determined to
 1 Nc 

 H Ri ( n) H BR1 (n)  PRi β12
be the decoding result.
2
 Nc  2) If a CRC error is detected in b ' Bi and both b 'R and b' Bi are
=  . (14)
n =1
γ BRTi error-free, b'k = b'Rk ⊕b'i k is used as the decoding result, where
 β 2 Nc  i = 3−i .
4 1  2 
2 2
H BR1 ( n) σ Ri + σ BR
 Nc 1
 3) Otherwise, b 'Bi is used as the decoding result.
 n =1 
Equation (14) applies to half of a normal received signal C. Proposed iterative decoding scheme for ANC
because the ANC combines T1 and T2 at R. In (14), it is
assumed that the removal of the signal from the other side in The performance of the bit error rate in the ANC scheme is
(10) was complete, i.e., improved by decoding not the directly received signal rˆBi (k ) ,
Rˆ Bi ( n ) = S i ( n ) . (15) but the MRC-combined signal rˆi (k ) . For the forwarded signal
of link E involved in the MRC, the signal from the other side
The residual interference component of the mismatch from is first subtracted in (10). In a traditional bidirectional ANC
(15) is not considered in MRC. Finally, rˆi (k ) is stored for one scheme, Rˆ Bi ( n) is its own transmit signal S i (n) of Ti, and
turbo code c i and turbo-decoded. there is no error between Rˆ Bi ( n) and S i (n) in (10). However,
because the proposed ANC scheme is not bidirectional but 1.E+00
1.0

rather a cooperative uplink, as shown in Fig. 1, Rˆ Bi ( n) cannot

be its own transmit signal of Ti, but is replaced by the received 10-1
1.E-01

signal from the other side after MMSE equalization. The

estimated SNR in MRC is calculated using the assumption of 10-2

Bit error rate

1.E-02 Nc=64, SC-FDE
(15), i.e., the signal from the other side is completely known. No. of time symbols
in 1 frame = 12
However, in reality, (15) is not satisfied and the mismatch in 10-3
1.E-03 quasi-static 8-path
i.i.d.Rayleigh fading
(14) may lead to some degradation in the MRC. Therefore, we
propose an iterative decoding scheme for ANC as follows: 10-4
1.E-04 ANC w/ combining
First, the result of turbo-decoding the MRC-combined rˆi (k ) DNC w/ combining

defined by (12) is considered a temporary result. Next, the 10-5

1.E-05
direct link

result is CRC- and turbo-coded and mapped to generate the 0 2 4 6

Avg. SNR in links A to E in dB
8 10

replica signal of the terminal on the other side, Sˆi ( n ) . Then, Fig. 2. Performance comparison of ANC, DNC, and direct
using Sˆi ( n ) in (10), we get transmission at the same SNR in all links.
~
R BRi ( n ) = R BR1 ( n ) − β1 H Ri ( n ) H BR1 ( n ) Sˆi ( n ) (20) 1.0 T1: Nc=64, SC-FDE
0.9 No. of time symbols in 1 frame=12
and MMSE equalization, MRC, and turbo-decoding are 0.8
quasi-static 8-path i.i.d.Rayleigh fading
ANC w/ combining
performed. This scheme reduces the mismatch from (15) and

Normalized throughput
0.7 ANC w/o combining
improves the quality of the MRC. The improved Sˆ1 ( n) 0.6 direct link
contributes to the performance of T2, as does Sˆ 2 ( n) with T1. 0.5

In addition, this decoding result can be used for the next 0.4

iteration of (20), using (11)-(14), if necessary. 0.3

0.2

III. NUMRICAL RESULTS 0.1

0.0
We evaluated the performance of the ANC, DNC, and -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
iterative ANC using Monte Carlo simulations, the conditions Avg. SNR in link A in dB
Fig. 3. Normalized throughput performance of T1 in the ANC
of which are given in Table 2. The modulation used was
scheme.
quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and the channel code
was rate 1/2 turbo code with a code length of N = 1536. under the assumption that the SNRs of the received signals of
CRC16 code for error detection was inserted before turbo- links A to E were identical. Fig. 2 plots the average bit error
coding. The transmission scheme was single-carrier block rate (BER) of T1 and T2 versus the average SNR in links A to
with a block length of Nc = 64. Frequency-domain E and shows that the performances of ANC and DNC
equalization was used in the receiver. We assumed the channel cooperative transmission are better than that of direct
to be i.i.d. quasi-static 8-path 3-dB decayed Rayleigh fading transmission. Furthermore, Fig. 2 shows that when all links
during one turbo code, i.e., (Nc + 16) × 12 symbols. The guard have the same SNR, the BER of ANC is better than that of
interval was 16 to accommodate the equivalent 16 delayed DNC because MRC and one decision at BS, without a
path at BS in the ANC scheme, in which R forwards the decision at R, works effectively. Thus, the ANC scheme
received multipath signal without equalization and the fading achieves efficient transmission because it uses one less
is convoluted. It was assumed that the channel was perfectly resource.
known to the receiver and underwent MMSE equalization. Next, we calculated the normalized throughput performance
Turbo-decoding included eight iterations of maximum a of T1 versus the SNR of link A when the SNRs of links B, CD,
posteriori (MAP) decoding using the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek- C, D, and E were fixed at 10 dB. The results are shown in Fig.
Raviv (BCJR) algorithm. 3, where “ANC w/ combining” is the MRC scheme and “ANC
A. ANC and DNC performance comparison w/o combining” is the decoded forwarded signal only. The
throughput of the direct link is almost zero for SNR < -1 dB.
First, we calculated the performance of ANC and DNC
In contrast, the proposed ANC scheme with MRC obtains a
TABLE 2 throughput of 0.3 at SNR = -5 dB by virtue of the path
Simulation conditions diversity effect from links C and E, thus confirming the effect
Modulation QPSK of the proposed scheme in Fig. 1.
Transmission scheme Single-user SC-FDE Fig. 4 shows the results of the same calculation discussed
No. of subcarriers, Nc 64
No. of guard intervals 16
above but for the DNC scheme, where “DNC w/ combining”
No. of time symbols in 1 frame 12 is the proposed scheme and “DNC w/o combining” is the
Transmit power PRi = PBi = 1 forced XOR-subtraction scheme used for links B and E. The
Channel 3-dB decaying 8-path quasistatic frame i.i.d.
Rayleigh fading performance of the direct link is the same as that in Fig. 3, but
Receive CSI perfect the performance of the DNC scheme is much better than that
Equalization weight SNR-MMSE
Channel coding turbo 1/2 of the ANC scheme. The performance of “DNC w/o
Decoding algorithm
Code length N
BCJR, 8 iterations
1536
combining” shows that when the SNR of the indirect route of
Error detection CRC16 links B, C, and E is high, XOR subtraction works quite
 1.0 link B=10 dB, ANC link B=5 dB, ANC
0.9 link B=0 dB, ANC link B=-5 dB, ANC
link B=10 dB, DNC link B=5 dB, DNC
0.8 DNC w/ combining link B=0 dB, DNC link B=-5 dB, DNC
1.0
Normalized throughput

0.7 DNC w/o combining

0.9
0.6 direct link
0.8
0.5

Normalized throughput
0.7
0.4
T1: Nc=64, SC-FDE 0.6
0.3 No. of time symbols in 1
frame=12 0.5
0.2
quasi-static 8-path 0.4
0.1 i.i.d.Rayleigh fading
0.3 T1: Nc=64, SC-FDE
0.0
0.2 No. of time symbols
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
in 1 frame=12
Avg. SNR in link A in dB
0.1 quasi-static 8-path
Fig. 4 Normalized throughput performance of T1 in DNC scheme. i.i.d.Rayleigh fading
0.0
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
effectively and performance is much improved. Hence, the Avg. SNR in link A in dB
DNC scheme provides a solution when a direct link is Fig. 6 Normalized throughput performance of T1 in the ANC
degraded; however, an additional resource is needed, unlike iterative scheme and the DNC scheme with unequal link SNRs.
with the ANC scheme.
better for all SNR values of link A when the average SNR of
B. Performance of ANC iterative decoding scheme link B is 0 dB. Consequently, we conclude that the proposed
We calculated the throughput performance of T1 for the iterative ANC scheme in Fig. 1 is more effective than the
proposed ANC iterative decoding scheme. Fig. 5 shows the DNC scheme unless one of the direct links A and B is error-
free such that its SNR = 10 dB, i.e., when both direct links are
normalized throughput versus average SNR of link A, where
degraded, the ANC scheme works well. Furthermore, the
the SNRs of the other links were fixed at 10 dB. One iteration frequency of the ANC scheme is more efficient because it
improved the performance from 0.3 to 0.45 for SNR = -5 dB saves one resource in TS1.
in link A, an improvement of 1.5 times. However, further
improvement was not obtained with a second iteration because IV. CONCLUSIONS
the correlation between the decoded bit sequence and the To achieve low-latency high-quality V2I uplink
replica Sˆi ( n ) is high, and the turbo-decoding in terms of transmission for future ITS communications, we proposed a
Sˆi ( n ) and bit sequence rapidly converges. cooperative V2I transmission scheme that uses V2V network
To further compare the performances of the iterative ANC coding that requires fewer resources. We showed that both
scheme and the DNC scheme, we calculated the normalized ANC and DNC cooperative transmission enables an increase
throughput versus the average SNR of link A, with the average in throughput with few additional resources. Furthermore, we
SNR for link B set to 10, 5, 0, and -5 dB. The average SNRs proposed an iterative ANC decoding scheme for improved
of the received signals of links CD, C, D, and E were fixed at performance. We showed that the performance of the iterative
10 dB. The results are shown in Fig. 6. When the SNR of link ANC scheme is better than that of the DNC scheme with
B is 10 dB, the simulation condition is equivalent to that in fewer resources needed unless one of the direct links has a
high SNR and is error-free.
Figs. 3 and 4, and the performance of the DNC is better than
Our future studies will consider improving the DNC scheme
that of the iterative ANC. However, when the SNR of link B is and a downlink system.
<10 dB, the throughput of the iterative ANC is better because
the MRC with a soft value at BS is more effective than the REFERENCES
XOR-combining with a hard value when both direct links A [1] J. Gozalvez, M. Sepulcre, and R. Bauza, “IEEE 802.11p vehicle to
infrastructure communications in urban environments,” IEEE Commun.
and B are degraded. In particular, the iterative ANC has better Mag., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 176-183, May 2012.
throughput when the SNR of link A > -1 dB and the average [2] Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, “700 MHz Band
Intelligent Transport Systems,” ARIB STD-T109, ver. 1.2, Dec. 2013.
SNR of link B is 5 dB. In addition, the iterative ANC performs [3] A. Nosratinia, T. E. Hunter, and A. Hedayat, “Cooperative
communication in wireless networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42,
1.0 no. 10, pp. 74-80, Oct. 2004.
0.9
0 iteration [4] G. Seo, M. Baek, C. Bong, and K. Ko, “Performance evaluation for
1 iteration cooperative ADF relaying V2I communications with burst transmission
0.8 2 iteration and PSA-CE schemes over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels,” Proc.
IEEE ITSC, pp. 2101-2106, Oct. 2014.
Normalized throughput

0.7
0.6
[5] R. Bassoli et al., “Network Coding Theory: A Survey,” IEEE Commun.
Surv. Tut., vol. 15, no. 4, pp.1950-1978, 2013.
0.5 [6] K. Ratajczak, K. Bakowski, and K. Wesolowski, “Two-way Relaying
0.4
ANC w/ combining for 5G Systems Comparison of Network Coding and MIMO
T1: Nc=64, SC-FDE
Techniques,” Proc. IEEE WCNC 2014, April 6-9, Apr. 2014.
0.3
No. of time symbols in
[7] S. Tang, J. Cheng, C. Sun, R. Suzuki, and S. Obana, “Turbo network
0.2 1 frame=12 coding for efficient and reliable relay,” Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Commun.
0.1 quasi-static 8-path Sys. (ICCS), pp. 1603-1608, Nov. 2008.
i.i.d.Rayleigh fading [8] H. Miyazaki, M. Nakada, T. Obara, and F. Adachi, “Joint
0.0
Transmit/Receive MMSE-FDE for MIMO Analog Network Coding in
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
Avg. SNR in link A in dB
Single-Carrier Bi-Directional Relay Communications,” Proc. IEEE
Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall 2012), pp. 1-5, Sep. 2012.
Fig. 5. Normalized throughput performance of T1 in the ANC
iterative decoding scheme.