Lubricating oils are utilized in minimizing the heat from friction produced by the

contact between surfaces of two adjacent parts [3]. Given its uses in running different
machineries, it was found to have two major physical properties such as viscosity and
density.
Produced from the friction from the movement of a liquid relative to another layer,
viscosity measures the opposition of a fluid to flow [1]. Viscosity is defined by the
development of an internal friction, wherein the development of velocity differences
within a fluid is impeded [2]. In relation to the use of lubricating oil, viscosity is highly
important in determining the amount of force needed to successfully flow in pipelines
[2]. Viscosity of a fluid is quantified by the following equations:
Absolute viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Where..
Similarly, density is one of the factors that determines the specifications of a
lubricating oil used for a certain equipment [4]. Density measures how molecules are
constricted in a matter. The more tightly packed these molecules are, the denser the
object will be [6]. This property is commonly defined as the mass of a unit volume of a
material substance, also shown by equation 3 [5]. In order to measure the density of a
fluid, pycnometer, hydrometer, or a Westphal balance are utilized.
In this experiment, the density of lubricating oils will be determined using a
pycnometer, hydrometer and a Westphal balance while a Saybolt Standard Universal
Viscosimeter will be operated in finding the viscosity. In relation to this, the effect of
temperature on the viscosity of the lubricating oils will be analyzed.
Equation 3.
II. Materials and Methods
A. Chemicals and Reagents

References
[1] Available online at https://www.britannica.com/science/viscosity
[2] Available online at https://www.brookfieldengineering.com/learning-center/learn-about-
viscosity/what-is-viscosity
[3] Available online at https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lubricating-oil
[4] Available online at https://www.britannica.com/science/density
[5] Available online at http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/120Adensity.html
[6] Available online at http://www.arcticworld.net/density.htm
[5] Available online at
[5] Available online at
[5] Available online at