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Ratio, Rate, and Proportion
4.1 Ratio and

Proportion
4
4.2 Rates
4.3 Word Problems
Involving
Proportions
The Human Side of Mathematics

Leonardo who? Not Da Vinci, but Fibonacci, a man of few faces (no portrait of his face
exists) but many names. Leonardo of Pisa, Leonardo Pisano, Pisano, Leonardo Fibonacci,
or simply Fibonacci were a few. Fibonacci means “of the family of Bonacci” or “son of
Bonacci,” but he sometimes called himself Leonardo Bigollo, “good for nothing or one of
lesser importance” in the Venetian dialect or “traveler” in the Tuscan version.
His book, the Liber Abaci (Book of Calculations) published in 1202 began with the
statement:
“The nine Indian figures are 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. With these nine figures and with the
sign of 0 any number may be written.” In Chapter 12 Fibonacci stated “the rabbit problem,”
whose solution included a sequence of numbers now called the Fibonacci sequence. The
sequence is:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 . . . .
How do you construct such a sequence? It is easy!
To get the next number, add the last two.
Thus,
112 (Add the first two numbers to get the third.)
123 (Add the 2nd and 3rd numbers to get the 4th.)
235 (Add the 3rd and 4th numbers to get the 5th.)
358 (Add the 4th and 5th numbers to get the 6th.)
and so on. Want to learn more about it? Try the research questions at the end of the chapter!
4-1 245
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246 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-2
Pretest for Chapter 4

(Answers on page 247)
1. Express each ratio as a fraction in lowest terms: 2. The ratio of cars to people in Australia is 470 per 1000.
a. 1 to 7 Write this ratio as a fraction in reduced form.
b. 2 to 18
c. 10 to 48
3. The approximate ratio of circumference (distance 4. The male-to-female ratio in Taiwan is 52 to 48. Write
around) to diameter (distance across the top) of a soda this ratio as a fraction in reduced form.
can is 14.50 in. to 4.62 in. Write this ratio as a fraction
in reduced form.
5. Write the following proportions: 6. There is a law stating that the ratio of width to length
a. 2 is to 7 as 4 is to 14 for the American flag should be 10 to 19. A flag mea-
sures 40 by 76 feet. Are the pairs of numbers 10, 19 and
b. 5 is to 7 as 10 is to x
40, 76 proportional?
x 5 8 2
7. Solve the proportion . 8. Solve the proportion .
2 15 x 5
x 9 5 x
9. Solve the proportion . 10. Solve the proportion .
4 12 7 21
11. A worker in an assembly line takes 3 hours to produce 12. A famous writer was paid $10,000 for a 2000-word
27 parts. At that rate how many parts can she produce article. Find the rate per word.
in 9 hours?
13. A student traveled 400 miles on 17 gallons of gas. What 14. An 18-pound bag of lawn food covers 4000 square feet
was the miles per gallon rate? (Round the answer to the of lawn. To the nearest whole number, what is the rate
nearest whole number.) of coverage in square feet per pound?
15. A 30-ounce jar of popcorn costs $2.39. What is the unit 16. A 12-ounce bottle of generic popcorn oil sells for
price in cents per ounce? (Answer to the nearest cent.) $1.39. The 24-ounce brand X bottle costs $2.79. Which
is the better buy?
17. A pound of grass seed covers 120 square feet of lawn. 18. A survey indicated that 3 out of 5 doctors use brand
How many pounds are needed to seed a lawn measur- X aspirin. If 2000 doctors were surveyed, how many
ing 50 by 40 feet (2000 sq ft)? used brand X?
19. The protein RDA for males is 56 grams per day. Two 20. The cost of 50 shares of Fly-by-Night Airline is $87.50.
ounces of a certain product provide 8 grams of protein. How many shares can you buy with $525?
How many ounces of the product are needed to provide
56 grams of protein?
4-3 Answers to Pretest 247
Answers to Pretest
ANSWER IF YOU MISSED REVIEW
QUESTION SECTION EXAMPLES PAGE
1 1 5
1. a. b. c. 1 4.1 1 249
7 9 24
47
2. 2 4.1 2 249
100
725
3. 3 4.1 3 249
231
13
4. 4 4.1 4 249
12
2 4 5 10
5. a. b. 5 4.1 5 250
7 14 7 x
6. Yes, 10 76 19 40 6 4.1 6 251
2
7. x 7 4.1 7b 252
3
8. x 20 8 4.1 7a 252
9. x 3 9 4.1 7b 252
10. x 15 10 4.1 7c 252
11. 81 11 4.1 8, 9 253
12. $5 12 4.2 1 259
13. 24 13 4.2 2 259
14. 222 14 4.2 3 259
15. 8¢ 15 4.2 5 260
16. The 12-ounce bottle 16 4.2 6 261

2
17. 16 17 4.3 1 266
3
18. 1200 18 4.3 2 266
19. 14 19 4.3 3 267
20. 300 20 4.3 4 267

4.1 RATIO AND PROPORTION

To Succeed, Review How To . . . Objectives
Before starting this section you should You should be able to:
know:
A Write a ratio as a reduced fraction.
1. How to reduce a fraction to lowest
B Write a proportion using the proper
terms. (pp. 122–124)
equation.
2. How to solve equations.
C Determine if two pairs of numbers
(pp. 88–91, 231)
are proportional.
D Solve a proportion.
E Solve applications involving the
concepts studied.
GETTING STARTED The ad on this page states that in a

nationwide survey of TV techni- TV service technicians say yes.
cians it was found that for every
two technicians who named
Zenith as the color TV needing
fewest repairs, there was no more
Again.
than one other who named the
next-best brand. zenith ®
A nationwide survey names Zenith by more than 2 to 1

over the next best brand as the color
TV needing fewest repairs.
A Ratios
In mathematics we say that the ratio of technicians naming Zenith over the next-best brand
is more than 2 to 1. As we mentioned in Section 2.1, a ratio is a quotient of two numbers.
2
Thus the ratio 2 to 1 may also be written as 2:1, or as 1. In general, the ratio of any number
a to another number b may be written in one of three ways:
Writing Ratios in Three Ways

a
a to b a:b
b
Web It
For a very good lesson covering ratios, try link 4-1-1 on the Bello website at mhhe.com/bello.
For a well-illustrated lesson dealing with ratios, go to link 4-1-2.
To see how ratios are applied, try link 4-1-3.
For an interactive site that will write the ratios for you in different ways, visit link 4-1-4 on the
Bello website.
4-5 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 249
EXAMPLE 1 Express each of the following ratios as a fraction in PROBLEM 1

reduced form.
Express each of the following ratios as
a. 1 to 6 b. 2 to 10 c. 4 to 22 a fraction in reduced form.
a. 1 to 7 b. 3 to 15 c. 4 to 18
SOLUTION
1
a. The ratio 1 to 6 is written as 6.
2 1
b. The ratio 2 to 10 is written as 10 5.
4 2
c. The ratio 4 to 22 is written as 22 11.
2 1
Note that in Example 1(b), 10 5; that is, the pair of numbers 2 and 10 has the same ratio
as the pair of numbers 1 and 5.
EXAMPLE 2 Ratio of cars to people in the United States PROBLEM 2

Is traffic heavy in your city? The ratio of cars to people in the United States is The ratio of cars to people in the
780 per 1000. Write this ratio as a fraction in reduced form. Netherlands is 375 to 1000. Write this
ratio in reduced form.
SOLUTION
780 78 10 78 39

1000 100 10 100 50
EXAMPLE 3 The ratio of circumference (distance around) to diameter PROBLEM 3

(distance across the top) of a soda can is 7.26 inches to
The ratio of circumference to diameter
2.31 inches. Write this ratio as a fraction in reduced form.
of a paint can is 10.78 to 3.43. Write
this ratio as a fraction in reduced form.
SOLUTION The ratio is
7.26

2.31
Since it is easier to reduce a fraction without decimals, multiply the numerator
and denominator of the fraction by 100 and then reduce:
7.26 7.26 100 726 22

2.31 2.31 100 231 7
The ratio of circumference to diameter of any cylindrical can is the
22
number (pi), which is about 3.1416. It is also approximated by 7.
EXAMPLE 4 The wage gap PROBLEM 4

The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of a. In 1963, women earned 58 cents for
women’s earnings relative to men’s. every dollar earned by men. Write
the ratio of 58 to 100 as a reduced
a. Women earn 73 cents for every dollar (100 cents) men make. Write the ratio
fraction.
of 73 to 100 as a fraction in reduced form.
b. Hispanic women earn 52 cents for
b. African-American women earn 64 cents for every dollar earned by white
every dollar earned by white men.
men. Write the ratio of 64 to 100 as a fraction in reduced form.
Write the ratio of 52 to 100 as a
fraction in reduced form.
SOLUTION
73 64 4 16 16 Answers
a. b.
100 100 4 25 25 1. a. 7
1 3 1
b. 15 5
4 2
c. 18 9
3 22 29
2. 8 3. 7 4. a. 50 b. 1235
B Writing Proportions
An equation that states that two ratios are equal is called a proportion. Thus a proportion
can be written as:
Writing Proportions a c

b d
Read as “a is to b as c is to d.”
Thus the proportion 3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8 is written as

3 6

4 8
Similarly, the proportion 2 is to 9 as x is to 3 is written as
2 x

9 3
Web It
For a lesson on ratio and proportion, try link 4-1-5 on the Bello website at mhhe.com/bello.
For an interactive quiz, try link 4-1-6. Hint: £ means “pound sterling.”
For a more advanced lesson and applications dealing with proportions and how to solve them, try
link 4-1-7.
EXAMPLE 5 Write each of the following proportions as an equation. PROBLEM 5

a. 5 is to 10 as 1 is to 2 Write each of the following proportions
as an equation.
b. 5 is to 6 as 15 is to x
a. 4 is to 12 as 1 is to 3
SOLUTION
b. 5 is to 8 as 10 is to y
a. 5 is to 10 as 1 is to 2 is written as
5 1

10 2
b. 5 is to 6 as 15 is to x is written as
5 15

6 x
We have already mentioned that the proportion a is to b as c is to d can be written as

a c

b d
which is an example of an equation. If we multiply both sides of this equation by bd, we
obtain
a c
(bd) (bd)
b d
or
a c
(bd) (bd)
b d
Answers
That is,
4 1 5
5. a. 12 3 b. 8 1y0 ad bc
Web It We can remember this more easily by using the following rule:
For a lesson on solving pro- The Cross-Product Rule

portions, go to link 4-1-8 on a c
the Bello website at mhhe. If then ad bc
b d
com/bello.
To learn how to solve propor- That is, the cross products formed from the proportion are equal.
tions and solve some applica-
tions, try link 4-1-9 on the a c
Bello website. ad bc
b d
For a lesson on proportions
with an optional quiz, try link For example,
4-1-10. 3 18

4 24
means
3 24 4 18
and
6 x

7 14
means
6 14 7 x
This process is known as cross multiplying.
C Finding if Numbers Are Proportional
We can use the cross product to find out if two pairs of numbers are proportional. Thus, to
determine if the pair of numbers 10, 8 and 5, 4 are proportional, we write:
10 5
10 4 8 5
8 4
Since the cross products are equal, the two pairs are proportional, that is,
10 5

8 4
EXAMPLE 6 Official width to length for the flag PROBLEM 6

There is a law stating that the ratio of width to length for the American flag The World’s Largest Flag (Superflag) at
should be 10 to 19. One of the largest flags measures 210 by 411 feet. Are the the Hoover Dam (see photo) measures
pairs of numbers 10, 19 and 210, 411 proportional? 255 feet by 505 feet. Do these measure-
ments satisfy the 10 to 19 official flag
SOLUTION We write ratio?
10 210
10 411 19 210
19 411
But 10 411 4110 and 19 210 3990; thus the cross products are not
equal, so the two pairs are not proportional. The flag does not satisfy the 10 to
19 official flag ratio.
Answer
6. No, 10 505 19 255
D Solving Proportions
To solve proportions, we can use cross products. For example, the proportion 32 9x can be
solved as follows:
3x 2 9 Find the cross products.
29
x Divide both sides by 3.
3
18
x Multiply 2 by 9.
3
x6 Divide 18 by 3.
You can check that 6 is the solution by replacing x with 6 in the original equation and then
cross multiplying. We write
3 9

2 6
Since 3 6 2 9, the solution x 6 is correct.
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the proportion: PROBLEM 7

6 2 x 9 5 x Solve the proportion:
a. b. c.
x 5 4 8 7 14 8 4
a.
x 5
SOLUTION
x 7
6 2 b.
a. 6 8
x 5
6 x
652x Cross multiply. c.
7 14
6 5 2x
65
2
30
x Multiply 6 by 5.
2
15 x Divide 30 by 2.
The solution is x 15.

x 9
b.
4 8
8x 4 9 Cross multiply.
49
8
36
x Multiply 4 by 9.
8
9
x Simplify by dividing the numerator and denominator by 4.
2
Answers
9 21
The solution is x . 7. a. x 10 b. x 4
2 c. x 12
5 x
c.
7 14
5 14 7x Cross multiply.
5 14
7
70
x Multiply 5 by 14.
7
10 x Divide 70 by 7.
The solution is x 10.
E Applications
EXAMPLE 8 Parts produced in the assembly line PROBLEM 8

A worker in an assembly line takes 3 hours to produce 28 parts. At that rate A worker in a factory produces 32 parts
how many parts can she produce in 9 hours? in 5 hours. At that rate how many parts
can he produce in 20 hours?
28
SOLUTION The rate of production is 28 parts per 3 hours, that is, 3. If
x
she produced x parts in 9 hours, the rate would be 9. Since we wish to
28
maintain the rate 3, Web It
x 28 To see more movie bloopers,

9 3 go to Bello link 4-1-11 (num-
3x 9 28 ber 29249) at mhhe.com/bello.
3x 252 You can also see link 4-1-12,

where they reach a similar
252
x 84 conclusion to ours.
3
Thus the worker should produce 84 parts in 9 hours.
An important application of ratio and proportion is the creation of a scale drawing or

model, a representation of an object that is to be drawn or built to actual size. The scale
gives the relationship between the measurements of the drawing or model and the mea-
surements of the real object. For example, Mini Me is Dr. Evil’s clone and is said to be 18 of
Dr. Evil’s size, so the scale is
1 inch 8 inches
How tall is Dr. Evil? We shall find out next.
EXAMPLE 9 Finding Dr. Evil’s height PROBLEM 9

1

If Mini Me is 32 inches tall and of Dr. Evil’s size, how tall is Dr. Evil?
8 If Mini Me is 32 inches tall and 37 of
Dr. Evil’s size, how tall is Dr. Evil?
SOLUTION Since the scale is 1 inch (Mini Me) 8 inches (Dr. Evil), and
Mini Me is 32 inches tall, we make the proportion
1 inch 8 inches

32 inches E
1 E 32 8 Cross multiply.
E 256 Multiply 32 by 8. Answers

1

Thus, Dr. Evil has to be 256 inches tall (21 ft ft!), which is clearly impossible. 8. 128
2
9. 743 in.
3
Exercises 4.1 Boost your GRADE

at mathzone.com!
In Problems 1–10, write the given ratio as a fraction in reduced form.

1. 3 to 8 2. 4 to 17 3. 5 to 35
• Practice Problems
4. 8 to 64 5. 32 to 4 6. 40 to 8 • Self-Tests
• Videos
7. 11 to 3 8. 13 to 9 9. 0.5 to 0.15 • NetTutor
• e-Professors
10. 0.6 to 0.24
In Problems 11–18, write each proportion as an equation.

11. 1 is to 4 as 5 is to 20 12. 5 is to 16 as 10 is to 32 13. a is to 3 as b is to 7
14. 7 is to a as 8 is to b 15. a is to 6 as b is to 18 16. a is to b as 6 is to 8
17. 3 is to a as 12 is to b 18. 9 is to 18 as a is to b
In Problems 19–28, determine if the pairs of numbers are proportional.

19. 3, 4 and 5, 6 20. 6, 12 and 4, 8 21. 6, 9 and 8, 12 22. 7, 3 and 9, 4
23. 0.3, 5 and 3, 50 24. 0.9, 7 and 4, 30 25. 6, 1.5 and 8, 2 26. 3, 1.5 and 4, 0.2
27. 3, 1.2 and 5, 0.2 28. 5, 2.5 and 6, 3
In Problems 29–50, solve for x in the given proportion.

29. 3 is to 4 as 6 is to x 30. 5 is to 8 as 10 is to x 31. 9 is to 10 as 18 is to x
32. 5 is to 7 as x is to 21 33. 8 is to 5 as x is to 30 34. 4 is to 3 as x is to 12
35. 12 is to x as 4 is to 5 36. 18 is to x as 6 is to 5 37. 20 is to x as 4 is to 5
38. x is to 20 as 9 is to 10 39. x is to 21 as 2 is to 3 40. x is to 22 as 4 is to 2
x 3 x 5 15 5 14 7
41. 42. 43. 44.
16 4 21 3 x 3 x 6
8 x 7 x 14 7 18 6
45. 46. 47. 48.
9 16 2 4 22 x 30 x
3.5 x 4.5 x
49. 50.
4 7 6 8
In Problems 51–60, write a proportion that could be used to solve for the variable, then solve.
51. 2 pairs of Bill Blass shorts for $26 52. 2 pairs of Body Code shorts for $25
8 pairs of Bill Blass shorts for $d 5 pairs of Body Code shorts for $d
53. 5 Power Bar Energy Bites for $4 54. 12-pack soda product for $1.98
8 Power Bar Energy Bites for $x 8-pack soda product for $x
55. $4.38 for a 4-pound roast 56. $18 for 2 pounds of grouper fillet
$y for a 6-pound roast $y for 3 pounds of grouper fillet
57. $9 for 3 pounds of top round steak 58. $3.60 for 5 dozen Bic Round Stick pens
$z for 5 pounds of top round steak $2.16 for x dozen Bic Round Stick pens
59. $6.95 for a 5-pack of Sanford Uniball pens 60. $2.88 for a 6-pack of Staples Outflow pens
$5.56 for an x-pack of Sanford Uniball pens $1.92 for an x-pack of Staples Outflow pens
APPLICATIONS
61. Ratio of cars to people in Bermuda The ratio of cars to 62. Ratio of cars to people in Haiti The ratio of cars to
people in Bermuda is 340 per 1000. Write this ratio as a people in Haiti is 4 per 1000. Write this ratio as a frac-
fraction in reduced form. tion in reduced form.
63. Business failures In a recent year, the failure rate for 64. Business failures during the Depression The highest
businesses in the United States was 114 per 10,000. failure rate for businesses in the United States occurred
Write this ratio as a fraction in reduced form. in 1932 during the Depression. The ratio was 154 per
10,000. Write this ratio as a fraction in reduced form.
65. Dollar bill dimensions The dimensions of a dollar bill 66. German emergency notes The smallest German emer-
are 6.15 inches long by 2.61 inches wide. Write the ratio gency notes were issued in 1920 and measured 0.70 by
6.15 to 2.61 as a fraction in reduced form. 0.72 inch. Write the ratio 0.70 to 0.72 as a fraction in
reduced form.
67. Pupil–teacher ratio in Sweden The lowest pupil– 68. Pupil–teacher ratio in Upper Volta The highest pupil–
teacher ratio in the world is that of Sweden, 18 to 1. If a teacher ratio in the world is that of the Upper Volta,
school in Sweden has 900 students, how many teachers about 600 to 1. If a school in the Upper Volta has 1800
does it have? students, how many teachers does it have?
69. Property tax rate The property tax in a certain state is 70. More property taxes If the property tax rate is 12 mills
$9 for every $1000 of assessed valuation (9 mills). What ($12 per thousand), what is the tax on a property as-
is the tax on a property assessed at $40,000? sessed at $45,000?
71. Scale airplane models A plastic model of a 747 air- 72. More airplane models If the length of the model
plane is constructed to a scale of 1 to 144. If the airplane mentioned in Problem 71 is 48 centimeters,
wingspan of the model is 40 centimeters, how long is the what is the actual length of a 747 airplane?
actual wingspan on a 747 airplane? Note that 100 cen-
timeters equal 1 meter.
73. Ratio of declining to advancing stocks On a certain 74. Ratio of advancing to declining stocks On a certain
day the ratio of stocks declining in price to those ad- day the ratio of stocks advancing in price to those de-
vancing in price was 5 to 2. If 300,000 stocks declined clining in price was 4 to 3. If 150,000 stocks advanced
in price, how many advanced in price? in price, how many declined in price?
75. Calling 911 As you can see from the graph, 85 out of
100 calls to 911 had no trouble.
a. Write the ratio 85 out of 100 as a reduced fraction.
b. On a certain day, 500 calls were made to 911. How
many calls to 911 would you expect to have no
trouble? (See the graph.)
c. On a certain day, 102 callers reported some trouble
calling 911. How many total calls were made to 911?
Source: Data from Anne R. Carey and Keith Carter, USA TODAY.
76. More 911 calls As you can see from the graph, 9 out
of 100 calls to 911 took several tries.
a. Write the ratio 9 out of 100 as a fraction.
b. On a certain day, 300 calls were made to 911. How
many calls to 911 would you expect to have taken
21.5
several tries?
79.6
c. On a certain day, 72 callers reported they had to
make several tries to reach 911 (see the graph). How Note: The density levels for 1900 include Alaska and Hawaii,
many total calls were made to 911? which were not yet states.
Source: Data from Anne R. Carey and Keith Carter,

USA TODAY.
77. Population density of Lake Wobegon In 2004, the 78. Atlantis population density According to Plato’s de-
population density of the United States reached 80 peo- scription, the population of the lost city of Atlantis was
ple per square mile. How many people would you between 6 and 10 million people. If the area of Atlantis
expect around Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, an area of was 86,400 square kilometers and the population is as-
50 square miles? sumed to have been 8,640,000 inhabitants, what was the
population density for Atlantis?
Sources: atlantishistory.com; Eden—The Andrew Collins Website.
79. Population density in Macau One of the most densely 80. Population density in Monaco Another densely popu-
populated cities is Macau (a Chinese territory under lated city is Monaco with 31,980 inhabitants living on
Portuguese administration) with about 446,250 inhabi- 1.95 square kilometers of land. What is the population
tants living on 21 square kilometers of land. What is the density per square kilometer in Monaco?
population density per square kilometer in Macau?
SKILL CHECKER
Try the Skill Checker Exercises so you’ll be ready for the next section.
Reduce to lowest terms.
350 3.5 4.8 6.4
81. 82. 83. 84.
1000 100 3.2 3.2
USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Ratios are used in business to measure liquidity (the ability Suppose a business has $15,000 in current assets, $8000 in
to pay short-term debts), profit, and solvency (ability to pay current liabilities, $60,000 in total assets, and $60,000 in
debts). Here is the definition of some of these ratios: total liabilities.
current assets 85. Write the current ratio for the business as a fraction in
current ratio reduced form.
current liabilities
net profits 86. Write the debt-to-assets ratio for the business as a frac-
net profit margin tion in reduced form.
net sale s
total liabilities 87. The net sales of a business amounted to $50,000. If net
debt-to-assets ratio profits were $8000, what was the net profit margin?
total assets
WRITE ON
88. Explain in your own words the difference between a 89. Explain in your own words the procedure you use to
ratio and a proportion. solve a proportion.
90. Explain in your own words how proportions could be

used in using a recipe to cook a favorite dish.
MASTERY TEST
If you know how to do these problems, you have learned your lesson!
91. The ratio of registered vehicles to people in Madison, 92. The ratio of bicycles to registered vehicles in Madison,
Wisconsin, is 170,000 to 210,000. Write this ratio as a Wisconsin, is 3 to 2. If there are 170,000 registered
fraction in reduced form. vehicles in Madison, how many bicycles do they have?
93. Write each proportion as an equation: 94. Express as a fraction in reduced form:
a. 2 is to 5 as 4 is to 10 a. 3 to 6 b. 8 to 44
b. 5 is to 8 as 15 is to x c. 1 to 7
95. The ratio of width to length for an American flag is 10 to 96. Solve the proportion:
19. A flag measuring 50 by 95 is made. Does this flag 6 3 x 5
satisfy the 10 to 19 ratio? a. b.
x 2 3 6
5 x
c.
7 14
97. A worker can produce 10 parts in 3 hours. At that rate, 98. A statue of Professor Math is 30 inches tall. If the statue
how long would it take this worker to produce 30 parts? is 37 as tall as Professor Math, how tall is Professor
Math?
4.2 RATES
To Succeed, Review How To . . . Objectives
Before starting this section you should You should be able to:
know how to:
A Write a rate as a reduced fraction
1. Round numbers. (p. 208) with the correct units.
2. Reduce a fraction to lowest terms. B Write unit rates and use them to
(pp. 122–124) compare prices.
3. Write a fraction as a decimal.
(pp. 215–217)
GETTING STARTED The table gives the

rates for printing a clas- Local Noncontract Classified Rates
sified ad. In the preced- (per-day rates)
ing section, we used Noncommissionable
ratios to compare like
quantities such as cir- 3-Line Min. 4-Inch Min.
cumference to diameter Days Line Rate Inch Rate
(both in inches) or Sunday only $5.09 $71.22
width to length (both in 1 day $4.49 $62.86
feet). When a ratio is
used to compare unlike 2–5 days $3.69 $51.74
quantities, such as cost 6–10 days $3.48 $48.78
per day, or miles per 11–15 days $3.30 $46.14
gallon, we call it a rate. 16 days $3.09 $43.26
Source: Newspaper Agency Corporation.
RATES
A rate is a ratio used to compare two different kinds of measures.
A Writing Rates
Suppose you wish to run an ad one time on Sunday (first line in the table). The cost will be
$5.09
$5.09 per line. This rate is written as
line . (Note that per indicates division.) Similarly, if
your car travels 200 miles on 8 gallons of gas, the miles-per-gallon rate can be written:
200 miles miles mi
, or 25 , or 25 miles per gallon, or 25 , or 25 mpg.
8 gallons gallon gal
Web It
For a lesson dealing with rates, go to link 4-2-1 at the Bello website at mhhe.com/ bello.
To study ratios and rates and work some practice problems with answers, try link 4-2-2 at the
Bello website.
For a very brief lesson dealing with rates, try link 4-2-3.
For some applications dealing with ratios and rates, try link 4-2-4.
4-15 4.2 Rates 259
EXAMPLE 1 Rate per word for Hemingway PROBLEM 1

One of the highest rates ever offered a writer was $30,000 to Ernest John Creasey published 564 books over
Hemingway for a 2000-word article on bullfighting. Find the rate per word. a 41-year period (1932–1973). To the
(Per-word rates for magazine writers are around $1.60/word!) (The article nearest whole number, how many books
was published by Sports Illustrated.) per year is that?
SOLUTION We want to find how many dollars per word, so we divide:

30,000 dollars
$15 per word
2000 words
EXAMPLE 2 Motoring from L.A. to Vancouver PROBLEM 2

What is the miles-per-gallon rate for your car? Two automotive engineers Lionel Harrison and E. A. Ferguson
named Craig Henderson and Bill Green traveled 1759 miles on 17 gallons of drove 1900 miles from London to
gas (from Dodger Stadium to Vancouver, B.C.). What was their miles-per- Moscow on 62 gallons of gas. What
gallon rate? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number.) was their mile-per-gallon rate? (Round
the answer to the nearest whole
SOLUTION To find miles per gallon, we divide 1759 by 17. number.)
103.4
759.0
171
17
059
51
80
68
12
Thus, their rate was about 103 miles per gallon (rounded from 103.4).
EXAMPLE 3 Rate of coverage for lawn food PROBLEM 3

An 18-pound bag of lawn food covers 5000 square feet of lawn. To the nearest An 18-pound bag of lawn food costs $6.
whole number, what is the rate of coverage in square feet per pound? To the nearest cent, what is the cost per
pound?
SOLUTION Here we want square feet per pound, so we divide 5000 by
18 (remember per means divide). We have
277.7
18 5
000.0

36
140
126
140
126
14 0
12 6
14
Thus, the rate of coverage is about 278 square feet per pound.
Answers
1. 14 2. 31 3. 33¢
EXAMPLE 4 Intern rate of pay PROBLEM 4

Natasha Bello is a Pharm. D intern at a drugstore. She earned $861 the first two Randy works in the mathematics
weeks in the summer. department and earned $612 the first
two weeks in the summer.
a. What was her rate of pay per week, that is, how much did she make each week?
a. How much did he make each week?
b. If she worked a total of 82 hours, what was her hourly rate of pay?
b. If he worked a total of 72 hours,
SOLUTION what was his hourly rate of pay?
a. The rate of pay per week is the ratio of the money earned ($861) divided
by the length of time she worked (2 weeks).
$861 dollars
430.50 or $430.50 per week
2 weeks week
b. The rate of pay per hour is the ratio of the money earned ($861) divided
by the number of hours she worked (82 hours).
$861 dollars
10.50 or $10.50 per hour
82 hours hour
10.50
82861.0

82
41 0
41 0
0
B Unit Pricing
Most supermarkets help you compare prices by posting the unit price for the items.
A rate in which the denominator is 1 is called a unit rate.
Thus, if a 5-pound bag of potatoes costs 90¢, the cost per pound is
90¢ 18¢

5 pounds 1 pound
and the unit price is 18¢ per pound.
EXAMPLE 5 Buying gourmet popcorn PROBLEM 5

A 30-ounce jar of gourmet popping corn costs $3.99. What is the unit price in A 10-ounce jar of microwave popping
cents per ounce? corn costs $1.89. What is the unit price
in cents per ounce?
SOLUTION
$3.99 399¢
13.3¢ per ounce
30 ounces 30 ounces
13.3
30399
30
99
90
90 Answers
90 4. a. $306 per week
0 b. $8.50 per hour 5. 18.9¢
4-17 4.2 Rates 261
1
Unit prices will help you to find the best buy when comparing prices. Thus, if the 12-pound
container of brand X gourmet popcorn is selling for $1.80, is it a better buy than the pop-
corn of Example 5? To be able to compare prices, we must find the total number of ounces
1
in brand X. Since 1 pound 16 ounces, 12 pounds 16 ounces 8 ounces 24 ounces.
The price per ounce of brand X is
180¢
7.5¢ per ounce
24 ounces
Thus, brand X is a better buy.
Web It
For an explanation of unit pricing at the grocery store, go to link 4-2-5 at the Bello website at
mhhe.com/bello.
For a well-done lesson on how to use unit pricing, try link 4-2-6.
For more explanations about what unit pricing means and how to use it, try link 4-2-7 on the Bello
website.
EXAMPLE 6 Buying oil for the popcorn PROBLEM 6

A 12-ounce bottle of gourmet popcorn oil sells for $1.99. The 24-ounce brand A 29-ounce jar of spaghetti sauce costs
X bottle costs $3.99. Which is the better buy? $1.09. The 24-ounce bottle costs 89¢.
Which is the better buy?
SOLUTION We compare unit prices to the nearest hundredth of a cent.
199¢
Gourmet: 16.58¢ per ounce
12 ounces
16.58
12199.0
0
12
79
72
70
60
1 00
96
4
399¢
Brand X: 16.63¢ per ounce
24 ounces
16.625
24399.0
00
24
159
144
15 0
14 4
60
48
120
120
0 Answer
Thus, the gourmet popcorn oil is a better buy. 6. 24-ounce bottle
Exercises 4.2 Boost your GRADE

at mathzone.com!
In Problems 1–10, write the indicated rates.

1. Rate of pay per hour A student is paid at the rate of
• Practice Problems
$38 for 8 hours of work. What is the rate per hour? • Self-Tests
• Videos
2. Construction worker’s pay According to the Bureau • NetTutor
of Labor Statistics, the average construction worker • e-Professors
makes $760 a week and works 40 hours. What is the
rate per hour?
3. Calculating miles per gallon A car uses 12 gallons of 4. More miles per gallon A student traveled 231 miles in
gas on a 258-mile trip. How many miles per gallon is going from Houston to Dallas. If she used 12 gallons of
that? gas, how many miles per gallon did her car get?
5. Plane’s rate of travel A plane flew from Boston to 6. Plane’s rate of travel The air distance between New
1
Chicago in 1.5 hours. If the air distance between these York and Dallas is 1375 miles. If a plane takes 22 hours
two cities is 840 miles, what was the plane’s rate of to make the flight, what is the plane’s rate of travel?
travel?
7. More flying One of the fastest flights in the continental 8. Marathon runner One of the fastest marathon runners
United States was made by Captain Robert G. Sowers. is Balaine Desimo, who completed 26 miles in 2.1 hours.
He flew 2459 miles from Los Angeles to New York in To the nearest mile, what was his rate of travel?
2 hours. What was his rate of travel?
9. Tortilla rate of consumption Tom Nall ate 74 tortillas 10. Refinery rate of production The Amerada Hess refin-
in 30 minutes at Mariano’s Mexican Restaurant in ery in St. Croix produced 345,000 barrels of oil a day.
Dallas, Texas. To the nearest tenth, what was his What is the rate of production in barrels per hour?
per-minute rate of consumption?
In Problems 11–20, write each rate as a unit rate.

11. Calories per gram of hamburgers A McDonald’s 12. Calories per gram of hamburgers A Burger King
hamburger has 263 calories and weighs 100 grams. hamburger has 275 calories and weighs 110 grams.
Find the number of calories per gram. Find the number of calories per gram.
13. Rate of cars serviced in one hour A car dealership 14. Monthly sales per person A car dealership has
services 90 cars in an average day. If the service depart- 16 salespersons and sold 104 cars during the last month.
ment operates 7.5 hours each day, at what rate per hour To the nearest tenth, what was the monthly number of
are cars serviced? sales per salesperson?
15. Bamboo growth rate Which is the fastest-growing 16. Daily growth rate for tomato plants At the Tsukuba
plant you know? A bamboo plant grew 36 inches in a Science Expo in Japan it was announced that a single
24-hour period. What was the hourly growth rate for tomato plant produced 12,312 tomatoes in 347 days.
this plant? To the nearest tenth, what was the daily rate at which
tomatoes were growing on this plant?
17. Caloric content of avocados The fruit with the highest 18. Caloric content of cucumbers The fruit with the
caloric value is the avocado: 112 pounds of edible lowest caloric value is the cucumber. A 112-pound
avocado contain 1110 calories. what is the caloric rate cucumber has 109.5 calories. What is the caloric rate
per edible pound? per pound of cucumbers?
19. Scoring rate for Wilt Chamberlain Wilt Chamberlain 20. Points per season Kareem Abdul Jabbar scored
scored 31,419 points in 1045 basketball games. To the 38,987 points in 20 seasons. About how many points
nearest tenth, at what rate was he scoring per game? per season is that?
4-19 4.2 Rates 263
Have you taken a course to enhance your personal or professional skills? Here are some courses, their length, and their cost.
In Problems 21–26, find the cost per hour to the nearest cent.
Course Cost Hours

21. Business Survival Skills $872 84
22. Introduction to Microsoft Word $87 8
23. Using Websites to Improve Your Bottom Line $87 4
24. Who Moved my Cheese?© $97 4
25. PC Repair and Troubleshooting $895 35
26. Microsoft Windows Professional $698 21
Animal facts from Ringling Brothers

Source: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey.
27. Elephants eat more than 1400 pounds of food (hay, 28. An elephant drinks 770 gallons of water each week.
grain, fruit, and vegetables) a week. How many pounds How many gallons a day is that?
of food per day is that?
29. An American alligator lives about 40 years and, during 30. A llama can travel 60 miles in three days. How many
that time, grows about 3000 teeth. How many teeth per miles per day is that?
year is that?
Unit Prices In Problems 31–36, find each unit price (to the nearest cent) and determine which size has the lowest price.
31. Close-Up 32. Smooth ‘N Shine

Classic Red Gel 6 oz $2.29 Instant Repair Spray-On 4 oz $4.99
Regular Polisher
Close-Up
Classic Red Gel 4 oz $1.59
Regular
Frizz-Ease
Relax Wave-Maker Styling
Spray 6 oz $6.99
Ripple Effect
33. Walgreens 34. Nabisco

Fruit Chews Candy 26 oz $1.99 SnackWells Cookies 7.75 oz $2.79
Assorted Creme Sandwich
Nabisco
Walgreens Sociables
Gum Drops 11 oz $0.99 Baked Savory 8 oz $2.99
Crackers
35. Dry Idea 36. 2386720

Anti-Perspirant & 2.5 oz $4.49 Advil Caplet 100 CT $7.99
Deodorant Roll-On
Powder Fresh
2754968
Advil Caplet 165 CT $11.99
Lady Mitchum
Anti-Perspirant & 1.5 oz $3.79
Deodorant Roll-On
Powder Fresh Scent
37. Is cheaper always better? As a consumer, you probably 38. Is cheaper always better? A&P wool-washing liquid
believe that cheaper is always better. If you do, read on. costs 79¢ for 16 ounces. Ivory Liquid is $1.25 for
a. Dermassage dishwashing liquid costs $1.31 for 22 ounces.
22 ounces. To the nearest cent, what is the cost per a. To the nearest cent, what is the price per ounce of
ounce? the A&P liquid?
b. White Magic dishwashing liquid costs $1.75 for b. To the nearest cent, what is the price per ounce of
32 ounces. To the nearest cent, what is the cost per the Ivory Liquid?
ounce? c. Based on price alone, which is the better buy?
c. Based on price alone, which is the better buy, But wait. How much do you have to use? According
Dermassage or White Magic? to Consumer Reports, it costs 17¢ for 10 washes with
But how much do you use per wash? Consumer Reports the A&P liquid, but only 12¢ for 10 washes with Ivory
estimated that it costs 10¢ for 10 washes with Dermas- Liquid!
sage and 18¢ for the same number of washes with White For an article on these and other comparisons, see
Magic. Dermassage is a better buy! the August 2002 issue of Consumer Reports.
SKILL CHECKER
Try the Skill Checker Exercises so you’ll be ready for the next section.
Solve.
39. 18 3x 40. 15 8x 41. 6 5 14x
42. 7 8 12x 43. 6x 9 10 44. 9x 4 6
USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Classified rates Look at the rate chart at the beginning of this section. It tells you how much you have to pay per line for a
specified period of time. For example, if you run an ad for 15 days (3-line minimum), the rate is $3.30 per line. This means that if
your ad has 5 lines and it runs for 15 days, the cost will be 5 $3.30 15 $247.50. Now, let us do the reverse process.
45. Suppose you paid $348 for a 10-line ad running for 10 days. 46. Suppose you paid $168 for a 7-line ad running 8 days.
a. How much did you pay each day? a. How much did you pay per day?
b. What was your line-per-day rate? b. What was your line-per-day rate?
WRITE ON
47. Is a ratio always a rate? Explain and give examples. 48. Is a rate always a ratio? Explain and give examples.
49. Write in your own words the procedure you use to find 50. When you say that your car gets 25 miles per gallon, is
a unit rate. 25 miles per gallon
a. a ratio? b. a rate? c. a unit rate?

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qxd 11/23/04 4:22 PM Page 245

Ratio, Rate, and Proportion

4.1 Ratio and

The Human Side of Mathematics

246 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-2

Pretest for Chapter 4

4-3 Answers to Pretest 247

ANSWER IF YOU MISSED REVIEW

QUESTION SECTION EXAMPLES PAGE

10. x 15 10 4.1 7c 252

11. 81 11 4.1 8, 9 253

12. $5 12 4.2 1 259

13. 24 13 4.2 2 259

14. 222 14 4.2 3 259

15. 8¢ 15 4.2 5 260

16. The 12-ounce bottle 16 4.2 6 261

19. 14 19 4.3 3 267

20. 300 20 4.3 4 267

248 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-4

4.1 RATIO AND PROPORTION

GETTING STARTED The ad on this page states that in a

A nationwide survey names Zenith by more than 2 to 1

Writing Ratios in Three Ways

4-5 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 249

EXAMPLE 1 Express each of the following ratios as a fraction in PROBLEM 1

EXAMPLE 2 Ratio of cars to people in the United States PROBLEM 2

EXAMPLE 3 The ratio of circumference (distance around) to diameter PROBLEM 3

7.26 7.26 100 726 22

EXAMPLE 4 The wage gap PROBLEM 4

250 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-6

Thus the proportion 3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8 is written as

EXAMPLE 5 Write each of the following proportions as an equation. PROBLEM 5

We have already mentioned that the proportion a is to b as c is to d can be written as

4-7 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 251

For a lesson on solving pro- The Cross-Product Rule

C Finding if Numbers Are Proportional

EXAMPLE 6 Official width to length for the flag PROBLEM 6

252 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-8

EXAMPLE 7 Solve the proportion: PROBLEM 7

The solution is x 15.

4-9 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 253

The solution is x 10.

EXAMPLE 8 Parts produced in the assembly line PROBLEM 8

3x 252 You can also see link 4-1-12,

An important application of ratio and proportion is the creation of a scale drawing or

EXAMPLE 9 Finding Dr. Evil’s height PROBLEM 9

E 256 Multiply 32 by 8. Answers

254 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-10

Exercises 4.1 Boost your GRADE

In Problems 1–10, write the given ratio as a fraction in reduced form.

In Problems 11–18, write each proportion as an equation.

In Problems 19–28, determine if the pairs of numbers are proportional.

In Problems 29–50, solve for x in the given proportion.

4-11 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 255

256 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-12

Source: Data from Anne R. Carey and Keith Carter,

USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

4-13 4.1 Ratio and Proportion 257

90. Explain in your own words how proportions could be

258 Chapter 4 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion 4-14

GETTING STARTED The table gives the

Source: Newspaper Agency Corporation.