Engineering Chemistry by Sunita Rattan

Solutions Slot – 1 (Chemistry) t; x.
ks’kk; ue%
Page # 1
RADIOACTIVITY
EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol.6 C
Sol.1 B
n/p ratio 24
No. of half lives = =6
4
27 14
13 Al (stable) 200
13
The mass remaining undecayed =
26
29 16
Al (unstable) > stability require- = 3.125 gm
13 13
ment.
Sol.7 A
Hence, 0 emission
−1B
4 24 He →16
8 O
Sol.2 C ∆m = 4 × 4.0026 – 15.834

1n 1P + 0
0 1 –1e (931.5 × ∆m)
BE/Nucleon = MeV
16
Sol.3 A
We have, Nt = N0 e–λt Sol.8 D
−10λ0 1 2.303 A
⇒ N1 = N0 e × t= log 0
9λ 0 K At
−λ0 1 2.303
N2 = N0 e ×
9λ 0 ⇒ log10
(0.693 / 30)
N1 1 2.303 × 30
–1 = 99.69 ≈ 100 days
N2 = e = e 0.693
Sol.9 A
Sol.4 B A
→10 n + ZA −1 X
ZX
18
No. of half lives = =6
3 Sol.10 A
256 0.693 1
The mass remaining undecayed = 6 = (i) λ(x) = λ (y ) = : λy>λx
2 t t
4 gm Ratey > Ratex
1
(ii) 0n →1 p1 + –1 e0
Sol.5 B
230 230
88 X →86 L + 2B + A0 A
(iii) t1/2 = 100 ms = 40 ⇒ t=4×t1/2
No. of neutrons = 230 – 86 = 144 16 2
=400 ms
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Page # 2 Solutions Slot – 1 (Chemistry)
Sol.14 C
A0 3A 0
(v) t=2t1/2 ⇒ A = ⇒ decayed= γ-decay no change in
4 4
Z&A
Sol.11 C
Sol.15 A,C,D
A1 = N1λ1 = N0e− λ1t × λ1
Sol.16 D
A2 = N2 λ2 = N0e−λ2t × λ2
In Fpp there is some repulsion b/w like
charged particles.
ln 2
We have, λ1 =
t
Sol.17 C
ln 2 A1
λ2 = We have, A = 2 2.303 A
2t 2 K= log 0
t A
0.693 2.303 A
Sol.12 A ⇒ = log 0
6 3 10
12 ⇒ A0 = 14.1 mg
We have 12 gm of carbon = = 1 mole
12
Where, Mavg of carbon
Sol.18 C
12 × 1 + 14 × 1.3 × 10 −2 N10 = N0e–λt = N0e–10λ

= ≈ 12
1 + 1.3 × 10 −12 N11 = N0e–λt = N0e–11λ
14C No. of atoms decaylyed during eleventh

∴ No. of atoms = 6 × 1023 × 1.3 ×
day
10 –12
14C = N10 – N11
Activity of = λN
= 0.1 × NA [e–10λ – e–11λ]
0.693
= 23 –12
t1/ 2 × 6 × 10 × 1.3 × 10 Where, λ =
0.693
per day
5
180
=
60 Sol.19 C
t1/2 = 0.18 × 1012sec.
d[ A ]1 λ
= – λ1[A] for A 1 → B
dt
Sol.13 D
1 d[A]2 2 λ
= – λ2[A] for 2A  → B
U238 5 2 dt
206
=
Pb 1
d[ A ]1 d[ A ]2
and + = – (λ1 + 2λ2)[A]
dt dt
U238 + Pb 206 6
⇒ 238
=
∴ λeff = λ1 + 2λ2
U 5
1 1
1 6 ∴ tmean = λ = λ + 2λ = 50 sec.
∴ t = ln  eff 1 2
λ 5
Sol.20 C
Solutions Slot – 1 (Chemistry) Page # 3
2B = A = A 0 e−λ1t
Sol.25 A
Also, B = B0 e −λ 2t = 8 A 0e −λ 2 t
14 1
6 CH4 →14 NH3 + H2 +0−1 e
2
0.693
We have, λ1 =
50 Sol.26 C
0.693 dN
λ2 = = α − λN
10 dt
Solve to get t N t
dN
Sol.21 B ⇒ ∫ α − λN ∫
= dt
N0 0
10 4
Activity A in 10 ml of diluted gas = dps
60 1
⇒N= [α – (α – λN0)e–λt]
Activity AT in 60 L of gas λ
10 4
AT = × 60 ×1000 Sol.27 C
60 × 1010
Put α = 2N0λ
Now, AT in curie
ln 2
and t = t1/2 =
AT λ
= 10 Ci
3.7 × 10
Sol.28 (B)
At steady state
Sol.22 A
dN
Activity is halved in t1/2 = 5760 years. = α – λN = 0
dt
α
Sol.23 B N= = 4 N0
λ
t1/2 = 69.3 min (as activity is halved)
0.693 Sol.29 A
∴ λ =
69.3
∆m = (At. mass of 10
4 Be − 4me ) – (At.
−dN
Also , = λN
dt mass of 10
5 Be − 5me + me− )
0.693
⇒ 10 = ×N
69.3 Sol.30 D
⇒ N = 1000 ∆m = (At. mass of 5B8 – 5 me − ) – (At.
mass of 84 B − 4me − + me − )
Sol.24 D
R1 = λN1
R2 = λN2
R1 R2 (R1 − R 2 )T
N1 – N2 = − =
λ λ 0.693
EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol.1 B-emitter are those which n/p ratio is more −dN
Sol.7 = λN
than required for stability e+1-emitter are dt
those which n/p ratio is less than required
∴ B-emitter → 49Ca, 30Al, 94Kr 0.693
⇒ λ= min–1
1620 × 365 × 24 × 60
and e+-emitter → 85 B , 150H0, 195Hg
1
N= × NA
114 226
Sol.2 49 In (Odd number of nucleons)
−dN
⇒ = λN
Sol.3 (a) 1 dt
1H
= 2.16 × 10 12 disintegration per

(b) 10 n
minute.
(c) 36 Li
Sol.8 Let mass of radon be m
(d) 0
+1e
−dN
= λN
(e) 0 dt
−1e
(f) P(proton) −dN

⇒ = 3.7 × 1010 × 10–3 dps
63 1 62 dt
Sol.4 29 Cu +1 H →29 Cu +12 D
0.693 m
= × × NA
54.5 220
Sol.5 (a) 11 H
m = 1.06 × 10–15 kg
(b) 64
28 Ni
(c) 0
−1B 1 1 1
Sol.9 Amt left = = = 6
( 2)n 64 2
(d) 10 n
∴ No. of half lives = 6
2 × 60 × 60
a ∴ t1/2 = = 1200 s
Sol.6 cX →bd Y+ x 24He + Y10B 6
a = b + 4X 0.693
λ= = 5.77 × 10–4 sec–1
c = d + 2x + y 1200
Solving
a−b Sol.10 210 206

Pb + 24 He
x= 84 PO →82
4
a-x x x
(a − b )
y=d+ –C 2.303 a
2 t= log
λ a−x
1
2.303 × 138 .4 210 2.303 100
69.2 = log Sol.13 t = log
0.693  1  λ 15
 − x
 210 
0.693
Where, λ =
Calculate x (no. of moles of He produced) 12.3
V = 22.4 × x = 32 × 10–3 L ⇒ t = 33.67 years
= 32 ml
2.303 100
Sol.14 λ = log
240 10 80
Sol.11 No. of half lives = =4
60
Activity α Number of atoms present 2.303 5 × 1020

⇒t= log
λ 1018
1
α ⇒ t = 4.65 hr
2n
Fill in the blanks
1 (i) 3.7 x 10 Bq
∴ % Activity present = 4 × 100
2 (ii) 0
–1 e
= 6.25 % (iii) Isobars

(iv) α → 8, β → 6
(v) Isodiaphers
−dN 0.693
Sol.12 A = = λN = × 1012 (vi) 30
dt 30 × 24 × 60 × 60 14 Si
(vii) β – particle
= 2.674 × 105 dps
(viii) Isotone, Isodiaphers
EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Sol.4 Total activity of a sample is the sum of
2.303 × 8 100 the individual activities of all its compo-
Sol.1 t(I) = log
0.693 1 = 53.1 days nents. Let the total mass of the sample
be 1 gm and the mass of 239Pu be × gm
2.303 × 8 100
t(sr) = log
0.693 1 = 132 years x
× 6.023 × 1023 ×
0.693
239 2.44 ×104
90Sr is
likely to be serious, the iodine will
soon be gone.
(1 − x ) 0.693
+ × 6.023 × 1023 ×
240 6.08 × 103
= 6 × 109 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
ln(λ1 / λ 2 ) On calculation
Sol.2 tmax = λ1 − λ 2 239Pu = 45.1 %
⇒ 240Pu = 54.9 %
0.693
We have λ1 = min–1
3.05
Sol.5 We know
0.693 232 208
λ2 = min–1 90Th 82Pb + 62He4 + 4 –1e
0
2.68
∴ 6 × 22400 mL He is formed by 232 g the decay

 2.68 
ln 
 3.05 
232 × 8 × 10 −5
tmax =  0.693 0.693  ∴ 8 × 10–5 mL He is formed by =
 −  6 × 22400
 3.05 2.68 
= 1.38 × 10–7 gm Th decay
= 4.125 min
At t = t, sample has Th = 5 × 10–7 g α N
At t = 0 sample has Th = 5 × 10–7 + 1.38 × 10–7 α
Sol.3 Let we take 1 gm 'K' N0
= 6.38 × 10–7 gm
40K
1× 0.0118
No. of moles of =
40 × 100
2.303 N
for Th decay t = log10 0
No. of atoms of 40K λ N
0.0118
= × 6.022 × 1023 = N
40 × 100 −7
2.303 × 1.39 × 1010 6.38 × 10
= log10
0.693 0.693 5 × 10 −7
Activity = 9 ×N
1.3 × 10 × 365 × 24 × 3600 = 4.89 × 109 year
= 30.69 dis g–1 s–1
Sol.8 A
238U
1
Sol.6 = 1 gm = mol = a
238 50 0.50
Uranium present = gm = g atm
100 238
206Pb
0.214
= 0.214 gm = mol = 2.10 × 10–3 g atm
206
2.425 2.425
 1 0.214  Pb present = g= g atom
Initially 238U =  +  mol = a 100 100 × 206
 238 206  0
Pb formed from uranium decay = 2.495 × 93
2.303 × 4.5 × 10 9 a = 0.109 × 10–3 g atom

∴t= log 0
0.693 a Thus, N = 2.10 × 10–3 g atom
= 1.4 × 109 years N0 = (2.10 + 0.109) × 10–3 g atom

= 2.209 × 10–3 g atom
Sol.7 U238 Pb206 2.303 N

Now, t= log10 0
weight 1g 0.1 g λ N
at t = t
2.303 2.209 × 10 −3
1 0. 1 = −10
log10
Mole at 1.52 × 10 2.10 × 10 −3
238 206 227 A
c
t=t
1 0. 1 1
∴ N0 U238 = + and NU238 = 0.693
238 206 238 Sol.10 If t = 4 day, λ = then
8
2.303 N Since r0 α N0 and r α N
t= log 0
λ N
r0 N0
∴ =
1 0. 1 r N
+
2.303 × 4.5 × 10 9 238 206
= log 1 2.303 r
0.693 t= log 0
238 λ r
t = 7.1 × 108 year. 4 = 2.303 × 8 log r0

r = 0.707 r0
Thus iodic ion left is 0.707 Part of initially
injected sample, however the rate decreases
only 67.7 % or 0.677 in 4 days, thus
if 0.707 is left then iodide iion migrated to
thyroid = 1
Thus, 0.677 is left then iodide ion inigrated
1× 0.677
to thyroid = = 0.958
0.707
or 95.8% of the iodide ion is migrated to gland.
EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Sol.1 B Sol.5 C
Mass no. 238 234

23/10
At. no. 92 U →90 Th + 24 He
MassNo.23 23
Mass number = 238 – 4 = 234 At.No. 11 Na →10 Ne + +1 e0
Atomic number = 92 – 2 = 90
mass no. 23
ratio of = in final nuclide
at no. 10
Sol.2 B
Sol.6 A & D
β−emission
241 4 244 0 1
29 N 16 96 Am +2 He →97 Bk + +1 e +0 n
In 13 Al the ratio of = is high, only
P 13
those reactions are favoured which help
Sol.7 C
N
in lowering ratio. A: initial No
P
B: initial 8 No
29
29 β −decay
→14 Si +0−1 e (β-emission) Let=time=t
13 Al   
t=n1t1/2,A=n2t1/2,B → 5n1=n2
Sol.3 D No No
NA = n1 ; NB =
235 1
2 2n2
92 U + 0 n →139
54 Xe + 94
38 Sr + 30 n1
NA=2NB (Given)
In such raidoactive transformation reactions
the sum of mass number and atomic number ⇒ n1=n2 –4
should be the same on both sides of re- ⇒ n1=1
action
(mass of reactants = mass of product)
Sol.8 B
(Law of conservation of mass)
β−emission
Sol.4 A 29 N 16
In 13 Al the ratio of = is high, only
P 13
1 emission
0n those reactions are favoured which help
N
24
no. of neutrons 13 in lowering ratio.
In 11 Na the ratio of = P
no. of protons 11
is high and it tends to form the stable 29 β− decay 29
13 Al    →14 Si + 0−1 e (β-emission)
isotope 23 as :
11 Na
24 23
11 Na →11 Na + 0 n1 Sol.9 C
It may also undergo β-decay 1 1 0

0n →1 p + −1 e
24 24
11 Na →12 Mg +0−1 e
It is not the option.
Sol.10 PQRS (for all) Sol.16 A
Zone of stability
Sol.11 D
235 139 94 2
92 U →54 X +38 Sr +0 n N
P
Sol.12 C
When cosmic radiations (fast moving neu- In the case of a heavier nuclei, the nu-
trons) strike nitrogen in the atmosphere cleus starts becoming unstable as repul-
14 14 sion between proton-proton> attraction
they give 6 C which is absorbed. But 6 C between proton-neutron.
is also radioactive and simulataneously de-
cays also. Hence, the carbon content re-
mains the same. Sol.17
Sol.13 B t1/2 = 5770 yr.
Since, carbon dating method is not accu- 0.693

rate over 30000 years, hence only option λ= = 1.20 x 10–4 yr–1
5770
for fossil age that fits is 6000 yrs. Hence,
option (B) is correct. also T = n t1/2 ⇒ n = 2
No N 1
⇒ N= ⇒ =
Sol.14 A 4 No 4
T2 = Age of fossil at far areas
T1 = Age of fossil at near areas Sol.18 Let the no. of α-particles emitted = x
C1 = conc. nearby expolsion Let the no. of β-particles emitted = y
C2 = conc. at far off place Equation of radioactive decay as
C1 > C2 234 206
90 Th = 82 Pb + xα + yβ
Then change in conc. C1 to C2 takes place
at 234 206
90 Th =82 Pb + x 24He + ye 0−1
1 C1 Equating mass nos.

T1 – T2 = ∆T = ln C
λ 2
234 = 206 + 4x
⇒ 4x = 28
1 N
t= ln 0
λ N x=7
Equuating the at nos.
Sol.15 C 90 = 82 + 7 × 2 – y
23 23 7=6
11Na → +1e° + 10x
α-particles = 7
Atomic mass 23
= β -particles = 6
Atomic no. 10
Sol.19 No. of tritium atoms in 10 g of H2O
dN 2 × 6.023 × 10 23 × 10
= 346 x 60 dph = × 8 × 10–18
dt 18
 dN  1 = 5.3532 × 106 atom

0.693
λ= ⇒ N=  
66.6  dt  λ Initial conc. of H13 atoms in 10 g of H2O
66.6 = 5.3532 × 106

N = 346 x 60 x = 1995.11
.693 Let the conc. left after 40 yr. = N
 No  .693  No  2.303 N
λ= log 0
tλ = G   ⇒ 6.903 x = ln   t N
 N  66.6  N 
 No  0.693 2.303 5.3532 × 10 6

= log
⇒ .0718 = ln   12.3 40 N
 1995.11 
⇒ No. = 2143.54 particles 5.3532 × 10 6 0.693 × 40

log =
N 12.3 × 2.303
2143.54
⇒ No = NA mole = .355 x 10–20 moles
N = 5.6223 × 105 atoms
Sol.21 t1/2 of Sr90 = 28.1 yr

λ = disintegration const.
Sol.20 Ratio of 3 = 8.0 × 10–18 : 1
1H : H
0.693 0.693
Tritium decays as below : = –1
t1/ 2 = 28.1 yr
H a l f l i f e p e r i o d r
1/2 = 12.3 years
Disintegration constant = Initial conc. of Sr90 = 10–6 g = 1µ g
Let N be the conc. of Sr90 left after 20
0.693 0.693 years = N
λ= =
t1/ 2 12.3
t = 20 years
Consider one mole of water
2.303 N
λ= log 0
mol. wt. of H2O = 18 t N
One mole of H2O = 18 g wt. of
0.693 2.303 N
2 × 6.023 × 1023 atoms of hydrogen = log 0
28.1 20 N
18 g of H2O contain hdyrogen atoms
= 2 × 6.023 × 1023 N0 20 × 0693
log = = 0.2141
10 g of H2O contain hydrogen atoms N 28.1× 2.303
Taking anti-logarithm
23
2 × 6.023 × 10 × 10
=
18 N0
= 1.6375
N
Since, the ratio of tritium H13 : H ( )
1
= 8 × 10–18 : 1 N= µ g = 0.6107 µg
1.6375
Sol.22 238 208

mole 92 U 0.1 mole of 82 Pb ≡ 0.1 mole
→ 227Th (λ1)
of 238
→ 223F (λ2) 92 U .
r
0.693
now λ1+λ2 = λ eff = .....(i)
21.8 Let the amount of 238 =1g
92 U
λ1 1.2 1.2 206 238

also λ = ⇒ λ1 = λ .....(ii) 82 Pb ≡92 U
2 98.8 98.8 2
206 g of Pb is obtained from U238 = 238 g
put (ii) in (i)
0.1 g of Pb is obtained from U 238 =
100λ2 0.693 238
⇒ = ⇒ λ2= 3.14 x 10–2 yr–1 × 0.1
98.8 21.8 206
λ1 = 3.8 x 10–4 yr–1 = 0.1155 g

Initial conc. no. = 1 + 0.1155 = 1.1155 g
Final conc. no. = 1.0
t1/2 = 4.5 × 109 yr. of 238

Sol.23 C,A 92 U
0.693 0.693
Two possibilities exist λ= t1/ 2 = 4.5 × 109
Let t be the age of ore.
<
18
9 F+ γ −rays
14 4
7 N + 2 He 17 1
8 O +1H 2.303 N
t= log 0
λ N
Sol.24 Let the no. of α-paricles emitted = x
2.303 × 4.5 × 109 1.1155
Let the no. of β-particles emitted = y = log
0.693 1.00
Equation of radioactive decay
2.303 × 4.5 × 10 9
238 206 = log1.1155
92 U =82 Pb + xα + yβ 0.693
Age of ore = t = 7.09 × 108 years
238 206
92 U = 82 Pb + xHe24 + ye0−1
Sol.25 64 undergoes
Equating atomic mass 29 Cu
238 = 206 + 4x (i) β emission

(ii) β⊕ emission
x = 8 (No. of α -particles)
(iii) electron capture
Equating at no.
92 = 82 + 8 × 2 – y Let the rate constant for β emission = K1
or 7 = 98 – 92 = 6 Let the rate constant for β⊕ emission = K2
Let the rate constant for electron caputre
or ore → 206 238 emission = K3
82 Pb + 92 U
Overall rate constant
1 : 1
0.693 0.693 –1
0.1 : 1 K = K1 + K2 + K3 = t1/ 2 = 12.8 h
One mole of 206 is obtained from one 64

82 Pb t1/2 of 29 Cu = 12.8 h
K1 = % of β decay × Rate costant (over-

nx(.693)
all) 4.16 = n x t1/2 ⇒ 4.16 =
2
38 0.38 × 0.693 –1 ⇒ n=3
= ×K = h
100 12.8 ⇒ p=8
t1/2 of β emission
0.693 0.693 × 12.8 12.8 Sol.30 (A)
= = =
K 0.38 × 0.693 0.38
4 27 30 + 0n1(x)
(partial half life) 2He + 13Al → 15P
= 33.68 hr 30 30
15P → 14Si + +1e° (z)
K2 = % of β⊕ decay × K (overall)
27 + 2He4 → 30 + 1P1 (x)
19 0.693 0.19 × 0.693 –1 13Al 14Si
= × = h
100 12.8 12.8
Let (t2)1/2 be the partial half life of β⊕
emission
0.693 0.693 0.43 × 0.693

= = = h–1
K2 12.8 12.3
(t3)1/2 is the partial half life of electron
caputure
0.693 0.693 × 12.3
= =
K 0.693 × 0.43
12.8
= = 29.77 hr
0.43
Sol.26
(i) 234 → 7 He4 + 6 β ° + 206
92Th 2 –1 84X
(ii) 235 + 0n 1 → 137 92 + 3 0n 1

92U 52Te + 40Zr
(ii) 86 86
34Se → 2 –1e° + 36x
Sol.27 214 4
238
92 U → 82 Pb + n 2He + m –1e°
238 = 214 + 4n ⇒ n = 6
92 = 82 + 6 x 2 –m
⇒ m=2
Sol.28 235
92 U → 142
54 xe + 90
38 Sr + A 0n1
235 = 142 + 90 + A ⇒ A = 3
dN
Sol.29 = λN = λNo e–λt
dt
 dN 
⇒ ln   = ln (λ No)–λt
 dt 
slope ⇒ λ = 1/2
No No
N= = n ⇒ p = 2n
P 2

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Solutions Slot – 1 (Chemistry) t; x.

EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol.2 C ∆m = 4 × 4.0026 – 15.834

12 × 1 + 14 × 1.3 × 10 −2 N10 = N0e–λt = N0e–10λ

14C No. of atoms decaylyed during eleventh

⇒ N = 1000 ∆m = (At. mass of 5B8 – 5 me − ) – (At.

EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

= 2.16 × 10 12 disintegration per

(f) P(proton) −dN

a−b Sol.10 210 206

Activity α Number of atoms present 2.303 5 × 1020

= 6.25 % (iii) Isobars

EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

∴ 6 × 22400 mL He is formed by 232 g the decay

Pb formed from uranium decay = 2.495 × 93

2.303 × 4.5 × 10 9 a = 0.109 × 10–3 g atom

= 1.4 × 109 years N0 = (2.10 + 0.109) × 10–3 g atom

Sol.7 U238 Pb206 2.303 N

t = 7.1 × 108 year. 4 = 2.303 × 8 log r0

or 95.8% of the iodide ion is migrated to gland.

EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Mass no. 238 234

It may also undergo β-decay 1 1 0

It is not the option.

Sol.10 PQRS (for all) Sol.16 A

Sol.13 B t1/2 = 5770 yr.

Since, carbon dating method is not accu- 0.693

1 C1 Equating mass nos.

Sol.19 No. of tritium atoms in 10 g of H2O

 dN  1 = 5.3532 × 106 atom

66.6 = 5.3532 × 106

 No  0.693 2.303 5.3532 × 10 6

⇒ No. = 2143.54 particles 5.3532 × 10 6 0.693 × 40

Sol.21 t1/2 of Sr90 = 28.1 yr

Sol.22 238 208

λ1 1.2 1.2 206 238

λ1 = 3.8 x 10–4 yr–1 = 0.1155 g

t1/2 = 4.5 × 109 yr. of 238

238 = 206 + 4x (i) β emission

One mole of 206 is obtained from one 64

K1 = % of β decay × Rate costant (over-

0.693 0.693 0.43 × 0.693

(ii) 235 + 0n 1 → 137 92 + 3 0n 1

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