Fundamental Behavior of

Electrical Systems
ED5052
 Review of EM fundamentals
• Charges maintain EMF
– At rest or in motion, conductive (in metal) or bounded (in dielectric or
magnetic material)
• EMF are represented in terms of local charge density
• Free charges in terms of volume charge density,

• Free charges are expressed in terms of vol. current density,

 Review of EM fundamentals
• Bound polarization charges,
– Volume density of polarization in dielectric material

– Volume density of polarization in magnetic material

• Continuity equation – conservation of charges

 Review of EM fundamentals
• Charge under motion with velocity, u in time varying EMF
– Lorentz force equation
 Maxwell equations in free space
• Faraday’s law:

– Magnetic flux through the surface, S with bounded contour C

• Ampere’s law:
• Gauss’s law for electric field

• Magnetic field,
• Point form of Maxwell’s equations
 Wave equation
• Consider source-free region of a simple medium satisfying
Maxwell’s set of equations:

• Taking curl of Faraday’s law and employing vector identity,

• We get the wave equation in a simple medium,

, where is wave velocity in medium.

• Most electrical systems obey Maxwell’s equations
– Circuit theory - Simplified method of analysis at low frequency
– To understand non-ideal behavior of electrical components
• Review of EM fundamentals and electrical systems is essential
to understand EMC
• Fundamental quantities
– speed of light in free space (299,792,458 m/s), c=3x108 m/s
– Permittivity and permeability in free space:
– Wavelength in lossless media, : distance between two adjacent equi-
phase points on a wave

x=0 x=d


0 2
• For a EM wave, =v/f
– ; v=c in free space

– Thus, wavelength is shorter in material than free space or vacuum

– A device length (l) determines how it interacts with EM fields

– Electrical dimensions of a device, de=l/ ;  - wavelength at highest
frequency of interest
– Structures/components less than /10 are electrically small
– Components on a PCB may be electrically larger than in air due to PCB
material property
– E.g. capacitor with high is electrically larger than an air filled
capacitor
 Power flow
• Energy transported by EM waves – Poynting’s theorem
Vector identity,

Therefore,

Linear isotropic homogeneous medium,

• Integrating over volume space and invoking div. theorem,

• Power flow:
 EMC measurement units
• Power, voltage and current measurements
– Ratio of output to input power, power gain,
– In decibles (dB):

– If power is dissipated by equal value resistance,

– Voltage and current gains,

– Other units of measurement w.r.t reference value

 Recap - Linear system
• Enables simplification of complex systems with many
independent sources

• Superposition principle: A linear system with input, x(t) and

output, y(t)
– Let and
– For a linear system ,

– a1, a2: constants

• Superposition is used to determine E and H fields in regions

with multiple sources