PHYSICS 2

1. work = Measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force
at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement. (W = F * d).
2. units of work = Nm or Joule; dyne cm or erg
3. energy = the capacity for doing work
4. gravitational potential energy = near the Earth’s surface may be computed by multiplying the weight of an
object by itsdistance above the reference point.
5. units of energy = Joule
6. electric field = is a measure of force per unit charge
7. electric charge = a property of the object experiencing the electrical field
8. units of electric field = N/C, V/m

COMPUTATIONS IN DAY 6

PROCEDURES: TWO PARALLEL CONDUCTING PLATES

1.Setup:
a) Sketch the conducting plate on a grid sheet provided by your lab instructor. Each lab partner will turn in their
own copy of the grid sheet.
2. Measure electric potential. Use the electric potential probe to find at least six points having the same
electric potential in the region between the plates (region A in Fig. 1.6) and record these points on your grid
sheet. Then, find four points extending beyond the region of the plates having that same electric potential (two
points in each
region B shown in Fig. 1.6). You can use electric potential equal to 2V here.
3. Draw equipotential line. Use a pen to draw a smooth curve/line that intersects all of the points found in
Step 2. Make sure to label the line with its potential value.
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3for at least three additional electric potentials.(Try 4V, 6V and 8V).
5. Measure the distancesplates between the parallel plates (in cm). Use this measured distance and the 10.0V
electric potential difference between the plates to calculate the electric field between the plates.
6. Measure the distanceslinesbetween two of your lines of equipotential (in cm) ;calculate the difference in
electric potential between these two lines; calculate the electric field.
7. Draw electric field lines

Energy Density is defined as the total amount of energy in a system per unit volume. For example, the amount
of calories per gram of food. Food stuffs that has low energy density provide less energy per gram of food which
means that you can eat more of them since there are fewer calories.
The energy density formula is given by .The energy stored on a capacitor is in the form of energy
density in an electric field

A dielectric material (dielectric) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.
When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a
conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.
Because of dielectric polarization, positive charges are displaced toward the field and negative charges shift in
the opposite direction. This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall field within the dielectric
itself.
 Capacitors come in wide range of sizes and shapes. It is basically two conductors that do not touch, and
which therefore can store charge of opposite sign on its two conductors and are used in a wide variety of
circuits.
Different Types of Capacitors (Many of these capacitors have their values and other details about them
marked on the cases so that they can be easily identified and codes are often used for these markings.
Ceramic capacitor: Used in Electrolytic capacitor: A type of Tantalum capacitor: Are also
many applications from audio to capacitor that is polarized and are polarized and offer a very high
RF. Values range from a few able to offer high capacitance capacitance level for their volume.
picofarads to around 0.1 values - typically above 1μF. Most Very intolerant of being reverse
microfarads. This type is cheap widely used for low frequency biased, often exploding when
and reliable and their loss factor is applications - power supplies, placed under stress.
particularly low. decoupling and audio coupling.

Silver Mica Capacitor: Not as
widely used, but offer very high
levels of stability, low loss and
accuracy where space is not an
issue. For RF applications and
limited to max. values of 1000 pF.
Polystyrene Film Capacitor:
Relatively cheap form but offer a
close tolerance capacitor where
needed. Tubular in shape resulting
from the fact that the dielectric
sandwich is rolled together.
Polyester Film Capacitor: Used
where cost is a consideration as
they do not offer a high tolerance.
Most have a tolerance of 5% or
10%, which is adequate for many
applications.

Metallized Polyester Film Polycarbonate capacitor: Used Polypropylene Capacitor: Used

Capacitor: A form of polyester
film capacitor where the polyester
films themselves are metallized.
Their electrodes are thin, the
overall capacitor can be contained
within a relatively small package.
in applications where reliability
and performance are critical. Very
stable and enables high tolerance
capacitors to be made which will
hold their capacitance value over
time.
when a higher tolerance type of
capacitor is necessary than
polyester capacitors. Uses a poly-
propylene film for the dielectric.
Very little change of capacitance
with time and voltage applied.

Glass capacitors: Uses glass as the dielectric and
offer very high levels or performance in terms of
extremely low loss, high RF current capability, no
piezo-electric noise and other features making them
ideal for many performance RF applications.
Supercap: Also known as a supercapacitor or
ultracapacitor, have very large values of capacitance,
of up to several thousand Farads. They find uses for
providing a memory hold-up supply and also within
automotive applications.

List some of your daily encounters with static electricity.

1. walking across a carpet and reach out for the door knob
2. fly away hair effect when you come your hair
3. suddenly touching elbows with someone
4. rubbing balloons on your hair

FIGHTING! 