Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Equilibrium:
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦
+ + 𝑏𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
+ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Strain-displacement:
𝜕𝑢
𝜀𝑥𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜀𝑥𝑦 = ( + )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Hooke’s law:
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = [(1 − 𝜈)𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜈(𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧𝑧 )] 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜀
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) (1 + 𝜈) 𝑥𝑦
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = [(1 − 𝜈)𝜀𝑦𝑦 + 𝜈 (𝜀𝑧𝑧 + 𝜀𝑥𝑥 )] 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 𝜀
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) (1 + 𝜈) 𝑦𝑧
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = [(1 − 𝜈)𝜀𝑧𝑧 + 𝜈(𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦 )] 𝜎𝑧𝑥 = 𝜀
(1 + 𝜈)(1 − 2𝜈) (1 + 𝜈) 𝑧𝑥
Strain compatibility:
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Stress BCs:
𝑙𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝑆𝑥
𝑙𝜎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑆𝑦
Displacement BCs:
𝑢 = 𝑢∗
𝑣 = 𝑣∗
Consider now the strain compatibility equation. For a plane stress problem, 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 0, so in
conjunction with Hooke’s law we find:
𝜕2 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2 1 + 𝜈
[ (𝜎 − 𝜈𝜎 )] + [ (𝜎 − 𝜈𝜎 )] = 2 [ 𝜎𝑥𝑦 ]
𝜕𝑦 2 𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐸 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝐸
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𝜕2 𝜕2
( + ) (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) = ∇2 (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∇2 (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) = 0
An Airy stress function 𝜙 is a function that can satisfy the above three differential equations.
One option can be:
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑥𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
For this form to satisfy the equilibrium equations (first two above), it must be the case that:
which is true for all functions 𝜙. For the third (compatibility) equation to be satisfied, we also
need:
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2 2
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙
∇ (𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 ) = ∇ ( 2 + 2 ) = + 2 2 2 + 4 = ∇2 ∇2 𝜙 = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
so only solutions to the bi-harmonic equation are valid Airy stress functions.
Bi-harmonic equations have been studied extensively. Typical functions can be found
readily (cf. Zhang, Solid Mechanics for Engineers, 2001), representing a variety of different
stress distributions.
For a stress function to apply to a specific problem, it must also satisfy the known boundary
conditions. This will involve comparing the stress contours that can be obtained for various
stress function options.
1 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕 2 𝜙
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝜃𝜃 = 2
𝜕𝑟
𝜕 1 𝜕𝜙
𝜎𝑟𝜃 =− ( )
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2
M h/2 M
x
h/2
L
y
ℎ
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿, 𝑦 = ± 2:
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ℎ ℎ
At 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝐿, − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2:
Now we need to choose an appropriate Airy stress function to satisfy the above BCs. From a
list of possible stress functions (e.g. Zhang, 2001), we can see that for 𝜙 = 𝑎𝑦 3, the
corresponding stresses are:
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = = (𝑎𝑦 3 ) = 6𝑎𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0
In other words, 𝜎𝑥𝑥 varies linearly at the two ends, and all other stress components are zero.
Therefore, this choice of 𝜙 satisfies all of our boundary conditions.
ℎ ℎ ℎ
2 2 2
1 ℎ3 ℎ3 𝑎ℎ3
∫ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(6𝑎𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 6𝑎 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 6𝑎× [ − (− )] = =𝑀
3 8 8 2
ℎ ℎ ℎ
−2 −2 −2
2𝑀
∴𝑎=
ℎ3
2𝑀 3
𝜙=( )𝑦
ℎ3
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2𝑀 12𝑀
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 6 ( 3
)𝑦 = 3 𝑦
ℎ ℎ
𝜕 2 𝜙 𝜕 2 2𝑀 3
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = [( ) 𝑦 ] = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ3
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2 2𝑀
𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− =− [( 3 ) 𝑦 3 ] = 0
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 ℎ
h/2 h/2
x x
h/2 V h/2 V
L L
y y
ℎ
At 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿, 𝑦 = ± :
2
ℎ ℎ
At 𝑥 = 0, − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2:
𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0 (fully clamped)
ℎ ℎ
At 𝑥 = 𝐿, − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2:
From the FBD (above), the clamped end can be separated into a linearly distributed normal
stress (with zero net stress overall) and a uniform shear stress.
There is no single function that satisfies all of our requirements, so we need to use the
principle of superposition with a combination of functions. Consider the following
candidates:
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𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝒂𝒙𝒚 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −𝑎
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑎𝑥𝑦
𝒂𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −3𝑎𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑎𝑦
𝒂𝒚𝟑 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0
The first 𝜙 gives us a uniform shear, but for all boundaries. The second gives a uniform shear
at the top and bottom edges, but is non-uniform at the left and right edges. Superimposing the
two will therefore allow us to cancel out the top and bottom shears.
The second 𝜙 also leads to a normal stress at the right end (since 𝑥 = 𝐿), but the BC requires
a normal stress at the left end only. We therefore need another function to cancel out the right
end normal stress. This is where the third 𝜙 comes in.
Thus, we use 𝜙 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑐𝑦 3 as our Airy stress function. (The constants for each
function should be independent.)
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑐𝑦 3 ) = 6𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑐𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑐𝑦 3 ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2
𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− =− (𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑐𝑦 3 ) = −(𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Step 4: Apply the BCs to determine the constants in the stress functions
ℎ ℎ
𝜎𝑥𝑥 (𝑥 = 𝐿, − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ) = 6𝑏𝐿𝑦 + 6𝑐𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑏𝐿 + 𝑐 = 0
2 2
ℎ ℎ 2 3ℎ2 3ℎ2
𝜎𝑥𝑦 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿, 𝑦 = ) = − [𝑎 + 3𝑏 ( ) ] = −𝑎 − 𝑏=0 ⇒𝑎=− 𝑏
2 2 4 4
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ℎ ℎ
2 2
ℎ
𝑎ℎ 𝑏ℎ3 ℎ ℎ3
∫ 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −(𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = [−𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 3 ]2 ℎ = − − − [−𝑎 (− ) − 𝑏 (− )] = 𝑉
−2 2 2 2 8
ℎ ℎ
− −
2 2
𝑉ℎ 2 𝑉 𝑉𝐿
𝑎=− ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 = −
8𝐼 6𝐼 6𝐼
𝑉
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − (𝐿 − 𝑥)𝑦
𝐼
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑉 ℎ2
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = ( − 𝑦 2)
2𝐼 4
b T
T a
Here, our loads are aligned with the x-axis, but the hole is circular and therefore more suited
to a polar system. We can convert the stresses using the following relationships.
1
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑇 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝑇(1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
𝜎𝑟𝜃 = (𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 (cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) = −𝑇 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = − 𝑇 sin 2𝜃
2
At 𝑟 = 𝑎:
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 𝜎𝑟𝜃 = 0
At 𝑟 = 𝑏:
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1
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇(1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
𝜎𝑟𝜃 = − 𝑇 sin 2𝜃
2
1 1
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇 + 𝑇 cos 2𝜃
2 2
The first term is a constant; the second is proportional to cos 2𝜃. Consider these separately:
1
Part 1 (independent of 𝜃): 𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 2 𝑇, 𝜎𝑟𝜃 = 0
1 1
Part 2 (dependent on 𝜃): 𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 2 𝑇 cos 2𝜃 , 𝜎𝑟𝜃 = − 2 𝑇 sin 2𝜃
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 2
𝒓𝟐 𝜎𝜃𝜃 = 2
𝜎𝑟𝜃 = 0
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟 −2
𝒍𝒏 𝒓 𝜎𝜃𝜃 = −𝑟 −2
𝜎𝑟𝜃 = 0
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MECH3361/9361 Semester 2, 2016
By superposition, we get:
𝜙 = 𝐶1 𝑟 2 + 𝐶2 ln 𝑟 + (𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝑟 2 + 𝐶5 𝑟 −2 ) cos 2𝜃
Again, using the BCs to determine the constants yields the following:
𝑇 𝑎2 𝑇 3𝑎4 4𝑎2
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = (1 − 2 ) + (1 + 4 − 2 ) cos 2𝜃
2 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑟
𝑇 𝑎2 𝑇 3𝑎4
𝜎𝜃𝜃 = (1 + 2 ) − (1 + 4 ) cos 2𝜃
2 𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑇 3𝑎4 2𝑎2
𝜎𝑟𝜃 = − (1 − 4 + 2 ) sin 2𝜃
2 𝑟 𝑟
From here, we can see that 𝜎𝜃𝜃 reaches a maximum when 𝑟 = 𝑎 and cos 2𝜃 = −1. This
means that at the edge of the hole:
𝑇 𝑎2 𝑇 3𝑎4
𝜎𝜃𝜃 = (1 + 2 ) − (1 + 4 ) cos 2𝜃
2 𝑟 2 𝑟
2
𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 3𝑎4
= (1 + 2 ) − (1 + 4 ) (−1)
2 𝑎 2 𝑎
= 3𝑇
We can define a stress concentration factor 𝑘 as:
𝜎𝜃𝜃,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑘=
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
So for this small through-hole case, 𝑘 = 3. This is an important result for mechanical design
because this high stress region often affects the safety of a structure.
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