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Entropy versus entransy
Article in Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics · September 2013

DOI: 10.1515/jnetdy-2013-0008
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J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 38 (2013), 259–271
DOI 10.1515/jnetdy-2013-0008 © de Gruyter 2013
Entropy versus entransy

Giuseppe Grazzini, Romano Borchiellini and
Umberto Lucia
Communicated by Bjarne Andresen
Keywords. Entransy, entropy, irreversibility, thermal efficiency, efficiency.
Abstract
Entransy is a function recently introduced in thermodynamics. This func-
tion is analyzed critically in relation to the classical thermodynamic ap-
proach in order to understand its physical fundamentals. The crucial prob-
lem is that thermodynamic analysis shows that entransy does not contain
any new information in comparison with a classical thermodynamic analy-
sis of systems. Furthermore, entransy dissipation analysis is a duplicate of
entropy generation analysis.
1 Introduction
In Ref. [1] a review of the evolution of the thermodynamic approaches to
open systems is presented starting from the Gouy–Stodola theorem [2],
considering the entropy production and developing the entropy generation
(better defined as entropy variation due to irreversibility) approach [2–9].
In Ref. [1] a brief introduction to entransy is also introduced, without
developing any critical analysis and comment. In the present paper some
comments will be introduced on entransy due to some difficulties in its def-
inition. It has actually been introduced in the literature following different
approaches. The first was based on a cycle and the other one on heat ex-
change. Both these approaches have physical difficulties, and the results
obtained with the entransy approach are also obtainable by the well-known
entropy approach.
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260 G. Grazzini, R. Borchiellini and U. Lucia
To do so, Section 2 will summarize the entransy approach [10–23], and

Section 3 will develop the discussion of entransy, pointing out the crucial
thermodynamic difficulties related to its definition and use.
2 Entransy definitions
All transport processes can be described by physical quantities due to ir-
reversibility, whether they are conserved or not. Loss (or dissipation) in
non-conserved quantities allows us to measure the irreversibility of trans-
port processes [2].
In order to obtain the analytical definition of irreversibility, the Carnot
cycle must be considered [2, 13]: in this cycle, a heat engine absorbs heat
Q1 from the hot reservoir, at temperature T1 , converts part of it into work
W , discharging the remaining energy Q2 to the cold reservoir at tempera-
ture T2 . The Carnot–Clausius theorem states that [2]
Q1 Q2
; (1)
T1 T2
where the inequality corresponds to the irreversible heat engines.
Starting from the relation (1), by using an algebraic approach, the fol-
lowing relation was obtained [10–12]:
Q1 .T1 T2 / .Q1 Q2 /T1 D W T1 ; (2)
where W D Q1 Q2 is the work done by the heat engine. The left-
hand part of this inequality has been considered as a new quantity named
“entransy” gained by the heat engine Ehv from the hot reservoir during the
Carnot cycle, analytically:
Ehv D Q1 .T1 T2 /; (3)
and explained as “the quantity which represents the heat transfer ability
of a system” [10–12]. In fact, the larger the amount of heat Q1 and the
temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs, the greater the
entransy obtained by the heat engine in the Carnot cycle. Larger entransy
means higher heat engine performance [10–12].
In Ref. [11] the following entity was introduced:
Ehv D M cv T; (4)
where M is the mass of the solid system, and cv is its constant specific
heat. Ehv was named “the thermal energy of the heat stored in an object
Entropy versus entransy 261
with constant volume,” but it seems to be the definition of classical internal

energy at constant volume, referring to the absolute zero temperature state.
But, now, it is not clear how the heat transfer and cv behind Eq. (4) can be
defined.
Moreover, for “entransy,” the following quantity has been proposed [11]:
1 1
Evh D Ehv T D Mcv T 2 : (5)
2 2
Now, the quantity that represents “heat transfer ability” is suggested to be
proportional to T 2 , with T being the temperature of the body. Entransy as
defined by Eq. (5) does not seem to be a state function.
In Ref. [18], using the same logical path as Clausius, it was shown that a
state function can be defined. Firstly, inequality (2) can be rewritten in the
following form:
Q1 T C QT1 0: (6)
An arbitrary cycle can be decomposed into a group of Carnot cycles, all
operating between thermostats. Applying inequality (6) to the j -th Carnot
cycle yields
Qaj Tj C Qj Thj 0: (7)
Therefore, we have
n
X
.Qaj Tj C Qj Thj / 0: (8)
j D1
If the number of Carnot cycles under consideration tends to infinity and

the temperature difference between the hot and the cold reservoirs tends to
infinitesimal, inequality (8) becomes
I
.Qd T C ıQT / 0: (9)
For a reversible cycle, this inequality reduces to

I
.Qd T C ıQT / D 0: (10)
Equation (10) suggests that we can define a quantity G as follows:
dG D .Qd T C T ıQ/; (11)
which only depends on the initial and final states of a reversible process.
Function G defined by Eq. (11) is different from the entransy definition (5).
3 Entransy and classical thermodynamics
A classical thermodynamics reading of Eqs. (3) and (2) says that “entransy”
is the work done in a Carnot cycle, except for a constant proportionality
factor. The entransy definition refers to a reversible closed cycle and its
interpretation as “heat transfer ability” would imply that work from a re-
versible closed cycle represents heat transfer ability, but this is a logical
loop in classical thermodynamics.
The entransy definition given by Eq. (5) contradicts experimental evi-
dence, where the quantity that accounts for heat transfer ability is T gradi-
ent [24]. Furthermore, there is no way in which the new entransy definition
(5) can be connected to the Evh definition (3) because of a different defi-
nition of Q1 and Ehv . Both the definitions only seem to be mathematical
quantities, apparently without any basis in thermodynamics.
The dimensions of entransy show that the quantity cannot be a “poten-
tial” energy. The internal energy [25, 26] is a true potential function for
work and heat throughout the first law of thermodynamics.
In Ref. [11] an analogy is made with electrical phenomena and an equa-
tion written for entransy dissipation in a thermal resistor introducing an
“entransy dissipation rate” QP 2 R in analogy with Joule electric dissipation.
But the electricity is converted into thermal energy, downgraded from work
to heat, while what entransy becomes is difficult to understand. Indeed, a
formal analogy is not enough to obtain a physical one. Moreover, the con-
servation of energy and that of “thermal charge” have also been considered
equivalent, apparently reintroducing the idea of caloric fluid.
That expression of entransy is derived from Biot’s method [13].
Starting from Biot’s results, the fundamental equation we considered is
[25]
@V @D
C D Fi ; (12)
@qi @qP i
where V is a potential term, D a dissipation one, and Fi a force. Consider-

ing Figure 3 in Ref. [11], Figure 1 in this paper, and each subsystem therein
represented, we use the principle of energy conservation for a rigid body.
Then the heat transfer can be evaluated by the internal energy variation d U ,
so the force quantity in the Biot relation is Fi D 0. The system considered
presents only one degree of freedom because there is only one independent
state variable, qi D T T0 , with T0 the reference state temperature for
which qi D 0. So, it follows that V D U . Considering qP i D d T =d ,
Figure 1. Sketch of the system as proposed in Ref. [11].
with time being , the dissipation term D [25] becomes
1 dS 1 dS d T 1 dS
D D T0 D T0 D T0 qP i : (13)
2 d 2 dT d 2 dT
But, given that
dV mcd T mcd T d
D D (14)
dT dT d dT
for each subsystem in Figure 1, it follows that
mcd T d d 12 T0 ddST qP i mcd T d 1 dS

C D C T0
d dT d qP i d dT 2 dT
mcd T d 1 dS d
D C T0 D 0; (15)
d dT 2 d dT
which yields
mcd T 1 dS mcd T 1 ıQ
C T0 D C T0 D 0: (16)
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Considering Q as the heat and that T1 > T2 , for the subsystems considered,
the following mathematical-physical relation results:
.mc/1 d T1 1 ıQ .mc/2 d T2 1 ıQ
C T0 C T0 D 0: (17)
d 2 T1 d d 2 T2 d
Introducing QP D ıQ=d , it follows that
.mc/1 d T1 .mc/2 d T2 1 P
1 1
C C T0 Q D 0: (18)
d d 2 T1 T2
Now, using the thermal resistance R between the two subsystems, defined
by the well-known relation QP D .T1 T2 /=R, it follows that
.mc/1 d T1 .mc/2 d T2 R T0
C QP 2 D 0; (19)
d d 2 T1 T2
formally equivalent to Eq. (7) of Ref. [11]:
.mc/1 T1 d T1 .mc/2 T2 d T2
C QP 2 R D 0; (20)
d d
but obtained using a variational approach based on classic physical funda-
mental entities.
Reference [12] relied on inequality (2) to calculate the irreversibility in
terms of entransy generation, defined as
Ehvg D Q1 .T1 T2 / .Q1 Q2 /T1 D Ehv W T1 D Ehv EW ; (21)
proposed for the entransy dissipation Ehv with a change in sign:
Ehv D Ehvg : (22)
In relation to these definitions, the efficiency Qhv of the heat in terms of

entransy has been written as [10–12]
W T1 EW
E hv D D : (23)
Q1 .T1 T2 / Ehv
Until now, the system considered is a closed one working in cycle. But, for
these systems, the second law efficiency is usually defined as follows:
I W=Q1
II D D ; (24)
c 1 TT21
with c being Carnot’s efficiency.

This expression is the same as Eq. (23) and does not require new quanti-
ties to be defined.
If the definition of entransy dissipation is assumed, it can be evaluated
by means of the following relations:
Q Q1
2
Ehvg D T1 Q2 T2 Q1 D T1 T2 D T1 T2 Sg ;
T2 T1 (25)
Ehv D Ehvg D T1 T2 Sg :
These relations reveal that entransy dissipation is no different than entropy
generation, Sg .
Entransy dissipation is proportional to entropy generation, as was also
affirmed in Ref. [18]. Consequently, entransy dissipation does not convey
any more information than entropy generation. In sum, any result obtained
by entransy dissipation analysis is simply a duplicate of the entropy gener-
ation approach, which is well known and has been in textbooks since 1982
[3].
Let us consider an irreversible cycle which operates between two ther-
mostats T1 and T2 . The entropy generation for the thermodynamic universe
is
Q2 Q1
Sg D ) T1 Q2 T2 Q1 D T1 T2 Sg ; (26)
T2 T1
obtaining the same result as Eq. (25) without use of entransy.
Function G defined by Ref. [18] can also refer to entropy. The ideal work
obtainable from heat Q and the two sources having infinitesimal tempera-
ture difference d T is
1 1 Qd T
ıL D TQ D : (27)
T T C dT T C dT
At the same time, considering the first law ıL D ıQ, Eq. (27) becomes
T ıQ C ıQd T D Qd T ; introducing the entropy definition it is easy to
write Eq. (11) as
dT
dG D .Qd T C T ıQ/ D 2T 2 dS 1 C Š 2T 2 dS: (28)
2T
And quantity G is strictly connected to entropy variation.
4 Entransy and heat transfer

In Ref. [10] the entransy dissipation extremum and the corresponding min-
imum entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance are proposed as “al-
ternative optimization criterions for heat transfer processes not involved
in thermodynamic cycles, and consequently, developed the minimum en-

transy dissipation-based thermal resistance principle to optimize the pro-
cesses of heat transfer.” It is a very interesting aim, but it must be pointed
out that
1. heat transfer must be optimized in relation to the process involved, what-
ever it be;
2. optimization is always related to the target function used. This func-
tion must always be defined in relation to the system considered, to its
boundaries and the interaction with its environment. For example, if
the subject is related to the environmental impact of a process, the irre-
versibility must be reduced in order to reduce the exergy dissipated and,
consequently, the entropy generation approach is used, even if it can be
named in other ways.
In particular, the optimization of the heat exchanger can be developed
considering different quantities [2, 27, 28], but the result is never the ther-
modynamic optimization of the system, which could only be achieved with
thermodynamic parameters useful for describing all the components of the
system considered.
Considering efficiency as the target function, both direct [29] and inverse
[30–33] thermodynamic machines show optimum working points for heat
exchangers far from their “optimum” dimensioning, however one defines
it.
Moreover, also considering a finite time thermodynamic approach [4,
34], irreversibilities are always considered in relation to the optimality tar-
get function introduced, because different maxima exist for the work and
efficiency obtained [31, 32, 35, 36].
The core of the problem is that optimization needs an approach tailored
to the process involved or use of the resources: in the entransy approach
it is not analyzed and is used without any relation to this subject. Indeed,
irreversibility cannot be reduced by optimizing single components of the
system, but only considering the whole system and the entire process in-
volved with specific constraints [2, 33, 36–38]. When an open system or
environment is considered, the irreversibilities can be accounted for by us-
ing exergy, which is strictly linked to entropy generation [39, 40].
One of the results obtained in the entransy analysis of the heat exchanger
is that “when the boundary heat flow rate is given, minimizing the entransy
dissipation leads to the minimum in temperature difference, that is, the op-
timized heat transfer” [10], but reducing the temperature difference implies
approaching a reversible process. Moreover, it is a correct conclusion that
dissipation is less if temperature difference is less, but if we extend this

conclusion, it is possible to state that when there are no temperature differ-
ences there are no dissipations, but there is no heat exchange either. Con-
sequently, this approach does not allow us to obtain physical conclusions
useful in engineering applications.
5 Conclusions
In the history of physics and science in general, efforts to find universal
principles related to some physical quantities have always been carried out.
Usually, the result consists in an extremum principle which allows us to de-
scribe the behavior of the natural systems under some constraints related to
the phenomena considered. In the twentieth century, in thermodynamics,
different foundational approaches to extrema principles have been devel-
oped to obtain stationary states in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
Carnot’s general conclusion on heat engines is the existence of a certain
limit for the conversion rate of heat energy into work and that this limit is
inevitable for any natural system. Rudolf Clausius introduced the concept
of entropy: this quantity has always been considered useful in order to
analyze the non-equilibrium dissipative processes. In 1889, Gouy proved
that the lost exergy in a process is proportional to entropy generation. In
1982, Adrian Bejan proposed the minimum entropy generation method,
already known in the literature [41], as a tool in engineering design and
optimization.
The thermodynamic approach to irreversibility proved the entropy gener-
ation extremum theorem [25, 42], which is the basis of Bejan’s constructal
theory [6].
Entropy is a function useful for analyzing all components considered and
the system itself.
Entransy is a quantity introduced with the aim of optimizing heat trans-
fer. The analysis presented here has pointed out many thermodynamic dif-
ficulties in its definition. Consequently, in its actual form, it appears to be
an unnecessary quantity because any of its applications can be reduced to
the more general entropy generation approach.

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Received March 2, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013.
Author information
Giuseppe Grazzini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale,
Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
E-mail: giuseppe.grazzini@unifi.it
Romano Borchiellini, Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino,

Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
E-mail: romano.borchiellini@polito.it
Umberto Lucia, Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino,

Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
E-mail: umberto.lucia@polito.it

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Entropy versus entransy

Article in Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics · September 2013

G. Grazzini Romano Borchiellini

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Entropy versus entransy

Keywords. Entransy, entropy, irreversibility, thermal efficiency, efficiency.

Brought to you by | De Gruyter / TCS

To do so, Section 2 will summarize the entransy approach [10–23], and

with constant volume,” but it seems to be the definition of classical internal

If the number of Carnot cycles under consideration tends to infinity and

For a reversible cycle, this inequality reduces to

Equation (10) suggests that we can define a quantity G as follows:

dG D .Qd T C T ıQ/; (11)

3 Entransy and classical thermodynamics

where V is a potential term, D a dissipation one, and Fi a force. Consider-

Figure 1. Sketch of the system as proposed in Ref. [11].

with time being , the dissipation term D [25] becomes

mcd T d  d 12 T0 ddST qP i mcd T d 1 dS

Ehvg D Q1 .T1 T2 / .Q1 Q2 /T1 D Ehv W T1 D Ehv EW ; (21)

proposed for the entransy dissipation Ehv with a change in sign:

Ehv D Ehvg : (22)

In relation to these definitions, the efficiency Qhv of the heat in terms of

with c being Carnot’s efficiency.

4 Entransy and heat transfer

in thermodynamic cycles, and consequently, developed the minimum en-

dissipation is less if temperature difference is less, but if we extend this

Brought to you by | De Gruyter / TCS

[4] Bejan, A., Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of

[7] Lucia, U., Mathematical consequences and Gyarmati’s principle in rational

[8] Lucia, U., Probability, ergodicity, irreversibility and dynamical systems,

[14] Chen, Q. and Xu, Y.-C., An entransy dissipation-based optimization princi-

[21] Cheng, X. and Liang, X., Heat-work conversion optimization of one-stream

[24] Fourier, J. B. J., Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur, F. Didot, Paris, 1822.

[25] Biot, M. A., Variational principles in irreversible thermodynamics with ap-

[34] Hoffman, K. H., An introduction to endoreversible thermodynamics, Atti

Received March 2, 2013; accepted May 29, 2013.

Romano Borchiellini, Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino,

Umberto Lucia, Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino,

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with time being , the dissipation term D [25] becomes

mcd T d d 12 T0 ddST qP i mcd T d 1 dS

proposed for the entransy dissipation Ehv with a change in sign:

Ehv D Ehvg : (22)

In relation to these definitions, the efficiency Qhv of the heat in terms of

with c being Carnot’s efficiency.