S K Mondal’s

Strength of Materials
Contents
Chapter – 1: Stress and Strain
Chapter - 2 : Principal Stress and Strain
Chapter - 3 : Moment of Inertia and Centroid
Chapter - 4 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram
Chapter - 5 : Deflection of Beam
Chapter - 6 : Bending Stress in Beam
Chapter - 7 : Shear Stress in Beam
Chapter - 8 : Fixed and Continuous Beam
Chapter - 9 : Torsion
Chapter-10 : Thin Cylinder
Chapter-11 : Thick Cylinder
Chapter-12 : Spring
Chapter-13 : Theories of Column
Chapter-14 : Strain Energy Method
Chapter-15 : Theories of Failure
Chapter-16 : Riveted and Welded Joint

Er. S K Mondal
IES Officer (Railway), GATE topper, NTPC ET-2003 batch, 12 years teaching
experienced, Author of Hydro Power Familiarization (NTPC Ltd)

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Note
“Asked Objective Questions” is the total collection of questions from:-
20 yrs IES (2010-1992) [Engineering Service Examination]
21 yrs. GATE (2011-1992)
and 14 yrs. IAS (Prelim.) [Civil Service Preliminary]

Copyright © 2007 S K Mondal

Every effort has been made to see that there are no errors (typographical or otherwise) in the
material presented. However, it is still possible that there are a few errors (serious or
otherwise). I would be thankful to the readers if they are brought to my attention at the
following e-mail address: swapan_mondal_01@yahoo.co.in

S K Mondal

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 1. Stress and Strain

Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)

1.1 Stress ( )
When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up within the component.
The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a material or intensity of the forces distributed
over a given section is called the stress at a point.

x It uses original cross section area of the specimen and also known as engineering stress or
conventional stress.
P
Therefore, 
A

x P is expressed in Newton (N) and A, original area, in square meters (m2), the stress will be
expresses in N/ m2. This unit is called Pascal (Pa).

x As Pascal is a small quantity, in practice, multiples of this unit is used.

1 kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N/ m2 (kPa = Kilo Pascal)
1 MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/ m2 =1 N/mm2 (MPa = Mega Pascal)
1 GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N/ m2 (GPa = Giga Pascal)
Let us take an example: A rod 10 mm q 10 mm cross-section is carrying an axial tensile load 10
kN. In this rod the tensile stress developed is given by

q

    
q

x The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded member is

normal to a section cut perpendicular to the member axis.

x The force intensity on the shown section is defined as the normal stress.
%F P
 avg 
%Al %A A

x Tensile stress ( t)
If > 0 the stress is tensile. i.e. The fibres of the component
tend to elongate due to the external force. A member
subjected to an external force tensile P and tensile stress
distribution due to the force is shown in the given figure.

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Chapter-1 Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
x Compressive stress ( c)

If < 0 the stress is compressive. i.e. The fibres of the

component tend to shorten due to the external force. A
member subjected to an external compressive force P and
compressive stress distribution due to the force is shown in
the given figure.

x Shear stress ( )
When forces are transmitted from one part of a body to other, the stresses
developed in a plane parallel to the applied force are the shear stress. Shear
stress acts parallel to plane of interest. Forces P is applied
transversely to the member AB as shown. The corresponding
internal forces act in the plane of section C and are called shearing
P
forces. The corresponding average shear stress

Area

1.2 Strain ( )
The displacement per unit length (dimensionless) is
known as strain.

x Tensile strain ( t)

The elongation per unit length as shown in the

figure is known as tensile strain.
t = L/ Lo
It is engineering strain or conventional strain.
Here we divide the elongation to original length
not actual length (Lo + % L)

Let us take an example: A rod 100 mm in original length. When we apply an axial tensile load 10
kN the final length of the rod after application of the load is 100.1 mm. So in this rod tensile strain is
developed and is given by
%  

    

x Compressive strain ( c)

Let us take an example: A rod 100 mm in original length. When we apply an axial compressive
load 10 kN the final length of the rod after application of the load is 99 mm. So in this rod a
compressive strain is developed and is given by
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Chapter-1 Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
%   

    

x Shear Strain ( ): When a

force P is applied tangentially to

the element shown. Its edge
displaced to dotted line. Where

is the lateral displacement of

the upper face
of the element relative to the lower face and L is the distance between these faces.

Then the shear strain is 

L
Let us take an example: A block 100 mm × 100 mm base and 10 mm height. When we apply a
tangential force 10 kN to the upper edge it is displaced 1 mm relative to lower face.
Then the direct shear stress in the element

q
( )    
q q

And shear strain in the element ( )=  

1.3 True stress and True Strain

The true stress is defined as the ratio of the load to the cross section area at any instant.

T
  

Where and is the engineering stress and engineering strain respectively.

x True strain
L
dl L¬ A ¬  do ¬­
T
 ¨  žžž ­­­  
 žžž o ­­­  žž ­
Lo
l žŸ Lo ®­ ŸA® Ÿž d ®­

eT

Ao Lo  AL

x Comparison of engineering and the true stress-strain curves shown below

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Chapter-1 Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
x The true stress-strain curve is also known as
the flow curve.
x True stress-strain curve gives a true indication
of deformation characteristics because it is
based on the instantaneous dimension of
the specimen.
x In engineering stress-strain curve, stress drops
down after necking since it is based on the
original area.

x In true stress-strain curve, the stress however increases after necking since the cross-
sectional area of the specimen decreases rapidly after necking.
x The flow curve of many metals in the region of uniform plastic deformation can be
expressed by the simple power law.
T = K( T)n Where K is the strength coefficient
n is the strain hardening exponent
n = 0 perfectly plastic solid
n = 1 elastic solid
For most metals, 0.1< n < 0.5

x Relation between the ultimate tensile strength and true stress at maximum
load
P
The ultimate tensile strength u

Ao

P
The true stress at maximum load u
T 
A

 Ao ¬­ Ao
And true strain at maximum load
T  žžž ­ or eT
Ÿ A ®­ A
P P A
Eliminating Pmax we get , u
T   q o  u eT
A Ao A
Where Pmax = maximum force and Ao = Original cross section area
A = Instantaneous cross section area
Let us take two examples:
(I.) Only elongation no neck formation
In the tension test of a rod shown initially it was Ao
= 50 mm2 and Lo = 100 mm. After the application of
load it’s A = 40 mm2 and L = 125 mm.
Determine the true strain using changes in both
length and area.

Answer: First of all we have to check that does the (If no neck formation
member forms neck or not? For that check  occurs both area and
or not? gauge length can be used
Here 50 × 100 = 40 × 125 so no neck formation is for a strain calculation.)
there. Therefore true strain Page 6 of 429
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 α
σ2 σ2
α α
σ1
α

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3. Difference between the analysis of stresses in thin & thick cylinders

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ƒ
ƒ

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σ

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 σ

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δ δ

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θ

π
π

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 Do

t
ho

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Τ

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θ

π
π

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2. Which is the critical load?

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Assumptions:

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 P
P

u
P P

M
M

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 L/4 L

2d

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 Х З

T A

O B
φ
dφ

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σ σ σ

σ σ
μ

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