Indian J.Sci.Res.

14 (1): 102-108, 2017 ISSN: 0976-2876 (Print)

ISSN: 2250-0138 (Online)

TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION

USING KNN APPROACH

V. GAYATHRIa1 AND A.E. NARAYANANb

ab
Periyar Maniammai University, Vallam, India

ABSTRACT

Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets containing a variety of data types i.e., big data to uncover
hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other useful business information. Big data can
be analyzed with the software tools commonly used as part of advanced analytics disciplines such as predictive analytics, data
mining, text analytics and statistical analysis. In this project, we analyze social media data. Social media analytics is the practice of
gathering data from blogs and social media websites and analyzing that data to make business decisions. The most common use of
social media analytics is to mine customer sentiment in order to support marketing and customer service activities. And then take
twitter big data to predict named entity. Considering wide use of Twitter as the source of information, reaching an interesting
tweet for a user among a bunch of tweets is challenging. In this work, it is aimed to reduce the Twitter user’s effort to access to the
tweet carrying the information of interest. To this aim, a tweet recommendation method under a user interest model generated via
named entities is presented. To achieve the goal, HybridSeg is generated via named entities extracted from user’s followers’ and
user’s own posts. And extend our approach to analyze short text in tweets and rumor based tweets. So implement K-nearest
neighbor classifier (K-NN) approach to eliminate rumor based tweets with improved accuracy rates. And can implement in real
time tweet environments to identify the rumor with high level security.
KEYWORDS: Social Network, HybridSeg, NER, POS, Data
BIG DATA capabilities of the applications that are traditionally used
to process and analyze the data set in its domain. Big Data
Big data is an all-encompassing term for any is a moving target; what is considered to be "Big" today
collection of data sets so large and complex that it will not be so years ahead. "For some organizations,
becomes difficult to process them using traditional data facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may
processing applications. The challenges include analysis, trigger a need to reconsider data management options. For
capture, curation, search, sharing, storage, transfer, others, it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before
visualization, and privacy violations. The trend to larger data size becomes a significant consideration."
data sets is due to the additional information derivable
from analysis of a single large set of related data, as Big data usually includes data sets with sizes
compared to separate smaller sets with the same total beyond the ability of commonly used software tools
amount of data, allowing correlations to be found to "spot to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a
business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime and so tolerable elapsed time. Big data "size" is a constantly
on." The limitations also affect search finance and moving target, as of 2012 ranging from a few dozen
business informatics. Data sets grow in size in part terabytes to many peta bytes of data. Big data is a set of
because they are increasingly being gathered by techniques and technologies that require new forms of
ubiquitous information-sensing mobile devices, aerial integration to uncover large hidden values from large
sensory technologies (remote sensing), software logs, datasets that are diverse, complex, and of a massive scale.
cameras, microphones, radio-frequency,identification In a 2001 research report and related
(RFID) readers, and wireless sensor networks. The lectures, META Group (now Gartner) analyst Doug
world's technological per-capita capacity to store Laney defined data growth challenges and opportunities
information has roughly doubled every 40 months since as being three-dimensional, i.e. increasing volume
the 1980s; as of 2012, every day 2.5exabytes (2.5×1018) (amount of data), velocity (speed of data in and out), and
of data were created. The challenge for large enterprises variety (range of data types and sources). Gartner, and
is determining who should own big data initiatives that now much of the industry, continue to use this "3Vs"
straddle the entire organization. model for describing big data. In 2012,Gartner updated its
Big data is difficult to work with using definition as follows: "Big data is high volume, high
most relational database management systems and velocity, and/or high variety information assets that
desktop statistics and visualization packages, requiring require new forms of processing to enable enhanced
instead "massively parallel software running on tens, decision making, insight discovery and process
hundreds, or even thousands of servers". What is optimization." Additionally, a new V "Veracity" is added
considered "big data" varies depending on the capabilities by some organizations to describe it.
of the organization managing the set, and on the

1
Corresponding author
 GAYATHRI AND NARAYANAN: TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION...
If Gartner’s definition (the 3Vs) is still widely used, the
growing maturity of the concept fosters a more sound
difference between big data and Business Intelligence,
regarding data and their use:
• Business Intelligence uses descriptive statistics with
data with high information density to measure things,
detect trends etc.;
• Big data uses inductive statistics and concepts
from nonlinear system identification to infer laws
(regressions, nonlinear relationships, and causal
effects) from large sets of data with low information
density to reveal relationships, dependencies and
perform predictions of outcomes and behaviors.
Big data can also be defined as "Big data is a
large volume unstructured data which cannot be handled
by standard database management systems like DBMS,
RDBMS or ORDBMS".
Big data can be described by the following characteristics:
Volume – The quantity of data that is generated is very
important in this context. It is the size of the data which
determines the value and potential of the data under
consideration and whether it can actually be considered as
Big Data or not. The name ‘Big Data’ itself contains a
term which is related to size and hence the characteristic.
Variety - The next aspect of Big Data is its variety. This
means that the category to which Big Data belongs to is
also a very essential fact that needs to be known by the
data analysts. This helps the people, who are closely
analyzing the data and are associated with it, to
effectively use the data to their advantage and thus
upholding the importance of the Big Data.
Velocity - The term ‘velocity’ in the context refers to the
speed of generation of data or how fast the data is
generated and processed to meet the demands and the
challenges which lie ahead in the path of growth and
development.
Variability - This is a factor which can be a problem for
those who analyze the data. This refers to the
inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times,
thus hampering the process of being able to handle and
manage the data effectively.
Veracity - The quality of the data being captured can vary
greatly. Accuracy of analysis depends on the veracity of
the source data.
Complexity - Data management can become a very
complex process, especially when large volumes of data
come from multiple sources. These data need to be linked,
connected and correlated in order to be able to grasp the
information that is supposed to be conveyed by these data.
This situation, is therefore, termed as the ‘complexity’ of
Big Data.
Indian J.Sci.Res. 14 (1): 102-108, 2017
Big data analytics enables organizations to analyze a mix
of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data in
search of valuable business information and insights.
BIG DATA ADVANTAGES
Big data analytics is the process of examining
large data sets containing a variety of data types -- i.e., big
data -- to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations,
market trends, customer preferences and other useful
business information. The analytical findings can lead to
more effective marketing, new revenue opportunities,
better customer service, improved operational efficiency,
competitive advantages over rival organizations and other
business benefits.
The primary goal of big data analytics is to help
companies make more informed business decisions by
enabling data scientists, predictive modelers and other
analytics professionals to analyze large volumes of
transaction data, as well as other forms of data that may
be untapped by conventional business
intelligence (BI) programs. That could include Web
server logs and Internet click stream data, social media
content and social network activity reports, text from
customer emails and survey responses, mobile-phone call
detail records and machine data captured by sensors
connected to the Internet of Things. Some people
exclusively associate big data with semi-structured
and unstructured data of that sort, but consulting firms
like Gartner Inc. and Forrester Research Inc. also consider
transactions and other structured data to be valid
components of big data analytics applications.
Big data can be analyzed with the software tools
commonly used as part of advanced analytics disciplines
such as predictive analytics, data mining, text
analytics and statistical analysis. Mainstream BI software
and data visualization tools can also play a role in the
analysis process. But the semi-structured and unstructured
data may not fit well in traditional data warehouses based
on relational databases. Furthermore, data warehouses
may not be able to handle the processing demands posed
by sets of big data that need to be updated frequently or
even continually -- for example, real-time data on the
performance of mobile applications or of oil and gas
pipelines. As a result, many organizations looking to
collect, process and analyze big data have turned to a
 GAYATHRI AND NARAYANAN: TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION...
newer class of technologies that includes Hadoop and
related tools such as YARN, MapReduce, Spark, Hive
and Pigas well as NoSQL databases. Those technologies
form the core of an open source software framework that
supports the processing of large and diverse data sets
across clustered systems. In some cases, Hadoop
clusters and NoSQL systems are being used as landing
pads and staging areas for data before it gets loaded into a
data warehouse for analysis, often in a summarized form
that is more conducive to relational structures.
Increasingly though, big data vendors are pushing the
concept of a Hadoop data lake that serves as the central
repository for an organization's incoming streams of raw
data. In such architectures, subsets of the data can then be
filtered for analysis in data warehouses and analytical
databases, or it can be analyzed directly in Hadoop using
batch query tools, stream processing software and SQL on
Hadoop technologies that run interactive, ad hoc queries
written in SQL. Potential pitfalls that can trip up
organizations on big data analytics initiatives include a
lack of internal analytics skills and the high cost of hiring
experienced analytics professionals. The amount of
information that's typically involved, and its variety, can
also cause data management headaches, including data
quality and consistency issues. In addition, integrating
Hadoop systems and data warehouses can be a challenge,
although various vendors now offer software connectors
between Hadoop and relational databases, as well as other
data integration tools with big data capabilities. With big
data analytics, scientists and others can analyze huge
volumes of data that old analytics and business
intelligence solutions can't find. Consider this; it's
possible that enterprise could accumulate billions of rows
of data with hundreds of millions of data combinations in
multiple data stores and abundant formats. Figure is
demonstrating the value of Big Data Analytics by drawing
the graph between time and cumulative cash flow. Old
analytics techniques like any data warehousing
application, you have to wait hours or days to get
information as compared to Big Data Analytics.
Information has the timeliness value when it is processed
at right time otherwise it would be of no use. It might not
return its value at proper cost.
EXISTING SYSTEM
Description
Named entity recognition (NER) is a task of
finding and classifying names of things, such as person,
location, and organization, given a sequence of words.
NER is a very important subtask of information extraction
(IE). With the development of the Internet, a huge amount
of information has been generated by users. The
information generated on the Internet, particularly on
social media (e.g., Twitter and Facebook), includes very
diverse and noisy texts. Word segmentation is one of the
Indian J.Sci.Res. 14 (1): 102-108, 2017
important steps in natural language processing.
Essentially, segmentation is trying to determine the
boundary of the word. As a fundamental natural language
analysis task, word segmentation plays a key role in many
natural language processing applications. Different from
the traditional word segmentation, many new words exist
in the segmentation on twitter. Traditional methods can’t
deal with this problem well. The need to segment and
label sequences arises in many different problems in
several scientific fields. Hidden Markov models (HMMs)
and stochastic grammars are well understood and widely
used probabilistic models for such problems. These
approaches difficult to segments each entities in tweets.
Twitter is a type of micro blogging service in which users
are allowed to post contents such as small messages,
individual images, or videos. Base features include the
gazetteer features and orthographic features. In the NER
task, a huge amount of unlabeled data is often used for
identifying unseen entities. There are already 53
gazetteers in the baseline system. The maximum window
size for gazetteer features is 6, and the model will learn
the named entity type associated with a specific phrase, if
it is in one or more of the gazetteer lexicons.
Orthographic features can be divided into five types. The
orthographic feature templates are as follows:
• n-gram: wi for i in {-1,0,1}, conjunction of previous
word and current word wi−1|wi for i in {-1,0}.
• Affixes: Prefixes and suffixes of xi . The first and last
n characters ranging from 1 to 3.
• Capitalization: There are two patterns of
capitalization: One is an indicator of capitalization
for the first character, and the other is an indicator of
capitalization for all characters.
• Digit: There are three patterns for numbers: i)
Whether the current word has a digit, ii) whether the
current word is a single digit, and iii) whether the
current word has two digits.
• Non-alphabet: Whether the current word contains a
hyphen and other punctuation marks. Among the
other punctuation marks is the colon (:). In general,
what follows right after a colon mark represents a
feature weight. To make the model learn correctly,
we normalize only the colon mark
In the NER task, POS tags and chunks contain
very useful information for finding and classifying named
entities. We predict POS tags and chunks by using a
model trained with Twitter data. Commonly used NER
methods on formal texts such as newspaper articles are
built upon on linguistic features extracted locally.
However, considering the short and noisy nature of
tweets, performance of these methods is inadequate on
tweets and new approaches have to be generated to deal
with this type of data. Recently, tweet representation
based on segments in order to extract named entities has
 GAYATHRI AND NARAYANAN: TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION...
proven its validity in NER field. Along with named
entities extracted from tweets via tweet segmentation,
user’s retweet and mention history, and followed users are
also considered as strong indicators of interest and a
model representing user interest is generated. Reducing
Twitter users’ effort to access tweets carrying the
information of interest is the main goal of the study, and a
tweet recommendation approach under a user interest
model generated via named entities is presented.
Disadvantages of the existing system
• Event detection and summarization, opinion mining,
sentiment analysis, and many others.
• Limited length of a tweet (i.e., 140 characters) and no
restrictions on its writing styles, tweets often contain
grammatical errors, misspellings, and informal
abbreviations.
On the other hand, despite the noisy nature of
tweets, the core semantic information is well preserved in
tweets in the form of named entities or semantic phrases.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
System architecture
Explanation
A rumor is defined as a statement whose true
value is unverifiable. Rumors may spread misinformation
on a social media of people. Identifying rumors is critical
in online social media where huge amounts of information
are easily reached across a large network by sources with
unverified authority. In this paper, we address the
problem of rumor detection on twitter a social media.
This paper focuses on the development of HybridSeg and
KNN approach to the classification of tweets (posts on
Twitter). HybridSeg learns from both global and local
contexts, and has the ability of learning from pseudo
feedback. In order to analyze the textual content of the
tweets, we give an overview of the top terms occurring in
Indian J.Sci.Res. 14 (1): 102-108, 2017
each type of topic, i.e., the most frequent vocabulary used
in each type of topic. To do so, we first performed a
filtering process to remove irrelevant words. The filtering
process removed all the stop words contained in the
tweets. The stop word removal process includes Twitter-
specific words and words in stop word lists for the main
languages in the dataset. After that, we computed the TF
(term frequency) of each word for each type of trending
topic. This process produced a list of words for each type
of trending topic, ranked in a descending order by TF
value. These steps are implemented in Global and Local
Context. Before we extract pseudo feedback, POS tagger
implements to define features categories such adverb,
adjective and so on in Natural Language. Then implement
KNN approach to classify the rumors using three features
such as content features, network features, blog features.
Implementation
• Tweets acquisition
• Preprocessing
• Hybrid segmentation
• Named entity recognition
• Performance evaluation
Modules Description
Tweets acquisition
Twitter is an online social networking service
that enables users to send and read short 140-
character messages called "tweets". Registered users can
read and post tweets, but unregistered users can only read
them. Users access Twitter through the website
interface, SMS, or mobile device app. In order to have an
opinion about the user, his posts have to be examined.
Therefore, using Twitter API, all tweets posted by user
are crawled first. In this study, we tried to examine the
user with not only his posts but also his friends’ posts.
However, crawling all friends’ posts is a huge overload,
and misleading since Twitter following mechanism does
not show an actual interest every time. People sometimes
tend to follow some users for a temporary occasion and
then forget to un-follow. Sometimes they follow some
users just to be informed of, although they are not actually
interested in. There are also friends that do not post a
tweet for a long time, but still followed by the user. In this
module, we can upload the tweet datasets as CSV file. It
contains following id, followers id, time stamp, user
following, user followers and tweets
Preprocessing
For named entities to be extracted successfully,
the informal writing style in tweets has to be handled.
Before real data has entered our lives, studies on the area
were being conducted on formal texts such as news
 GAYATHRI AND NARAYANAN: TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION...
articles. Generally named entities are assumed as words
written in uppercase or mixed case phrases where
uppercased letters are at the beginning and ending, and
almost all of the studies bases on this assumption.
However, capitalization is not a strong indicator in tweet-
like informal texts, sometimes even misleading. As the
example of capitalization shows, the approaches have to
be changed. To extract named entities in tweets, the effect
of the informality of the tweets has to be minimized as
possible. To obtain this minimalism, following tasks are
applied on the data:
• Links, hash tags, and mentions are removed since
they cannot be a part of a named entity.
• Conjunctives, stop words, vocatives, and slang words
etc. are removed.
• Although punctuation is not taken as an indicator
since tweets are informal, still elimination of
punctuation is needed. So, smileys are also removed.
• Repeating characters to express feelings are removed.
• Informal writing style related issues such as
mistyping are corrected.
• Artification related problems are solved since users
connecting from mobile devices tend to ignore
Turkish characters.
It can be seen that preprocessing tasks can be
divided into two logical groups. Pre-segmenting, and
Correcting. Removal of links, hash-tags, mentions,
conjunctives, stop words, vocatives, slang words and
elimination of punctuation are considered as pre
segmentation. It is accepted that parts in the texts before
and after a redundant word, or a punctuation mark cannot
form a named entity together, therefore every removal of
words is behaved as it segments the tweet as well as
punctuation does it naturally. Since tweets are pre-
segmented before they are handled in tweet segmentation
process, pre-segmentation tasks reduces the complexity of
the text and increase
Hybrid segmentation
HybridSeg learns from both global and local
contexts, and has the ability of learning from pseudo
feedback. HybridSeg is also designed to iteratively learn
from confident segments as pseudo feedback. Tweets are
posted for information sharing and communication. The
named entities and semantic phrases are well preserved in
tweets. The global context derived from Web pages
therefore helps identifying the meaningful segments in
tweets. The well preserved linguistic features in these
tweets facilitate named entity recognition with high
accuracy. Each named entity is a valid segment. The
method utilizing local linguistic features is denoted by
HybridSegNER. It obtains confident segments based on
the voting results of multiple off-the-shelf NER tools.
Another method utilizing local collocation knowledge,
Indian J.Sci.Res. 14 (1): 102-108, 2017
denoted by HybridSegNGram, is proposed based on the
observation that many tweets published within a short
time period are about the same topic. HybridSegNGram
segments tweets by estimating the term-dependency
within a batch of tweets. The segments recognized based
on local context with high confidence serve as good
feedback to extract more meaningful segments. The
learning from pseudo feedback is conducted iteratively
and the method implementing the iterative learning is
named HybridSegIter.
Named entity recognition
Named Entity Recognition can be basically
defined as identifying and categorizing certain type of
data (i.e. person, location, organization names, and date-
time and numeric expressions) in a certain type of text.
On the other hand, tweets are characteristically short and
noisy. Given the limited length of a tweet, and restriction
free writing style, named entity recognition on this type of
data become challenging. After basic segmentation, a
great number of named entities in the text, such as
personal names, location names and organization names,
are not yet segmented and recognized properly. Part of
speech tagging is applicable to a wide range of NLP tasks
including named entity segmentation and information
extraction. Named Entity Recognition strategies vary on
basically three factors: Language, textual genre and
domain, and entity type. Language is very important
because language characteristics affect approaches.
Assign each word to its most frequent tag and assign each
Out of Vocabulary (OOV) word the most common POS
tag. Textual genre is another concept whose effects
cannot be neglected.
Performance evaluation
In this module, we can evaluate the process of
the system using accuracy rate and normalized utility. Our
proposed system provides improved accuracy rate and
normalized utility.
Design/Algorithm/Pseudo code (whichever is
applicable) KNN classification
In pattern recognition, the k-Nearest Neighbors
algorithm (or k-NN for short) is a non-parametric method
used for classification and regression. In both cases, the
input consists of the k closest training examples in
the feature space. The output depends on whether k-NN is
used for classification or regression:
• In k-NN classification, the output is a class
membership. An object is classified by a majority
vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned
to the class most common among its k nearest
neighbors (k is a positive integer, typically small). If
k = 1, then the object is simply assigned to the class
of that single nearest neighbor.
 GAYATHRI AND NARAYANAN: TWEET SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR RUMOR IDENTIFICATION...

• In k-NN regression, the output is the property value Assign to X the most frequent class in
for the object. This value is the average of the values
of its k nearest neighbors.
End
k-NN is a type of instance-based learning, or lazy
learning, where the function is only approximated locally The basic concept as: (3-NN)
and all computation is deferred until classification. The k-
NN algorithm is among the simplest of all machine
learning algorithms. Both for classification and
regression, it can be useful to assign weight to the
contributions of the neighbors, so that the nearer
neighbors contribute more to the average than the more
distant ones. For example, a common weighting scheme
consists in giving each neighbor a weight of 1/d,
where d is the distance to the neighbor. The neighbors are
taken from a set of objects for which the class (for k-NN
classification) or the object property value (for k-NN
regression) is known. This can be thought of as the
training set for the algorithm, though no explicit training
step is required. A shortcoming of the k-NN algorithm is CONCLUSION
that it is sensitive to the local structure of the data. The
algorithm has nothing to do with and is not to be confused We designed novel features for use in the
with k-means, another popular machine learning classification of tweets in order to develop a system
technique. The training examples are vectors in a through which informational data may be filtered from the
multidimensional feature space, each with a class label. conversations, which are not of much value in the context
The training phase of the algorithm consists only of of searching for immediate information for relief efforts
storing the feature vectors and class labels of the training or bystanders to utilize in order to minimize damages. The
samples. In the classification phase, k is a user-defined results of our experiments show that classifying tweets as
constant, and an unlabeled vector (a query or test point) is “rumor” vs. “non rumor” can use solely the proposed
classified by assigning the label which is most frequent features if computing resources are concerned, since the
among the k training samples nearest to that query point. computing power required to process data into featured is
immensely decreased in comparison to a BOW feature set
A commonly used distance metric for continuous which contains a substantially larger number of features.
variables is Euclidean distance. For discrete variables, However, if computing power and time necessary to
such as for text classification, another metric can be used, process incoming Twitter data are not a concern, a
such as the overlap metric (or Hamming distance). In the combined feature set of the proposed features and BOW-
context of gene expression microarray data, for presence approach will maximize overall accuracy.
example, k-NN has also been employed with correlation
coefficients such as Pearson and Spearman. Often, the FUTURE WORK
classification accuracy of k-NN can be improved
In future work, we can extend our approach
significantly if the distance metric is learned with
implement various classification algorithm to predict the
specialized algorithms such as Neighbor or Neighborhood
attackers and also eliminate the attackers from twitter
components analysis.
datasets. And try this approach to implement in various
Mathematical model languages in twitter.
KNN algorithm as derived as follows REFERENCES
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