USING INTERACTION DESIGN

METHODS FOR CREATING AR

AND VR EXPERIENCES
Mark Billinghurst
University of South Australia

September 20th and 21st 2017

 What is Interaction Design ?
Designing interactive products to
support people in their everyday
and working lives”
Preece, J., (2002). Interaction Design

• Interaction Design is the design of

user experience with technology
Bill Verplank on Interaction Design

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gk6XAmALOWI
 Bill Verplank

• Interaction Design involves answering three questions:

• What do you do? - How do you affect the world?
• What do you feel? – What do you sense of the world?
• What do you know? – What do you learn?
• Artist/Engineer:
• concerned with what’s on the screen
• Interface Designer:
• concerned with person in front of the screen
• often takes static view of interface
• Interaction Designer
• Concerned with engaging with technology over time
• Creating two way conversation with machine
What is Interaction Design?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZPLCjrewj8
HCI and Interaction Design
 Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
Develop alternative prototypes/concepts and compare them
And iterate, iterate, iterate....
How Can we Design Useful AR and VR?

• Designing AR and VR experiences that meet real needs

CASE STUDY
Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
MOBILE AUGMENTED
REALITY FOR SPATIAL
NAVIGATION
Sharon Brosnan
0651869
Bachelor of Science in Digital Media Design
BUNRATTY FOLK
PARK Sharon Brosnan
0651869
Bachelor of Science in Digital Media Design
BUNRATTY FOLK PARK
• Irish visitor attraction run by Shannon Heritage
• 19th century life is recreated
• Buildings from the mid-west have been relocated to the 26-land
surrounding Bunratty Castle
• 30 buildings are set in a rural or village setting there.
 AUGMENTED REALITY

In Bunratty Folk Park:

• Allows the visitor to point a camera at an exhibit, the device
recognises its by it’s location and layers digital information on to
the display
• 3-dimensional virtual objects can be positioned with real ones on
display
• Leads to dynamic combination of a live camera view and
information
NAVIGATIONAL AID
Smartphone Platform
Most people carry mobile phones and are comfortable with them

Ideal Augmented Reality Technology

• Global tracking tools
• Wireless communication capabilities
• Location based computing
• Large display for interaction
 DESIGNING
FOR THE VISITOR
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN
Goal of the Navigational Aid
• Easy to use, clear and understandable
• Useful to visitors
• Creating interaction between the visitor and the aid
through the user interface
• Engage the visitor

To ensure this…
• It is necessary to understand the visitor of a
navigational aid in Bunratty Folk Park
• Identify visitor motives and goals while going
through the Folk Park.
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN

Understanding Technology and Related Work

• Literature
• Similar Technologies
• Electronic Tours in Museum Settings
• Interactions design in Outdoor Museums
Understanding the User over time
• Observations
• Interviews
Watching People
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN
Findings
• Most visitors do not use the map
• Most visitors have mobile phones
• Visitors want more information
• View the Folk Park at their own pace
• Information should be straight to the point
• Large social interaction within groups
NEXT STEPS FROM RESEARCH
• Define Visitors Goals

• Define Functionalities of the Aid

• Develop Personas – visitors who use the Aid

• Develop Scenarios – how the persona uses the navigational aid

in the Folk Park
• Draw up Storyboards on scenarios
FUNCTIONALITY
• View Options • Augmented Reality Features
• Camera View for navigation
• Map View • Text Information
• List View • 3D Objects
• 3D Tour Guide
• Sub-Options • 3D Placement of Buildings
• Places
• Events
• Restaurants
STORYBOARD
ITERATIVE DESIGN
ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS
Prototyping and User Testing
• Low Fidelity Prototyping
• Sketches
• Paper Prototyping
• Post-It Prototyping
• PowerPoint Prototyping

• High Fidelity Prototyping

• Wikitude
INITIAL SKETCHES
Pros:
• Good for idea generation
• Cheap
• Concepts seem feasible

Cons:
• Not great feedback gained
• Photoshop not fast enough for
making changes
POST IT PROTOTYPING
Camera View with 3D

First Draft Second Draft Third Draft

• Selection • Home button added
highlighted in blue for easy navigation to
main menu
POWERPOINT PROTOTYPING
Benefits
• Used for User Testing
• Interactive
• Functionalities work when following the
story of Scenario 1
• Quick
• Easy arrangement of slides

User Testing
• Participants found
• 15 minute sessions screen captured
• ‘Talk Allowed’ technique used
• Notes taken
• Post-Interview
 WIKITUDE
• Popular augmented reality browser for
mobile devices
• Mapping
• Point of Interest abilities
• Multiplatform
• Shows the points of interest of
Bunratty Folk Park
• Markers can be selected in and an
information pop-up appears
WIKITUDE
User Testing
• Application well received

• Understandable

• Participants playful with the technology

FINAL CONCEPT
DESIGN
 FINAL DESIGN CONCEPT
Key Issues
• Fix issues found in previous sessions

• Design with guidelines in mind

• Appealing to the Mental Model

• Icon Design

• Aesthetic Design
• Colour/Font
• Buttons
• Look
VIDEO PROTOTYPE
¢ Flexible tool for capturing the use
of an interface

¢ Elaborate simulation of how the

navigational aid will work

¢ Does not need to be realistic in

every detail
¢ Gives a good idea of how the
finished system will work
 Demo Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BqbEXUyDfo
NEEDS ANALYSIS
 Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
Develop alternative prototypes/concepts and compare them
And iterate, iterate, iterate....
Needs Analysis Goals

1. Create a deep understanding of

the user and problem space
2. Understand how VR can help
address the user needs
Key Questions

1. Who is the user?

• Different types of users

2. What are the user needs?

• Understand the user, look for insights

3. Can VR address those needs?

• VR cannot solve all problems
 Who are the Users?

• Different types of users, must consider them all

• Primary: people regularly using the VR system
• Secondary: people providing tech support/developing system
• Tertiary: people providing funding/space for VR system
 Methods for Identifying User Needs
Learn from Learn from
people Experts

Learn from Immersive

analogous yourself in
settings context
1. Learn from People

• Learn from target users by:

• Questionnaires and interviewing
• Running focus groups
• Observing people performing target tasks
Interviewing Techniques
Good interviewing is a skill and needs to be
done properly to ensure you maximize the
opportunity you have with your users
Tips for interacting with end users:
1. Listen
2. Watch
3. Create Trust
4. Inform Design
2. Learn from Experts

• Experts have in-depth knowledge about topic

• Can give large amount of information in short time
• Look for existing process/problem documentation
• Choose participants with domain expertise
• Expertise, radical opinion, etc.
3. Immersive yourself in Context

A day in the Life of.. Cultural Probes.. Role Playing..

• Put yourself in the position of the user

• Role playing, a day in the life of a user, cultural probes
• Observing the problem space around you – how do you feel?
• Take notes and capture your observations
Cultural Probes: Equator Domestic Probes
What? How? Why?
• Observation analysis
• Start from Concrete Observation
• What is the person doing?
• Move to Understanding
• How are they doing it?
• Finish with interpretation
• Why are they doing it?
4. Seek Inspiration in Analogous Setting

What can public libraries learn from Apple stores?

• Inspiration in different context than problem space

• E.g. redesign library by going to Apple store
• Think of Analogies that connect with challenge
• Similar scenarios in different places
Identifying User Needs
• From understanding the user, look for needs
• Human emotional or physical necessities.
• Needs help define your design

• Needs are Verbs not Nouns

• Verbs - (activities and desires)
• Nouns (solutions)

• Identify needs from the user traits you noted, or

from contradictions between information
• disconnect between what user says and what user does..
Example: VR for Arachnophobia

• True story:
• Mark’s father, Alan, didn’t seem afraid of anything
• He went to the HIT Lab to try VR for the first time
• In a virtual kitchen he saw a VR spider and screamed

• Contradiction:
• Afraid of nothing, but screams at virtual spider
Example: VR for Arachnophobia

State the Problem User Need

- [User] needs [verb phrase] in a way that [way]
- How might we [verb phrase] ?

Example
- Alan needs to overcome his fear of spiders in a way that
that is easy and painless
- How might we help him overcome his fear of spiders ?
Is VR the Best Solution?
• Not every problem can be solved by VR..

• Problems Ideal for Virtual Reality, have:

• visual elements
• 3D spatial interaction
• physical manipulation
• procedural learning

• Problems Not ideal for Virtual Reality, have:

• heavy reading, text editing
• many non visual elements
• need for connection with real world
• need for tactile, haptic, olfaction feedback
Suitable for VR or not?
Define the Problem
• Expresses the problem you are addressing
• Defines your unique point of view
• Unique design vision based on needs analysis
• Two Goals
• Deep understanding of users and design space
• Actionable problem statement (point of view)
Tools for Problem Definition
• Storytelling
• Clustering
• Task Flow Analysis
• Frameworks
• Empathy Maps
 Empathy Map
• Synthesize observations and draw out insight
• 4 quadrant layout
• SAY: Some quotes and defining words your user said
• DO: What actions and behaviors did you notice?
• THINK: What might your user be thinking? What does this
tell you about his or her beliefs?
• FEEL: What emotions might your subject be feeling?
 Empathy Map
• Synthesize observations and draw out insight
• 4 quadrant layout
• SAY: What are some quotes and defining words your
user said?
• DO: What actions and behaviors did you notice?
• THINK: What might your user be thinking? What does
this tell you about his or her beliefs?
• FEEL: What emotions might your subject be feeling?
Expressing the Problem

[User] needs [verb phrase] in a way that [way]

How might we [verb phrase] ?

Empathy Map
Stakeholder
• Identify key elements of target person
• Demographics
• Occupation
• Motivation
• Express as adjective description
• Develop typical persona
Personas

• A design tool to help visualize who you are designing for

• Based on insights from customer research
• Synthesised from real user characteristics
• Bring them to life with a name, goals, background
• Help you to imagine how a person will use the product
• Use in story telling
• Represents the behavior and goals of a group of users
• Develop multiple personas
Persona

• Capture elements relevant to problem

 Need
• Human emotional or physical necessities.
• Needs help define your design
• Needs are verbs not Nouns
• Verbs - (activities and desires)
• Nouns (solutions)
• Identify needs directly out of the user traits you
noted, or from contradictions between
• disconnect between what she says and what she does..
 Insight
• A remarkable realization that you could leverage to
better respond to - a design challenge.
• Insights often grow from contradictions between two
user attributes
• either within a quadrant or two different quadrants
• Asking “Why?” when you notice strange behavior.
Example Empathy Map
Problem Definition Creates Insight
User + Need = Insight
How Might We … ?
• Short questions that launch brainstorming
Example: VR for Arachnophobia

State the Problem User Need

- [User] needs [verb phrase] in a way that [way]
- How might we [verb phrase] ?

Example
- Alan needs to overcome his fear of spiders in a way that
that is easy and painless
- How might we help him overcome his fear of spiders ?
DESIGN
The Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
Design Process

• Elaborate on Ideas and Reduce to Final Design Direction

• Elaborate - generate solutions. These are the opportunities
• Reduce - decide on the ones worth pursuing
• Repeat - elaborate and reduce again on those solutions
Idea Generation

• Once user need is found, solutions can be proposed

• Idea generation through:
• Brainstorming
• Lateral thinking
• Ideal storming
• Formal problem solving
• Etc..
Idea Generation Methods
Idea Storming
• Idea Stormers book
• Bryan Mattimore techniques
• Case studies
• Practical advice
Book Content
The 7 Greatest Ideation Techniques
• Questioning assumptions
• Opportunity redefinition
• Wishing
• Triggered brainwalking
• Semantic intuition
• Picture prompts
• Worst idea
Semantic Intuition
• Combine several categories of key words to
create a name for a new idea
• Process
• Create 3 categories of words related to challenge
• Generate variations in each category
• Randomly combine one word from each category
• Brainstorm around result
 Example: Detergent Promotion
Places in Store Promotions Benefits/Interests
Aisle Gift with purchase Clean clothes
Parking Lot Buy one get one free Getting stains out
Bakery Floor stands Fresh smelling
Frozen Foods Redeemable Coupon Family dinners
Pharmacy Register Coupon Baseball games
Flower Shop Shelf talkers Disney world
Trigger: Bakery, Gift with Purchase, and Clean Clothes

Idea: Cookies + Detergent promotion. Buy detergent and get

free cookie dough mixture. Eat a cookie while doing washing
and enjoy the smell of clean clothes and fresh baking
Brainstorming

• Best with interdisciplinary team

Facilitating a Brainstorm
• Energy
• Keep ideas flowing, seed questions
• Idea Constraints
• Add constraints that might spark new ideas
• How would a 5-year-old child solve the problem?
• Solving the problem with an unlimited budget?
• What if you had control over the laws of nature?
• Process constraints – e.g. lack of time
• Space
• Create space for brainstorming
Body Storming

• Physically acting out ideas

• Physically experiencing a situation
• Props, actors, space
TRIZ – Formalized Problem Solving
• ‘Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskikh Zadatch’
• Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
• Developed by Genrich Altshuller (1940’s)
• Working in Soviet Navy patent dept.
• Analyzed over 200,000 patents
• Developed innovation theory
Key Findings
• Problems and solutions are repeated across
industries and sciences.
• By classifying the "contradictions” in each problem,
you can predict good creative solutions
• Patterns of technical evolution tend to be repeated
across industries and sciences.
• Creative innovations often use scientific effects
outside the field where they were developed.
Applying TRIZ process
1. Identify my problem
2. Formulate the problem
Identify contradictions
3. Search for previously solved problem
Using TRIZ tools
4. Look for analogous solution and adapt to my solution
General TRIZ Problem Solving Model
Example: Drink Can Stacking
• Want to stack drink cans for storage
• We have no control over how high cans will be stacked
• Contradiction
• Can walls should be thinner to reduce costs
• Can walls should be thicker to support weight
Types of Contradictions
• Eliminate contradictions to solve problems
• Two types of contradictions
• Technical – classic engineering trade-offs.
• The product gets stronger (good), but the weight increases (bad).
• Training is comprehensive (good), but keeps employees away
from their assignments (bad).
• Physical – inherent contradictions (laws of physics)
• Coffee should be hot for enjoyable drinking, but cold to prevent
burning the customer.
• Training should take a long time (to be thorough), but not take any
time.
Key TRIZ Tools
• Engineering Parameters (Formulate problem)
• 39 standard technical characteristics that cause conflict
• Inventive Principles (Previous Solutions)
• 40 solution hints that will guide towards an innovative solution
 Engineering Parameters
1. Weight of moving object 11. Shape
2. Weight of nonmoving object 12. Stability of object
3. Length of moving object 13. Strength
4. Length of nonmoving object 14. Durability of moving object
5. Area of moving object 15. Durability of nonmoving object
6. Area of nonmoving object 16. Temperature
7. Volume of moving object 17. Brightness
8. Volume of nonmoving object 18. Energy spent by moving object
9. Speed 19. Energy spent by nonmoving
10. Force object
11. Tension, pressure 20. Power
Inventive Principles
1. Segmentation
Divide an object into independent parts
Make an object sectional
14. Spheroidality
Use rollers, balls spirals
Replace linear parts or flat surfaces with curved ones
35. Transformation of physical and chemical states
Change an object's aggregate state
Table of Contradictions
Table of Contradictions
Example: Can Stacking
• Principle 1: Increase Segmentation
• Change wall from smooth to wavy
• Principle 14: Spheroidality
• Use curved can tops
• Principle 35: Transformation
• Use stronger alloy composition
 Example - Segmentation

Divide an object into parts or make sectional

§ Problem: Long antennas are necessary for radio transmission
but can be broken when the car goes into a low-clearance
garage
§ Solution: Construct antenna from cylindrical metal beads strung
on a wire. When the beads are loosened they can be compactly
stored. When the wire is tightened, the beads form a long,
flexible antenna.
Example: VR for Arachnophobia

State the Problem User Need

- [User] needs [verb phrase] in a way that [way]
- How might we [verb phrase] ?

Example
- Alan needs to overcome his fear of spiders in a way that
that is easy and painless
- How might we help him overcome his fear of spiders ?
Example:

• Ideas for overcoming fear of spiders

• Watching spider videos
• Exposure to real spiders
• Using toy spiders
• Virtual Reality therapy
• Augmented Reality spider viewing
Selection
• Narrow down ideas list
• Hang onto ideas people excited about
• Don’t worry about feasibility
• Carry forward multiple ideas into Design/Prototyping
• Techniques
• Post-it voting
• Four categories method
• Rational, delightful, darling, long shot
• Bingo method - Idea that inspires
Tools for Effective Design
§ Personas
§ Scenarios
§ Storyboards
§ Sketching
§ Wireframes and Mock-ups
Persona: Gunther the Ad Guy

Gunther is from Germany. He

Travels extensively for work and
As he is an advertising executive
he needs to present concepts to
clients quickly and easily. He is
a person very well-versed in new
technologies and wishes he had
easier portable solutions for his
presentations…..
 How to use your personas
• Use them to find real people for usability testing.
• Use them as a foundation to discuss any design
issues/feature issues that come up.
• Use them to evaluate competitor’s products.
• Use them to keep you honest.
• Keep updating them as part of your continued
user research.
• Use them to find real customers you can have on-
going relationships with.
Scenarios
Usage Scenarios are narrative descriptions of
how the product meets the needs of a persona

Short (2 pages max)

Focus on unmet needs of persona
Concrete story
Set of stories around essential tasks, problems...
Use to test ideas
A business woman travels from SF to Paris on a business trip. On
her way to the airport she narrowly misses a traffic delay. She
avoids the jam because her Smartphone beeps and send her a
warning text message on her route from the office to the airport.
Upon arrival the location-sensitive Smartphone notifies the airline
that she‘ll check in shortly and an airline employee finds her
immediately and takes her baggage. Her display shows that her
flight is on time and provides a map to her gate. On the way she
downloads tourist information (maps, events) for Paris.

Symbian
Once found her seat, she begins to review the downloaded
information. She books a ticket for an opera she wants to see.
Her Smartphone makes the booking using her credit card
number stored in memory. The security software of the
Smartphone protects her against fraud.
The Smartphone stores the opera booking along with emails written
on the plane. As soon as she steps off the plane, it makes the
calls and sends the emails. As she leaves the airport, a map
appears on the display and guides her to her hotel

Symbian
Storyboarding
Sequence of sketches showing use of system in
everyday use context
Concrete example
Easier (faster) to grasp than text based stories
Means of communication with users and system
developers
Sketches, not drawings...
Use to test interaction and make sure design works
Example Storyboard
Example Storyboard p.2
Role of Sketching Sketching is about the
activity not the result
– Bill Buxton

• Use sketching as way to communicate and create new ideas

VR Interface Design Sketches

• Sketch out Design concepts

 Why is Sketching Useful?

• Early ideation
• Think through ideas
• Force you to visualize how things come together
• Communicate ideas to inspire new designs
• Ideal for active brainstorming
• Beginning of prototyping process
VR Design Considerations
• Use UI Best Practices
• Adapt know UI guidelines to VR
• Use of Interface Metaphors/Affordances
• Decide best metaphor for VR application
• Design for Humans
• Use Human Information Processing model
• Design for Different User Groups
• Different users may have unique needs
• Design for the Whole User
• Social, cultural, emotional, physical cognitive
Use UI Best Practices
• General UI design principles can be applied to VR
• E.g. Shneiderman’s UI guidelines from 1998

• Providing interface feedback

• Mixture of reactive, instrumental and operational feedback
• Maintain spatial and temporal correspondence

• Use constraints
• Specify relations between variables that must be satisfied
• E.g. physical constraints reduce freedom of movement

• Support Two-Handed control

• Use Guiard’s framework of bimanual manipulation
• Dominant vs. non-dominant hands
Cardboard Design Lab

• Mobile VR App providing examples of best practice VR

designs and user interaction (iOS, Play app stores)
Demo: Cardboard Design Lab

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Uf-ru2Ndvc
VR Human Interface Guidelines

• Interface design website - http://vrhig.com/

• Set of VR interface design best practices
 Example VR Design Guidelines

• Use real-world cues when appropriate.

• If there is a horizon line, keep it steady
• Be careful about mixing 2D GUI and 3D
• Avoid rapid movement, it makes people sick
• Avoid rapid or abrupt transitions to the world space
• Keep the density of information and objects on screen low
• Do not require the user to move their head or body too much
From https://www.wired.com/2015/04/how-to-design-for-virtual-reality/
Use Interface Metaphors

• Design interface object to be similar to familiar

physical object that the user knows how to use
• E.g. Desktop metaphor, spreadsheet, calculator

• Benefits
• Makes learning interface easier and more accessible
• Users understand underlying conceptual model
 Typical VR Interface Metaphors

• Direct Manipulation
• Reach out and directly grab objects
• Ray Casting
• Select objects through ray from head/hand
• Vehicle Movement
• Move through VR environment through vehicle movement
Example: Handle Bar Metaphor

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBCP63jD3OI
How are These Used?
Affordances
”… the perceived and actual properties of
the thing, primarily those fundamental
properties that determine just how the thing
could possibly be used. [...]

Affordances provide strong clues to the

operations of things.”

(Norman, The Psychology of Everyday Things 1988, p.9)

 Perceived vs. Actual Affordances

• Perceived affordance should match actual affordance

Physical vs. Virtual Affordances
• Physical Affordance
• Look and feel of real objects
• Shape, texture, colour, weight, etc.
• Industrial Design

• Virtual Affordance
• Look of virtual objects
• Copy real objects
• Interface Design
Affordances in VR

Familiar objects in Job Simulator Object shape shows how to pick up

• Design interface objects to show how they are used

• Use visual cues to show possible affordances
• Perceived affordances should match actual affordances
• Good cognitive model - map object behavior to expected
 Examples of Affordances in VR

Virtual buttons can be pushed Virtual doors can be walked through

Flying like a bird in Birdly Virtual objects can be picked up

Human Information Processing
Perception Cognition Ergonomics

• High level staged model from Wickens and Carswell (1997)

• Relates perception, cognition, and physical ergonomics
Design for Perception
• Need to understand perception to design VR
• Visual perception
• Many types of visual cues (stereo, oculomotor, etc.)

• Auditory system
• Binaural cues, vestibular cues

• Somatosensory
• Haptic, tactile, kinesthetic, proprioceptive cues

• Chemical Sensing System

• Taste and smell
Design for Cognition
• Design for Working and Long term memory
• Working memory
• Short term storage, Limited storage (~5-9 items)
• Long term memory
• Memory recall trigger by associative cues

• Situational Awareness
• Model of current state of user’s environment
• Used for wayfinding, object interaction, spatial awareness, etc..
• Provide cognitive cues to help with situational awareness
• Landmarks, procedural cues, map knowledge
• Support both ego-centric and exo-centric views
Deisgn for Physical Ergonomics

• Design for the human motion range

• Consider human comfort and natural posture
• Design for hand input
• Coarse and fine scale motions, gripping and grasping
• Avoid “Gorilla arm syndrome” from holding arm pose
Designing for Different User Groups
• Design for Difference Ages
• Children require different interface design than adults
• Older uses have different needs than younger

• Prior Experience with AR/VR systems

• Familiar with HMDs, AR/VR input devices

• People with Different Physical Characteristics

• Height and arm reach, handedness

• Perceptual, Cognitive and Motor Abilities

• Colour perception varies between people
• Spatial ability, cognitive or motor disabilities
Consider the Whole User Needs
 Whole User Needs
• Social
• Don’t make your user look stupid
• Cultural
• Follow local cultural norms
Would you wear this HMD?
• Physical
• Can the user physically use the interface?
• Cognitive
• Can the user understand how the interface works?
• Emotional
• Make the user feel good and in control
PROTOTYPING
Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
 How can we quickly
prototype Virtual Reality
experiences with little or
no coding?
Google Glass (2011 - )
Google Glass Prototyping

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5_h1VuwD6g
Early Glass Prototyping
Early prototyping
Why Prototype?
▪ Quick visual design
▪ Capture key interactions
▪ Focus on user experience
▪ Communicate design ideas
▪ “Learn by doing/experiencing”
 From Sketches to Prototypes
• Sketches: early ideation stages of design
• Prototypes: capturing /detailing the actual design
Sketch vs. Prototype
Sketch Prototype
Invite Attend
Suggest Describe
Explore Refine
Question Answer
Propose Test
Provoke Resolve
Tentative, non committal Specific Depiction

The primary differences are in the intent

 From Sketches to Prototypes
Early design

Brainstorm different ideas and Multitude of sketches

representations
Choose a representation
Sketch variations and details
Rough out interface style
Task centered walkthrough and redesign Sketch or low fidelity prototypes

Fine tune interface, screen design Low to medium fidelity prototypes

Heuristic evaluation and redesign
Usability testing and redesign

High fidelity prototypes

Limited field testing

Alpha/Beta tests Working systems

Late design
 Typical Development Steps
▪ Sketching
▪ Storyboards
Increased
▪ UI Mockups Fidelity &
▪ Interaction Flows Interactivity

▪ Video Prototypes
▪ Interactive Prototypes
▪ Final Native Application
Design/Prototyping Tools
AR/VR Prototyping Tools
• Low Fidelity
• Sketched Paper Interfaces – pen/paper, non-interactive
• Onride Photoshop tool – digital, non-interactive
• InstaVR - 360 web based tool, simple interactivity
• SketchBox – create VR interface inside VR

• High Fidelity
• Entiti – template based VR with visual programming
• A-Frame – web based VR tool using HTML
• EditorVR – Unity wrapper inside VR
• Unity/Unreal Game Engine – programming needed
Advantages/Disadvantages
Prototype Advantages Disadvantages
Low-fidelity - low developmental cost - limited error checking
prototype - evaluate multiple - navigational and flow
design concepts limitations

High-fidelity - fully interactive - more expensive to develop

prototype - look and feel of final - time consuming to build
product - developers are reluctant to
- clearly defines change something they have
navigational scheme crafted for hours
 Sketched Interfaces

▪ Sketch + Powerpoint/Photoshop/Illustrator
Sketching VR Interfaces

• Download 360 panorama template grid

• Draw interface ideas into grid
• Scan into 360 photo viewer for VR HMD

See https://virtualrealitypop.com/vr-sketches-56599f99b357
Example Sketched VR Interface

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmMh6-jPWOc
ONIRIDE - 360° Art Plugin for Photoshop

• Draw 360 panorama’s directly in Photoshop

• Preview in Photoshop, export to VR
• See http://www.oniride.com/360art
OnRide Demo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1P1EfGizal0
Paper Prototyping (Low Fidelity)
Quick and simple means of sketching interfaces
Use office materials
Easier to criticize, quick to change
Creative process (develop in team)
Can also use for usability test (focus on interaction flow)
Used a lot to test out concepts before real design begins.
Paper Prototyping
 Wireframe
• It’s about
• Functional specs
• Navigational systems
• Functionality and layout
• Notes about the intended functionality
• How interface elements work together
• Leaving room for the design to be created
Wireframes
Mockup
• It’s about
• Look and feel
• Build on the wireframe with
graphics and polish
• May adjust layout slightly but
stays within the general
guide of the wireframe
FunMe Mobile AR Wireframe/Mockup

http://www.yunnuocheng.com/funme/
Physical Prototype
Role Playing - Demo
Wireframe vs. Prototype vs. Mockup
• Wireframe
• Low fidelity representation of design
• What UI elements, where UI are placed
• Mockup
• High fidelity static design
• Visual design draft
• Prototype
• Medium to high fidelity
• Supports user interaction
Transitions
 Video Sketching
▪ Series of still photos in a movie format.
▪ Demonstrates the experience of the product
▪ Discover where concept needs fleshing out.
▪ Communicate experience and interface
▪ You can use whatever tools, from Flash to iMovie.
UI Concept Movies
Project Glass Concept Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSMNn9viel4
EXAMPLE:
SKETCH TO VIDEO
 AR Hockey

• Concept – Air Hockey in the real world

• Mix materiality and real surfaces with digital forms
• React to real body movement and player interaction

https://stereoscopica.wordpress.com/2013/05/29/augmented-reality-hockey-concept/
 AR Hockey Concept

https://stereoscopica.wordpress.com/2013/05/29/augmented-reality-hockey-concept/
Sketched Projected Content
Game Setup
Paper/Experience Prototypes

• Having people act out the game

Physical Mockup
Concept Video

https://vimeo.com/79285725
Interactive Sketching

• Pop App
• Pop - https://marvelapp.com/pop
• Combining sketching and interactivity on mobiles
• Take pictures of sketches, link pictures together
Using Pop
Pop Demo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zdjg9yhBqTU
littleBits - http://littlebits.cc/

• Plug and play hardware components

• Sensors, input, output
• Rapid design with hardware
Little Bits Demo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUUsJSDa7PE
 Interactive Wireframing
▪ Developing interactive interfaces/wireframes
▪ Transitions, user feedback, interface design
▪ Web based tools
▪ UXpin - http://www.uxpin.com/
▪ proto.io - http://www.proto.io/
▪ Native tools
▪ Justinmind - http://www.justinmind.com/
▪ Axure - http://www.axure.com/
 Proto.io - http://www.proto.io/
▪ Web based mobile prototyping tool
▪ Features
▪ Prototype for multiple devices
▪ Gesture input, touch events, animations
▪ Share with collaborators
▪ Test on device
Proto.io - Interface
Flinto
• https://www.flinto.com/
• High fidelity prototyping
• Use final png files/interface screens
• Connect mockup screens visually
• Apply transitions, scrolling etc
• Send prototypes to mobile for viewing
• Looks like real application
 Flinto Interface

Video 11: Flinto

Finto Demo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDRTuFTHstU
Sketchbox

• VR design tool - create VR interface inside VR

• Support for HTC Vive, Oculus Rift
• Easy to use VR sketching tool
• Available from SteamVR
• See https://www.sketchboxvr.com/
Sketchbox Demo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWfgewGzaEI
InstaVR

•http://www.instavr.co/
•Free, fast panorama VR, deploy to multi platforms
Demo - Using InstaVR

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2C8vDL0YeA
Entiti

• https://www.wakingapp.com/
• Stand alone application for VR/AR authoring (Windows, Mac)
• Works with Entiti mobile application (Android, iOS)
• Delivers multiple VR experiences – 360 and 3D scenes
• Template based VR, Visual programming for behaviours
Entiti Overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRuYQoT45Tg
A-Frame

• See https://aframe.io/
• Web based VR framework
• Make WebVR with HTML and Entity-Component
• Works on Vive, Rift, Daydream, GearVR, desktop
A-Frame Demo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MskH9uqOyQ
 Unity EditorVR

• Edit Unity VR scenes inside VR

• 3D user interface on top of Unity
• 2 handed interface using HTC Vive
• Support for multi-user input
• Available from https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/EditorVR
Demo: Unity EditorVR

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV9rpwWWobc&t=217s
More Prototyping Tools

• List of 24 prototyping tools

• Tools for prototyping 3D VR experiences
• Tools for prototyping 360 degree experiences
• Web based Tools for 3D prototyping
• 3D modeling tools in VR

See http://bit.ly/2wx3i6H
EXAMPLE:
CONCEPT TO DEMO
NASA Hololens AR/VR Concept Demo

• Vision: Work on Mars from your office

• Story and sketches based on vision
• Led to working Demo
Chesley Bonestell (1940s)
Hololens Story
HoloLens Concept Sketches
Final NASA HoloLens OnSight Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-GP3Kx6-CE
EVALUATION
Interaction Design Process

Identify needs/
establish
requirements

(Re)Design
Evaluate

Build an
interactive
version

Final Product
What is evaluation?

• Evaluation is concerned with

gathering data about the usability
of a design or product by a
specified group of users for a
particular activity within a specified
environment or work context
When to evaluate?
• Once the product has been developed
• pros : rapid development, small evaluation cost
• cons : rectifying problems

redesign &
design implementation evaluation
reimplementation

• During design and development

• pros : find and rectify problems early
• cons : higher evaluation cost, longer development

design implementation
Four Evaluation Paradigms
• ‘quick and dirty’
• usability testing (lab studies)
• field studies
• predictive evaluation
Quick and Dirty

• ‘quick & dirty’ evaluation: informal feedback from

users or consultants to confirm that their ideas are
in-line with users’ needs and are liked.
• Quick & dirty evaluations are done any time.
• Emphasis is on fast input to the design process
rather than carefully documented findings.
 Usability Testing
• Recording typical users’ performance on typical
tasks in controlled settings.
• As the users perform tasks they are watched &
recorded on video & their inputs are logged.
• User data is used to calculate performance times,
errors & help determine system usability
• User satisfaction questionnaires & interviews are
used to elicit users’ opinions.
 Laboratory-based studies
• Laboratory-based studies
• can be used for evaluating the design, or system
• are carried out in an interruption-free usability lab
• can accurately record some work situations
• some studies are only possible in a lab environment
• some tasks can be adequately performed in a lab
• useful for comparing different designs in a controlled context
Laboratory-based studies

Controlled, instrumented environment

 Field/Ethnographic Studies
• Field studies are done in natural settings
• The aim is to understand what users do naturally
and how technology impacts them.
• In product design field studies can be used to:
- identify opportunities for new technology
- determine design requirements
- decide how to introduce new technology
- evaluate technology in use.
Predictive Evaluation
• Experts apply their knowledge of typical
users, often guided by heuristics, to
predict usability problems.
• Can involve theoretically based models.
• A key feature of predictive evaluation is
that users need not be present
• Relatively quick and inexpensive
Characteristics of Approaches
Usability Field Predictive
testing studies
Users do task natural not involved
Location controlled natural anywhere
When prototype early prototype
Data quantitative qualitative problems
Feed back measures & descriptions problems
errors
Type applied naturalistic expert
Evaluation Approaches and Methods
Method Usability Field Predictive
testing studies
Observing x x
Asking x x
users
Asking x x
experts
Testing x
Modeling x
 DECIDE:
A framework to guide evaluation
• Determine the goals the evaluation addresses.
• Explore the specific questions to be answered.
• Choose the evaluation paradigm and techniques to
answer the questions.
• Identify the practical issues.
• Decide how to deal with the ethical issues.
• Evaluate, interpret and present the data.
USABILITY TESTING
 Pilot Studies
• A small trial run of the main study.
• Can identify majority of issues with interface design
• Pilot studies check:
- that the evaluation plan is viable
- you can conduct the procedure
- that interview scripts, questionnaires,
experiments, etc. work appropriately
• Iron out problems before doing the main study.
Controlled Experiments
• Designer of a controlled experiment should
carefully consider:
• proposed hypothesis
• selected subjects
• measured variables
• experimental methods
• data collection
• data analysis
 Subjects
• The choice of subjects is critical to the validity of the
results of an experiment
• subjects group should represent expected user population
expected user population

• Consider subject factors such as:

• age group, education, skills, culture, technology background

• The sample size should be large enough (10+) to be

statistically representative of the user population
Hypothesis and Variables
• Hypothesis: prediction of the experiment outcome

• Experiments manipulate and measure variables

under controlled conditions
• There are two types of variables
• independent: variables that are manipulated to create
different experimental conditions
• e.g. number of items in menus, colour of the icons

• dependent: variables that are measured to find out the

effects of changing the independent variables
• e.g. speed of menu selection, speed of locating icons
Experimental Methods
• It is important to select the right experimental method so
that the results of the experiment can be generalized
• There are mainly two experimental methods
• between-groups: each subject is assigned to one
experimental condition
• within-groups: each subject performs under all
the different conditions
Experimental Methods
Between- Within-
groups Subjects groups Subjects

Randomly Randomly
assigned assigned

Condition Condition Condition

Experimental tasks

Experimental tasks

Experimental tasks
1 2 3
Experimental task

Condition Condition Condition Condition Condition Condition

2 1 1
1 2 3
Condition Condition Condition
3 3 2

data data data data data data

Statistical data analysis Statistical data analysis

Data Collection and Analysis
• The choice of a method is dependent on the type
of data that needs to be collected
• In order to test a hypothesis the data has to be
analysed using a statistical method
• The choice of a statistical method depends on the
type of collected data
• All the decisions about an experiment should be
made before the experiment is carried out
Data Types
• Subjective (Qualitative) How easy was the task
• Subjective survey 1 2 3 4 5
Not very easy Very easy
• Likert Scale, condition rankings
• Observations
• Think Aloud
• Interview responses

• Objective (Quantitative)
• Performance measures
• Time, accuracy, errors
• Process measures
• Video/audio analysis
 Example: VR Navigation using Head Tilt

• CHI 2017 paper from Tregillus, Al Zayer, and Folmer

• Problem
• Navigation in mobile VR difficult due to limited input options
• Solution
• Use head tilt to provide simulated joystick input

Tregillus, S., Al Zayer, M., & Folmer, E. (2017, May). Handsfree Omnidirectional VR
Navigation using Head Tilt. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4063-4068). ACM.
 Implementation

• Calculate head tilt angle

• Difference between vertical head vector and gravity vector
• Once head tilt is greater than threshold, move forward
• However using head tilt alone prevents looking around
• Head tilt navigation triggered when walking detected (from IMU)
• Implemented in Unity and Google Cardboard SDK/Viewer
Demo Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6fyfnVTAYs
User Study
• Goal: To compare head tilt input to joystick input
for navigation in mobile VR
• Conditions
• TILT: Head tilt input only
• WIP-TILT: Head tilt + using walking to trigger tilt input
• Joystick: Joystick input

• Measures
• Quantitative: Performance time, Number of obstacles hit
• Qualitative: Simulator sickness (SSQ), user preferences
Experiment Design
• 25 Subjects (6 female, 19 male)
• Within subjects design
• All subjects do all conditions
• Experience conditions in counterbalanced order
• For each condition
• Training then navigate through 5 virtual corridors
• At end of condition take SSQ survey
• Rate condition on Likert scale for efficiency, accuracy, etc.
• After all conditions
• Interview subjects for more feedback
 Results: Performance, Sickness

• Performance time, Obstacles hit, SSQ sickness scores

• Use one way ANOVA test for significance between conditions
• TILT significantly faster and more accurate than WIP-TILT, joystick
• No significant difference between sickness scores
• Using p < 0.05 significance
 Results: User Preference

• One way ANOVA comparing Likert scores (1 – 7)

• significant diff. between TILT and WIP-TILT for efficiency, learnability,
errors, likeability and immersion
• significant diff. between TILT and joystick for learnability and immersion
Discussion
• TILT
• Performed fastest because user didn’t need to walk in place
• Liked condition best, except for immersion
• TILT not ideal for VR applications where user needs to look around

• WIP-TILT
• Slower than TILT, more difficult to learn due to walking
• User felt most immersive due to proprioceptive input

• Shows that head tilt could be viable input for mobile VR

Lessons Learned About Expt. Design
• Decide on type of experiment
• Within subject vs. between subject
• Have well designed task with measurable outcomes
• Use both qualitative and quantitative measures
• Performance + user preference
• Have enough subjects for significant results
• Use the appropriate statistics
• Compare conditions + perform post hoc analysis
• Provide subject training on task
• Observe user behavior and interview subjects
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
• Interaction Design methods can be used to develop
effective AR and VR interfaces
• Needs Analysis
• Several methods available for determining user needs
• Design
• Use metaphors and affordances, good UI guidelines
• Prototyping
• Many rapid prototyping tools available
• Evaluation
• Use multiple methods for best evaluation
RESOURCES
UX of VR Website - www.uxofvr.com

• Many examples of great design ideas

• Videos, books, articles, slides, code, etc..
ARKit AR Interface Guidelines

• Great set of AR Human Interface Guidelines from Apple

• Best practice handheld AR design guidelines for ARKit
• https://developer.apple.com/ios/human-interface-
guidelines/technologies/augmented-reality/
www.empathiccomputing.org

mark.billinghurst@unisa.edu.au

@marknb00