entropy

Article
Second Law Analysis of a Mobile Air Conditioning
System with Internal Heat Exchanger Using Low
GWP Refrigerants
Vicente Pérez-García 1, *, Juan M. Belman-Flores 1 , José L. Rodríguez-Muñoz 2 ,
Víctor. H. Rangel-Hernández 1 and Armando Gallegos-Muñoz 1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca,
University of Guanajuato, Salamanca 36885, Mexico; jfbelman@ugto.mx (J.M.B.-F.);
vrangel@ugto.mx (V.H.R.-H.); gallegos@ugto.mx (A.G.-M.)
2 Department of Metal-Mechanical, Technological University of Guanajuato Southwest,
Valle-Huanimaro Km. 1.2, Valle de Santiago 38400, Mexico; ingrom79@gmail.com
* Correspondence: v.perez@ugto.mx; Tel.: +52-464-647-9940

Academic Editors: Pouria Ahmadi and Behnaz Rezaie

Received: 10 March 2017; Accepted: 17 April 2017; Published: 19 April 2017

Abstract: This paper investigates the results of a Second Law analysis applied to a mobile air
conditioning system (MACs) integrated with an internal heat exchanger (IHX) by considering R152a,
R1234yf and R1234ze as low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and establishing R134a
as baseline. System simulation is performed considering the maximum value of entropy generated
in the IHX. The maximum entropy production occurs at an effectiveness of 66% for both R152a and
R134a, whereas for the cases of R1234yf and R1234ze occurs at 55%. Sub-cooling and superheating
effects are evaluated for each one of the cases. It is also found that the sub-cooling effect shows the
greatest impact on the cycle efficiency. The results also show the influence of isentropic efficiency on
relative exergy destruction, resulting that the most affected components are the compressor and the
condenser for all of the refrigerants studied herein. It is also found that the most efficient operation of
the system resulted to be when using the R1234ze refrigerant.

Keywords: mobile air conditioning; exergy; efficiency; maximum entropy production; IHX

1. Introduction
During the last two decades, R134a has been one of the most important refrigerants used in
domestic refrigeration, air conditioning systems, and chillers. However, according to the restrictions
on chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons agreed in the Montreal Protocol [1], R134a has a global
warming potential (GWP) of approximately 1300, thus contributing significantly to the greenhouse
effect. To protect the environment, different regulations that limit the use of refrigerants with high
GWP values have been approved [2], so the refrigeration industry is developing new working fluids
that have the least possible impact on the environment [3,4].
R1234yf, R1234ze, and R152a are alternatives to R134a with low GWP values (less than 150) and
also have zero ozone depletion potential. Thus, some papers in the literature are related to vapor
compression cycles studies evaluating these refrigerants [5–7].
The drop-in replacement analysis of R134a has been studied by some researchers around the
world. For example, Lee and Jung [8] evaluated the energetic performance in an experimental test
bench working with R1234yf under winter and summer conditions. They concluded that it is a suitable
refrigerant in mobile air conditioning systems, replacing R134a. According to studies using R1234yf,
Zhao et al. [9] evaluated a mobile air conditioning system (MACs) under different load conditions and

Entropy 2017, 19, 175; doi:10.3390/e19040175 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy

Entropy 2017, 19, 175 2 of 14

found that the optimum refrigerant charge of R1234yf was approximately 90% compared with that of
R134a under the same MAC system. Zhao [10] studied a MACs working with R1234yf under many
operating conditions and concluded that increasing sub-cooling temperature from 1 K to 10 K could
improve the Coefficient of performance (COP) of the system and its cooling capacity by 15%.
Other researchers like Zilio et al., [11], experimentally evaluated R134a and R1234yf in a compact
MACs in a variable speed compressor, particularly some modifications to the cycle were made
showing that the R1234yf is an attractive proposition from an energy point of view. In this context,
there have been many investigations involving changes to the vapor compression cycle in order to
find improvements in the energy performance of the cycle when working with R1234yf. Jignesh
and Rangesh [7] proposed the use of an IHX, considering an effectiveness of 50%. They concluded
that the R1234yf operating cycle decreases by between 3% and 5% with respect to the Coefficient of
Performance (COP) obtained with R134a without an internal heat exchanger.
In addition, Navarro-Esbrí et al. [12] experimentally evaluated a refrigeration system using
R1234yf, and with an IHX, they compared the system using R134a, the results of their study showed
that the COP with R1234yf and IHX was only 8% lower compared to the COP of R134a. Gomaa [13]
conducted an experimental study comparing three refrigerants proposed as substitutes for R134a; they
concluded that R1234yf has the best thermal performance but compared with R1234ze and R152a
refrigerants, it has the lowest energy performance.
According to exergy studies, Yataganbaba et al. [14] developed an exergy analysis making
comparisons between R134a, R1234yf, and R1234ze in a single cycle. They found that the COP
of R134a was higher than the R1234yf, however, this difference was slight and, therefore, R1234yf was
a good choice as a replacement for R134a. Özgür et al. [15], conducted an exergy analysis between
R1234yf and R134a, concluding that both refrigerants showed a similar behavior under the same
operating conditions. It is also mentioned that R1234yf has lower irreversibility than R134a, so this
refrigerant was recommended as a good alternative for replacement in refrigeration systems.
Cho and Park [16] conducted an exergy analysis of a MAC including an IHX and evaluating the
system at different compressor speeds, both refrigerants R1234yf and R134a were compared, and very
similar behaviors were found. Pottker and Hrnjak [17] studied the effect of sub-cooling on the COP
of a MAC system using both R134a and R1234yf as refrigerants; experimental results showed good
performance for the system operating with R1234yf when an IHX was used with a relatively high
degree of sub-cooling.
Soudabeh et al. [18] made a Second Law comparison between R1234yf and R134a in a single
cycle for MACs, concluding that the major exergy destruction and entropy generation occurs in the
compressor when an isentropic efficiency of around 60% is taken into account, which was obtained
from experimental measurements reported by the authors.
Kadir et al. [19] made a theoretical comparative analysis of R152a as alternative refrigerant toR134a.
The authors’s results show that R152a can be considered a good drop-in replacement for R134a in the
air conditioning systems of modern automobiles since it has the same pressure ratio as R134a. Thus,
there is no need for any considerable modifications to the system. Also, it was found that R152a and
R134a do not lead to any significant differences on the performance of the refrigeration system.
Based on the literature reviewed, it can be seen that the vapor compression system with R1234yf
has an energy performance very similar to the one that uses R134a. However, it was also observed
that there are few papers where a comparison is made based on the First and the Second Laws
of Thermodynamics including exergy analysis. Such studies provided a better understanding of
the irreversibility and exergy destruction of the main components of a vapor compression system.
The contribution of this study is to show more evidence of the exergy destruction, exergetic
effectiveness, and Second Law of efficiency of the system. Comparison of the above mentioned
parameters between R134a and the three alternative refrigerants used in automotive air conditioning
such as R152a, R1234yf, and R1234ze when an IHX is introduced, considering the effectiveness of this
as a principal variable. Moreover, in this paper, we present the influence of IHX effectiveness with
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 3 of 14
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 3 of 14

Second Law
respect the efficiency
Second and entropy
Law efficiency and exergy
and entropy analysisanalysis
and exergy of the ofsystem whenwhen
the system the the
condition of
condition
maximum entropy for this element is applied.
of maximum entropy for this element is applied.

2. Theoretical
Theoretical Analysis

Scheme Description
2.1. Scheme Description

The most commonly used air conditioning systems in automobiles are: (a) (a) the Receiver Drier
Thermostatic Valve (RD-TX) and (b) the Accumulator Drier Orifice Tube (AD-OT) [20]. Of these two
systems, only
onlythethefirst one
first cancan
one control the degree
control of superheating
the degree through
of superheating the expansion
through valve. Because
the expansion valve.
of this, the
Because of Receiver
this, the Drier
ReceiverThermostatic Valve (RD-TX)
Drier Thermostatic Valvesystem
(RD-TX) is analyzed
system isinanalyzed
this paper. in Further,
this paper.we
contemplate the integration of an IHX into the system in order to contribute
Further, we contemplate the integration of an IHX into the system in order to contribute to an increase to an increase in the
efficiency
in of the cycle.
the efficiency of the cycle.
Figure 1a shows the scheme of the RD-TX ++ IHX IHX system,
system, illustrating
illustrating thethe main
main components.
components.
Figure 1b shows a T-s diagram of this system, where the refrigerant enters the compressor as
superheated steam
steam(1), (1),increasing
increasingitsitsenergy
energyinin the
thecompressor
compressor and exits
and at an
exits at elevated
an elevatedtemperature
temperature and
pressure
and (2), then
pressure entersenters
(2), then the condenser to release
the condenser energyenergy
to release and reduce its temperature
and reduce (3). If sub-cooling
its temperature (3). If sub-
is considered,
cooling the refrigerant
is considered, reduces
the refrigerant its temperature
reduces (4). Afterwards,
its temperature (4). Afterwards,whenwhen the IHX
the IHXis used, the
is used,
refrigerant
the enters
refrigerant thethe
enters counter-flow
counter-flow heat
heatexchanger
exchanger totoobtain
obtaina asub-cooling
sub-coolingeffect
effectthat
that will produce
an increase in the refrigeration capacity. Subsequently, the refrigerant exits subcooled (5) and enters
expansion valve
the expansion valve where
where it reduces its pressure and goes to the evaporator evaporator (6), here a process of
heat absorption by the refrigerant occurs and at the evaporator exit (7), it is possible have a control of
superheating degree
superheating degree (8) using the expansion
expansion valve. Once Once the
the refrigerant
refrigerant leaves
leaves thethe evaporator,
evaporator, IHX
and an
enters and an additional
additionalsuperheating
superheatingisisproduced
produced(1), (1),which
whichenters
entersthethe compressor
compressor andand thethe cycle
cycle is
is repeated.
repeated.

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Receiver Drier Thermostatic Valve + IHX Cycle, (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 1. (a) Receiver Drier Thermostatic Valve + IHX Cycle, (b) T-s diagram.
According to Figure 1, the combination of the accumulator and the IHX provides the following
According to Figure 1, the combination of the accumulator and the IHX provides the
advantages:
following advantages:
1. To allow certain excess amounts of liquid supply to the evaporator in order to simplify the
control system and enhance heat transfer;
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 4 of 14

1. To allow certain excess amounts of liquid supply to the evaporator in order to simplify the control
system and enhance heat transfer;
2. To withdraw or to deliver extra charge of refrigerant for the regulation of the high side pressure
by means of the throttling valve;
3. To hold a sufficient amount of liquid to cover the needs under all possible working conditions
and to compensate unavoidable losses by leakage over a reasonable time;
4. To introduce suitable amount of lubricant into the compressor by means of either a capillary tube
or throttling valve to the suction line;
5. To provide sufficient gas volume to avoid excessive build-up pressure when the plant is idle at
extremely high room temperature.

2.2. Operational Scheme Conditions

According to the AC benchmark system of [21], hot and humid air flows through the evaporator to
diminish its temperature, thereby reducing its corresponding dew temperature to remove its moisture.
The operating conditions of the simulations carried out in this work are shown in Table 1. For the sake
of simplicity, an average value (287.95 K) of the dew point temperature is considered by considering
the maximum (290.75 K) and the minimum (285.15 K) value, holding the same relative humidity (60%).
The evaporation temperature is set up at 5 K lower than the dew point inside the air conditioner and
the condensation temperature 20 K higher than the temperature outside. The values are presented
in Table 1, and the temperature conditions of evaporation and condensation were established by [21]
with the aim of saving energy in the compressor.

Table 1. Operational conditions according to [21].

Item Value
Evaporation temperature, Tev 282.95
Condensation temperature, Tcon 327.15
Indoor temperature, TL 296.15
Outdoor temperature, TH 307.15
Isentropic efficiency, η 75%

2.3. Energy and Exergy Analysis

Energy direction flow cannot be determined by the First Law of Thermodynamics (Equation (1))
because this is a statement of the law of conservation of energy that readily yields the energy balance
of the system:
qev + Wc = qcon (1)

The energy analysis allows to determine the COP, which is a measure of the energy performance
of the system. This parameter is written as:
qev
COP = (2)
Wc

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is possible to determine the energy flow
direction and the Second Law Efficiency can be defined as Equation (3) indicates:

COP
χ= (3)
COPR

where COPR is defined by Equation (4):

TL
COPR = (4)
TH − TL
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 5 of 14

The main purpose for exergy analysis is to determine where and how losses occur so that energy
may be used most efficiently. The exergy analysis is applied to the components shown in Figure 1.
Simulations are carried out according to the following assumptions:

- Isentropic efficiency of the compressor;

- Isenthalpic expansion;
- Pressure drops in all the connecting pipes and heat transfer between the connecting pipes and
the environment are negligible.

Exergy content of a pure substance is defined according to Equation (5):

e = (h − h0 ) − T0 (s − s0 ) (5)

For each component, exergy loss can be calculated by Equation (6):

∆e = esup − erec (6)

and its exergetic efficiency by:

erec
σ= × 100 (7)
esup
Exergy analysis can help to locate system non-idealities by ranking the components of the system
based on the significance of their parts in destroying exergy in the system. In this sense, relative exergy
destruction in each element of system can be calculated by Equation (8):

δeq
Ψ= × 100 (8)
δsys

where δsys can be obtained by:

δsys = δc + δcon + δev + δex + δI HX (9)

Condenser rejects heat to the cooling air by an amount qcon at the variable sink temperature.
For the heat transfer occurring at a variable temperature, the entropic average temperature for the
source and sink as detailed by [22] or the effective reservoir temperature detailed by [23]. The entropic
average temperature is often used to streamline and simplify the analysis of processes involving
variable temperature heat transfer [24]. According to this, the effective reservoir temperature Tcon is
defined as the reference temperature at which the exergy of a reservoir fluid entering at heat exchanger
(condenser in this case) is equal to its exergy leaving the heat exchanger. Thus:

h2 − h3 = Tcon (s2 − s3 ) (10)

or:
h2 − h3
Tcon = (11)
s2 − s3
Considering that heat from the condenser is rejected to the cooling air at a constant temperature,
and according to Figure 1a, exergy balance for each component is listed in Table 2.
Dincer and Rosen [25] argued that properties of the reference environment, determine the exergy
of a system or stream. Thus, it is of utmost importance that we define the condition of reference to
simplify the mathematical model. For the present calculation, we take a temperature of 298.15 K and a
pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Finally, Table 2 presents each of the main system components (compressor, condenser, expansion
valve, IHX, and evaporator) with the respective modeling equations for calculating the thermodynamic
variables in the cycle.
 Entropy 2017, 19, 175 6 of 14
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 6 of 14
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 6 of 14
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 Table 2. Components modeling. 6 of 14
Table 2. Components modeling.
Entropy
Entropy 2017, 19,2017,
175 19, 175 Item Table 2.Equations
Components modeling. 6 of 14 6 of 14
Item Table 2. Components modeling.
Equations
W = h −h
Item
Item Wc =Equations
Table c
− h1 2 1 modeling.
2.h2Components
Equations
Wδ == hs modeling.
Table 2. Components
δc = W −− hs
cc = h22 − h11
Item 2c − s1 2
sEquations 1
δδhW = s h − −
s h
Item
c c= =−=sh22h22−
ηcEquations s − s11h11
η c = 2cs h h12 −−hh1
ηηδhcW2c=c=−==hs2h12s22s −−− shh1111
Compressor
Compressor
Δδcec ==hs22T−−0 (shs112 − s1 )
Compressor
Compressor Δec = ηTc0c= ( sh2hh22−−−s−hhs−1h)h1 1
η =
2s 1

Δe = T ( s − s )
c
Δ∆e
ec c == T
2 1

hT00 ((−ss22h−−s1s1) )
Compressor
Compressor c 20 21 1

qΔcon
ec = =T h20 (−s2h3− s1 )
qcon = h2 − h3
qqcon ==hh2 −−hh3  qcon 
δcon = s23 −sq32con−  
δ con =qqscon3 −= sh2 2−−h3 qTH 
con = h − hT− qqcon 
δδconcon= s 2−  H 
3−
−hsss22−
econcon===ss333(−
Δδcon 2 − ) −(h3 − T0 s3 )
sTTconH con
H −
T 0  2Tq
Δecon =∆e(con h2 =− (Th022s−2 )T− ( h (hT
30−sT
3 0)s3 )
ΔΔδeecon == s(3h −−s 2T0−s2 )3−
s ) − H
con
 −
con = ( h2 − T0 s2 )
con 2 0 2 −
TH (h33 −TT00ss33))
( h
Condenser
Condenser Δecon = (h2 − T0 s 2 ) − (h3 − T0 s3 )
Condenser
Condenser
Condenser
T −T
Condenser T1ε−=T8 1 8
ε= T −T
Tε4 =− TTT8114−−TT888
εhε==+ Th1−−T= h +h
h4 + h8h44=T TT
8
ThT45h1 −+− T
8T
4T48− h881h855 + h11
ε =+ =
hδ44δIHX hh8−===s= −+sh ) − ( s − s )
((shsh555 −
8
δ IHX h= +HX
(I+ )85−+(ss4h41)81−− (ss18)8− s1 )1
s5T 84 −4T
Δ∆eeIHX +4==h+8(=(sh= −4−+shs+4hh)h8)8−−−−(hhs585 −−−hhs1s1+
)+TT00(s(5s+
5 + s1 − s 4 − s8 )
s1 − s4 − s8 )
ΔeIHXδδhIHX
I HX = h h4 +
=IHX
4 h s558 h 5 45 1−h(1s+ 8 T0 (1s)5 + s1 − s 4 − s8 )
ΔΔδeeIHX ===(hhs4 ++ −hhs8 − )−−hh5( s−−h−h1 s++)TT0 ((ss5 ++ss1 −−ss4 −−ss8 ))
IHX IHX
IHX 45 48 5 8 1 1 0 5 1 4 8
IHX IHX
IHX ΔeIHX = h4 + h8 − h5 − h1 + T0 ( s5 + s1 − s4 − s8 )
IHX
IHX h =h
h5 = hh65 = h 6
hhδ5δsexp
δ exp = ==−h==
5
h6s6ss566 −−ss55
6
5exp
6
δΔ ∆e
eexp==hs==s6TT−0−0((ssss566 −− ss55))
Δeexp δ= 5T=
exp
hexp
exp 0 ( s 666− s5 )5
ΔΔδeeexp = = Ts0 (−s6s− s5 )
exp = T60 ( s 6 5− s5 )
exp
Expansion valve
Expansion valve
Expansion valve Δe = T (s − s )
q exp = h −0 h 6 5
Expansion
Expansionvalve
valve qev = h7ev− h6 7 6
qqevqev===hh7h7−−−hhh66  qev 
Expansion valve δev = s77 − sq66ev−q  
δ ev = sqδ7evev−= s6s7−−s6 −qTTL ev

δδev∆eev===s=s7h7(−−h−ss6−hT6−L− qevev 

L

ev ev 7 6 6 T0
 
s6T) −  (h7 − T0 s7 ) + qe 1 − T
 T 
0
 L 
Δeev==s (h−6 s− T−0s6Tq)Lev−(h7 − T0 s7 ) + qeT01− 0 
T ev

δ
Δeev = (h6 − T0 s6 ) − (hT 
 0 s7 ) + qe 1 −   TTev
7 −T
ev 7 6
ΔΔeeev ==((hh6 −−TT0 ss6 ))−−((hh7 −−TT0 ss7 ))++qqe T1ev1−− T00 

Evaporator
Evaporator L
Evaporator
e
Evaporator
ev 6 0 6 7 0 7
 TTevTev0
3. 3. Results
3. Results
Results
Evaporator Δ e ev = ( h 6 − T 0 6s ) − ( h 7 − T s
0 7 ) + q 
e 1 −

T
3. Results
According
3. Results to to the operating conditions of Table 1 and the characterization presented
AccordingEvaporator ev 
in Table 2,
According to the
the operating
operating conditions
conditions ofof Table
Table 11 and
and thethe characterization
characterization presented
presented in in Table
Table 2,2,
the the
main main
resultsresults
obtainedobtained
by by
the the simulation
simulation configuration
configuration analyzed
analyzed for for
the the proposed
proposed refrigerants
refrigerants are
the main According
results
3. Results
According to
tothe
obtained the operating
by conditions
the simulation
operating of
ofTable
configuration
conditions Table 11analyzed
and
and the characterization
for
thethe the proposedpresented
characterization refrigerants
presented in Table
inare
Table 2,
2,
are presented
presented in
in this this section.
section. All
Allthe simulations
simulations were
were made
made using
using Engineering
the Engineering Equation
Equation Solver
Solver (EES)
the
presented
the main
in
main results
this
results obtained
section. All
obtained by
by the simulation
simulations were
simulation configuration
made using
configuration analyzed
the for
Engineering
analyzed forthe proposed
Equation
the proposed refrigerants
Solver (EES)
refrigerants are
are
(EES) software.
According
software. to the operating conditions of Table 1using
and the characterization presented in Table 2,
presented
software.
presented in
in this
this section.
section. All
All simulations
simulations were
were made
made using the
the Engineering
Engineering Equation
Equation Solver
Solver (EES)
(EES)
the main
Figure results
2 shows
software. theobtained
effect ofby
thethe
IHX simulation configuration
on the second analyzed
law efficiency forsystem
of the the proposed
for the refrigerants
different are
software.
presented
refrigerants usedininthis
thissection.
study. All
Thesimulations were
baseline is the made using
refrigerant the Engineering
R134a. The results areEquation
obtainedSolverby (EES)
software.
 Entropy 2017, 19, 175 7 of 14
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 7 of 14
Figure 2 shows the effect of the IHX on the second law efficiency of the system for the different
refrigerants
Figure
Entropy used the
2 shows
2017, 19, 175 in this study.
effect of theThe
IHXbaseline
on the secondis the refrigerant R134a.
law efficiency of theThe results
system forare
theobtained
7 of 14 by
different
considering a condensation temperature, T , of TH + 20 K and considering
refrigerants used in this study. The baseline is the refrigerant R134a. The results are obtained by
con a superheating and sub-
cooling temperature
considering a condensationequal to zero. It can
temperature, Tconbe
, ofobserved
TH + 20 that
K andsecond law efficiency
considering of R1234ze
a superheating andexceeds
sub-
considering a condensation temperature, Tcon , R1234yf
of TH + second
20 K and considering amaintained
superheating and
cooling temperature equal to zero. It can be observed that second law efficiency of R1234ze exceedsthe
to R134a from effectiveness up to 10%, while law efficiency is below
sub-cooling
R134a from temperature
efficiency equal
over the up
entireto zero. It
operating can be observed that second law efficiency of R1234ze
to R134a effectiveness to 10%, whilerange
R1234yf of IHX. In terms
second of R152a,isthe
law efficiency integration
maintained of thethe
below IHX
exceeds to R134a
doesefficiency
not have over from effectiveness
a considerable up to
effect on the 10%, while
efficiency R1234yf second law efficiency is maintained
R134a the entire operating range of IHX.ofInthe cycle.
terms of R152a, the integration of the IHX
below the R134a efficiency over the entire operating range of IHX. In terms of R152a, the integration of
does not have a considerable effect on the efficiency of the cycle.
the IHX does not have a considerable effect on the efficiency of the cycle.
Tcon= TH+20 K
14.4
TconT=shT=H0+20
KK
14.4
Tsh=T0sc=K0 K
Tsc= 0 K
13.6
13.6
χ (%)
χ (%)

12.8 R134a
12.8 R1234yf
R134a
R1234ze
R1234yf
R152a
R1234ze
12.0 R152a
0 20 40 60 80 100
12.0
0 20 40 ε (%)
60 80 100
ε (%)
Figure 2. Second Law efficiency cycle vs. IHX Effectiveness.
Figure 2.
Figure Second Law
2. Second Law efficiency
efficiency cycle
cycle vs.
vs. IHX
IHX Effectiveness.
Effectiveness.
Finally, through these results, it is possible to support the importance of integrating an IHX
component in the whole
Finally, through these system.
results, Itit is
is noteworthy that the R1234ze
possible to support refrigerant
the importance is the mostan
of integrating optimum
IHX
for this confinguration.
component in the
in the whole
wholesystem.
system.ItItisisnoteworthy
noteworthythat thatthe
the R1234ze
R1234ze refrigerant
refrigerant is the
is the mostmost optimum
optimum for
for this As for the
confinguration.
this confinguration. IHX performance, Figure 3 shows the effect of the effectiveness on the entropy
generation
As for the forIHX
the different refrigerants.
performance, Figure 3It
Figure can
3 shows
showsbe seen that the
the effect of refrigerant with the
the effectiveness
effectiveness onhighest entropy
the entropy
generation
generation
generation forvalues is foundrefrigerants.
the different to be the R152a,It
It can
canthis
be is because
seen its specific
that the heatwith
refrigerant capacity is higherentropy
the highest than that
generation values is found to be the R152a, this is because its specific heat capacity is higher than that of
of the R1234yf, R134a, and R1234ze. The maximum entropy production occurs at an effectiveness
66%R1234yf,
of the for R152a
R1234yf, and and
R134a,
R134a, R134a, whereas
andR1234ze.
R1234ze. The
Thefor the R1234yf
maximum
maximum andproduction
entropy
entropy R1234ze
productionrefrigerants
occurs
occurs at atanitan
is effectiveness
shown at 55%,
effectiveness of
66%approximately.
for R152a andIn Sections
R134a, 3.1
whereasand 3.2,
for Figures
the R1234yf4–7, respectively,
and R1234ze have been
refrigerants
of 66% for R152a and R134a, whereas for the R1234yf and R1234ze refrigerants it is shown at 55%, obtained
it is shownby taking
at 55%,into
account this value in order to know the effect on the system when the entropy
approximately. In Sections 3.1 and 3.2, Figures 4–7, respectively, have been obtained by taking into generated in the IHX
is maximum.
account this value in order to know the effect on the system when the entropy generated in the IHX
is maximum.

Tcon= TH + 20 K
0.006 T T=shT= 0+K20 K
con H
0.006 Tsh=T0sc=K0 K
δIHX(kJ/kgK)

Tsc= 0 K
δIHX(kJ/kgK)

0.003
R134a
0.003 R1234yf
R134a
R1234ze
R1234yf
R152a
R1234ze
0.000 R152a
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.000
0 20 40 ε (%)
60 80 100
ε (%)
Figure 3. Entropy production in IHX as a function of effectiveness.
Figure 3. Entropy production in IHX as a function of effectiveness.
Figure 3. Entropy production in IHX as a function of effectiveness.
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 8 of 14

Entropy 2017, 19, 175 8 of 14

Entropy 2017, 19, 175 8 of 14
3.1. Superheating and Sub-Cooling Influence
3.1. Superheating and Sub-Cooling Influence
3.1. Superheating
Figure 4 shows andthe
Sub-Cooling
superheatingInfluencedegree effect on the second law efficiency of the cycle.
Figure 4 shows the superheating degree effect on the second law efficiency of the cycle. In
In particular,
FigureFigure
4 shows 4a the
depicts the effect
superheating of theeffect
degree superheating
on the second degreelawon the second
efficiency of thelaw efficiency
cycle. In
particular, Figure 4a depicts the effect of the superheating degree on the second law efficiency of the
of the system when
particular, Figurethe 4a sub-cooling
depicts the effect degree is assumed
of the superheatingto bedegree
zero. Itoncan
thebe appreciated
second that the
law efficiency of pattern
the
system when the sub-cooling degree is assumed to be zero. It can be appreciated that the pattern of
system when
of second the sub-cooling thedegree is assumed to be zero. It can be appreciated that the pattern of
second law law efficiency
efficiency for for the different
different refrigerants
refrigerants is is quite
quite similar
similar as asthethe superheating
superheating degree
degree is is
second however,
increasing; law efficiency for the different refrigerantswhenis quite similar asuses
the R1234yf
superheating degree is
increasing; however, the effect of this last parameter when the system uses R1234yf is higher than the the
the effect of this last parameter the system is higher than
otherincreasing;
refrigerants, however,
showingthe effect of this last parameter when the system uses R1234yf is higher than the
other refrigerants, showingan anincrease
increase in in second
second lawlawefficiency
efficiencyofof upup to to
19%19% in comparison
in comparison withwith
the the
R134aother refrigerants, showing an increase in second law efficiency of up to 19% in comparison with the
refrigerant.
R134a refrigerant.
R134a refrigerant.
It isItalso observed
is also observed that
thatwhenwhenthe the superheating degreeisisless
superheating degree less than
than 5 K,5 K,
thethe second
second law law efficiency
efficiency
It is also observed that when the superheating degree is less than 5 K, the second law efficiency
for R152a
for R152a is 7%is 7% higher
higher thanthe
than theR1234yf.
R1234yf. It is also
alsofound
foundthat thatthethesecond
second best refrigerant,
best refrigerant,in terms of of
in terms
for R152a is 7% higher than the R1234yf. It is also found that the second best refrigerant, in terms of
the the second
second lawlaw efficiency,
efficiency, isisthe
theR1234ze
R1234ze whenwhen the
the superheating
superheatingdegree degree effect
effectis increased.
is increased. Figure 4b 4b
Figure
the second law efficiency, is the R1234ze when the superheating degree effect is increased. Figure 4b
shows
shows the effect
the effect of theofsuperheating
the superheating degree degree
whenwhen a sub-cooling
a sub-cooling degree degree
of 5 Kof is 5considered.
K is considered.
According
shows the effect of the superheating degree when a sub-cooling degree of 5 K is considered.
According
to it,According
the second to it, the
law second
efficiency law ofefficiency
the of
system theissystem is
practically practically
the the
same same
when when
the the superheating
superheating degree
to it, the second law efficiency of the system is practically the same when the superheating
degree moves in a range of 6 to 8 K for the refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze. In general, the
moves in a range of 6 to 8 K for the refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze.
degree moves in a range of 6 to 8 K for the refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze. In general, the In general, the superheating
superheating degree does not have a significant effect on the second law efficiency of the cycle.
degree does not have
superheating degree a significant
does not have effect on the second
a significant effect on lawtheefficiency
second law of efficiency
the cycle.of the cycle.

25 25
25 25
R134a R134a
R1234yf
R134a R1234yf
R134a
R1234ze
R1234yf R1234ze
R1234yf
20 R152a
R1234ze 20 R152a
χ(%)

R1234ze
χ(%)

20 R152a 20 R152a
χ(%)
χ(%)

Tsc= 5K
15 Tsc= 0 K 15
TTcon= 5K
sc TH + 20K
15 TTcon
sc= 0
THK+ 20 K 15
Tcon= TH + 20K
Tcon= TH + 20 K
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15
0 5
Tsh(K) 10 15 Tsh(K)
Tsh(K) Tsh(K)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Effect of superheating degree on the second law efficiency when the entropy production in
Figure 4. Effect
Figure of superheating
4. Effect of superheatingdegree
degreeononthe
the second lawefficiency
second law efficiencywhen
when thethe entropy
entropy production
production in in
the IHX is maximum: (a) sub-cooling equal to zero; (b) sub-cooling equal to 5 K.
the IHX is maximum:
the IHX is maximum: (a)(a)
sub-cooling
sub-coolingequal
equalto
to zero;
zero; (b) sub-cooling
sub-coolingequal
equaltoto 5 K.
5 K.
Figure 5a illustrates the effect of superheating degree on the second law efficiency for the
Figure 5a illustrates the effect of superheating degree on the second law efficiency for the
different
Figure 5arefrigerants.
illustrates In
thethis particular
effect case, the R1234ze
of superheating degree on shows the highest
the second second law
law efficiency forefficiency
the different
different refrigerants. In this particular case, the R1234ze shows the highest second law efficiency
value among the different refrigerants at a sub-cooling temperature of 4.5 K, while the
refrigerants. In this particular case, the R1234ze shows the highest second law efficiency value R1234yf shows
among
value among the different refrigerants at a sub-cooling temperature of 4.5 K, while the R1234yf shows
the the lowestrefrigerants
different one. The difference
at a in the second
sub-cooling law efficiency
temperature of 4.5between
K, whilethe two
the refrigerants
R1234yf shows isthe
only
the lowest one. The difference in the second law efficiency between the two refrigerants is only 3.5%
3.5% one.
lowest
Thefor a sub-cooling
difference
for in thedegree
a sub-cooling second
degree
oflaw
15 K.efficiency between the two refrigerants is only 3.5% for a sub-cooling
of 15 K.
degree of 15 K.
19
19 R134a
16 R134a
R1234yf
16 Tsh= 0 K
R1234yf
R1234ze
TTsh=
=T0 K+ 20 K 18
R1234ze
con H
18 R152a
Tcon= TH + 20 K
15 R152a
15
17
χ(%)
χ(%)

17
χ(%)
χ(%)

14
14 R134a
R134a
R1234yf 16
Tsh= 5 K
R1234yf
R1234ze 16
13 R1234ze TTsh=
= 5T K+ 20 K
R152a con H
13 Tcon= TH + 20 K
R152a 15
0 5 10 15 150 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Tsc (K) Tsc (K)
Tsc (K) Tsc (K)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Effect of sub-cooling degree on second law efficiency when the entropy production in the
Figure 5. Effect of sub-cooling degree on second law efficiency when the entropy production in the
Figure is Effect
IHX5. of sub-cooling
maximum: degree
(a) superheating on to
equal second law
zero, (b) efficiency when
superheating the5 entropy
equal to K. production in the
IHX is maximum: (a) superheating equal to zero, (b) superheating equal to 5 K.
IHX is maximum: (a) superheating equal to zero, (b) superheating equal to 5 K.
Entropy 2017,
Entropy 2017, 19,
19, 175
175 9 of 14

In addition, the refrigerant R1234ze shows a second law efficiency higher than the R134a up to
3.5% foraddition,
In the samethe refrigerant
sub-cooling R1234ze
degree. Fromshows a second
the graph, law
it can beefficiency higher
seen that for than thevalues
sub-cooling R134abelow
up to
3.5% for the same sub-cooling degree. From the graph, it can be seen that
4.5 K, the refrigerant R152a is better than the other refrigerants proposed, including R134a. Whenfor sub-cooling values
below 4.5 K,5the
considering refrigerant
K of R152a
superheating is better
degree than the
as shown other refrigerants
in Figure 5b, it can beproposed,
seen that including
R152a is theR134a.
less
When
affected with only 9.4% of second law efficiency increase. The R1234yf turned out to be the bestthe
considering 5 K of superheating degree as shown in Figure 5b, it can be seen that R152a is in
less affectedwith
the system witha only
second9.4%
lawofefficiency
second law efficiency
increase increase.
of 15.4%. The R1234yf
Accordingly, turned
it can out to bethat
be concluded the sub-
best
in the system
cooling must with a second law
be considered efficiency increase
an important variable ofin 15.4%.
order to Accordingly,
increase theit second
can be concluded that
law efficiency,
sub-cooling must be considered
mainly helping the R1234yf refrigerant. an important variable in order to increase the second law efficiency,
mainly helping the R1234yf refrigerant.
3.2. Evaporating and Condensing Temperature Influence
3.2. Evaporating and Condensing Temperature Influence
The effect of the evaporating temperature on the second law efficiency is shown in Figure 6. No
The effect of the evaporating temperature on the second law efficiency is shown in Figure 6.
sub-cooling or superheating degree is considered. It can be observed that the maximum efficiency is
No sub-cooling or superheating degree is considered. It can be observed that the maximum efficiency
reached when using R152a, while the minimum value is showed by the R1234yf. The difference in
is reached when using R152a, while the minimum value is showed by the R1234yf. The difference in
energy efficiency ratio between R152a and R1234ze is only 1%, while when comparing R152a with
energy
R1234yf, efficiency ratio between
the difference on secondR152a and R1234ze
law efficiency is only
is 11%. When1%, thewhile when comparing
evaporating temperature R152a with
increases,
R1234yf,
the cooling thecapacity
difference on second
increases andlaw efficiency
reduces is 11%. When
compression work.the evaporating
This means that temperature increases,
the efficiency by the
the cooling capacity
Second Law increases. increases and reduces compression work. This means that the efficiency by the
Second Law increases.

20

R134a
R1234yf
R1234ze
16 R152a
χ(%)

12 Tsh= 0 K
Tsc= 0 K
Tcon= TH + 20 K

8
270 275 280 285 290
T ev (K)

Figure
Figure 6. The behavior
6. The behavior of
of efficiency
efficiency by
by Second
Second Law
Law as
as aa function
function of
of the
the evaporation
evaporation temperature.
temperature.

shows the
Figure 7 shows the reduction
reduction in in second
second law law efficiency
efficiency byby effect
effect of
of increases
increases the
the condensation
condensation
temperature for all all refrigerants.
refrigerants.InInthis
thisfigure,
figure,thethevalues
valuesof of
sub-cooling
sub-cooling andand
superheating
superheating degrees are
degrees
considered
are consideredzero.zero.
The Therefrigerant with with
refrigerant the lowest second
the lowest law efficiency
second is R1234yf.
law efficiency It is 12.5%
is R1234yf. lower
It is 12.5%
than the
lower thansecond law efficiency
the second showed
law efficiency by thebyR152a
showed which
the R152a is theisone
which the with the highest
one with second
the highest law
second
efficiency
law at a at
efficiency condensing
a condensing temperature
temperatureof 350
of K.
350Secondly, at the
K. Secondly, at same condensing
the same condensingtemperature,
temperature,the
refrigerant
the withwith
refrigerant the major second
the major law efficiency
second is theisR1234ze,
law efficiency which
the R1234ze, is only
which is 1% above
only R134a.R134a.
1% above With
increasing
With condensing
increasing condensingtemperature, the cooling
temperature, capacity
the cooling decreases,
capacity and therefore
decreases, the mass
and therefore flowflow
the mass rate
of refrigerant
rate increases,
of refrigerant in this
increases, way,way,
in this efficiency by the
efficiency Second
by the LawLaw
Second decreases.
decreases.
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 10 of 14

Entropy 2017,
Entropy 19,19,
2017, 175175 1014
10 of of 14
15

R134a
15 R1234yf
12 R1234ze
R134a
R152a
R1234yf
12 R1234ze
R152a

χ(%) χ(%)
9
Tsh= 0 K
9 Tsc= 0 K
Tsh= 0 K
Tcon= TH+ 20 K
6 Tsc= 0 K
Tcon= TH+ 20 K
6325 330 335 340 345 350

325 330 335Tcon (K)

340 345 350
Tcon (K)
Figure 7. Behavior of the efficiency of the Second Law depending on the condensation temperature.
Figure 7. 7.Behavior
Figure Behaviorofofthe
theefficiency
efficiencyof
of the
the Second Law depending
Second Law dependingon
onthe
thecondensation
condensation temperature.
temperature.
3.3. Isentropic Efficiency and Effectiveness IHX Influence
3.3.3.3. Isentropic
Isentropic
Figure Efficiencyand
8Efficiency
shows theand EffectivenessIHX
Effectiveness
results of relative IHX Influence
Influence
exergy destruction in relation to isentropic efficiency for
eachFigure
refrigerant
Figure 8 shows including
8 shows the R134aof
theresults
results for
of maximum
relative
relative exergy
exergy entropy generation
destruction
destruction in into IHX
inrelation
relation (Figure 3).
totoisentropic
isentropic According
efficiency
efficiency to
forfor
each
these refrigerant
results, it including
can be seen R134a
the for maximum
influence of entropy
isentropic generation
efficiency
each refrigerant including R134a for maximum entropy generation into IHX (Figure 3). According to into
on IHX
exergy (Figure 3).
destruction According
ratio, to
being
these
the
these results,it itcan
compressor
results, canbe
and beseen
seenthe
condenser theinfluence
influence
the componentsof isentropic
of isentropic
with moreefficiency
exergy
efficiency on exergy
exergydestruction
ondestruction ratio,
ratio followed
destruction being
ratio, by the
being
the compressor
evaporator, the and and
expansion condenser
valve theand components
IHX for allwith with more
refrigerants exergy destruction
analyzed. Here, theratio followed
range by the
of isentropic
the compressor condenser the components more exergy destruction ratio followed by the
evaporator,
efficiency with the expansion
most valve andinIHX
irreversibilities the for all refrigerants
compressor is analyzed. Here,
approximately the range
10–62%, while offor
isentropic
a range of
evaporator, the expansion valve and IHX for all refrigerants analyzed. Here, the range of isentropic
efficiency
around towithwith most
62–100% irreversibilities in the compressorwith is approximately
most exergy 10–62%, while for a range of
efficiency most is the condenser,in
irreversibilities the
thecomponent
compressor is approximately destruction.
10–62%, while for a range of
around
Also, to 62–100%
from theis graphsis the condenser,
it is showed the component
that the withwith most
evaporator exergy destruction.
overcomes the compressor exergy
around to 62–100% the condenser, the component most exergy destruction.
Also, from
destruction for antheisentropic
graphs it efficiency
is showedofthat 80% theapproximately
evaporator overcomes and, the the compressor
expansion exergy
valve for an
Also, from
destruction forthean graphs
isentropic it is showedofthat
efficiency 80%the evaporator overcomes
approximately and, the expansionthe compressor
valve forexergy
an
isentropic efficiency
destruction of 90%.efficiency of 80% approximately and, the expansion valve for an isentropic
isentropicfor an isentropic
efficiency of 90%.
Accordingly,
efficiency of 90%. ititcan be noticed that the refrigerant that showed the higher value in relative exergy
Accordingly, can be noticed that the refrigerant that showed the higher value in relative exergy
destruction
Accordingly, in the compressor
it can be noticed is R1234yf overcoming
that theovercoming
refrigerant that the showed
system by 8% withvalue R134ainwhen anexergy
IHX is
destruction in the compressor is R1234yf the system bythe
8%higher
with R134a when relative
an IHX is
used. Furthermore,
destruction it is the refrigerant
in the compressor is R1234yfwith with fewer irreversibilities
overcoming the system by in8%thewith
condenser
R134aand and evaporator
when an IHX is
used. Furthermore, it is the refrigerant fewer irreversibilities in the condenser evaporator
with
used.
with 10%
10%and and6.5%
Furthermore, 6.5%less is respectively,
itless the refrigerant
respectively, when
when compared
withcompared withthe
fewer irreversibilities
with thebaseline
baseline
in the refrigerant.
condenser and evaporator
refrigerant.
with 10%On the
Onand other
the 6.5% hand,
other less
hand, R1234ze
respectively,
R1234ze could could
when be a good
becompared
a good optionoption
withfor for drop-in
thedrop-in
baseline replacement
refrigerant.of of
replacement R134a
R134a because
because
after
afterR152a
On the is
R152a isthe
other therefrigerant
hand, with
R1234ze
refrigerant less
less exergy
withcould be a good
exergy destruction
optioninin
destruction for comparison with
drop-in replacement
comparison with thethe R1234yf
of R134a
R1234yf and and R134a.
because
R134a.
Kabeel
Kabeel
after R152aet al.
et is [26],
al.the[26],showed R1234ze
showed R1234ze
refrigerant with less can
can be used
be used
exergy in applications
in applications
destruction for evaporating
for evaporating
in comparison with the temperatures
temperatures
R1234yf and above
above
R134a.
260.15
260.15K
Kabeel etKandand
al. also,
also,
[26], power
powerconsumption
showed consumption
R1234ze can be is lower
is lower
used than than
in R134aby
R134a
applications byabout
about 9% 9% toto
for evaporating 15%.temperatures above
15%.
260.15 K and also, power consumption is lower than R134a by about 9% to 15%.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

Figure 8. Cont.
Entropy 2017,
Entropy 2017, 19,
19,175
175 11 of
11 of 14
14

(c) (d)
Figure 8. Relative exergy destruction in the system when the entropy production in the IHX is
Figure 8. Relative exergy destruction in the system when the entropy production in the IHX is
maximum: (a) R134a, (b) R1234yf, (c) R1234ze, (d) R152a.
maximum: (a) R134a, (b) R1234yf, (c) R1234ze, (d) R152a.

Finally, Figure 9 presents the results obtained in the system using an exergy analysis considering
Finally,
a zero Figure degree
sub-cooling 9 presents
andthe results
zero obtained in
superheating the system
degree. Also, using an exergy
the results showanalysis
that theconsidering
refrigerant
awith
zerothe
sub-cooling
greatest exergy efficiency is R152a, overcoming R1234yf by 16%, while the
degree and zero superheating degree. Also, the results show that therefrigerant
difference
with the greatest exergy efficiency is R152a, overcoming R1234yf by 16%, while the difference
between R152a and R134a is 8%. Also, the difference between the R134a and R1234ze refrigerants betweenis
R152a and R134a is 8%.
the lowest, which is 3%. Also, the difference between the R134a and R1234ze refrigerants is the lowest,
which is 3%.

45
R134a
R1234yf
R1234ze
40
R152a
(%)

35
σσ (%)

30 Tsup= 0 K
sup
Tsub= 0 K
sub
Tcon= TH + 20 K
con H
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
ε (%)

Figure 9. Behavior
Figure 9. Behavior of
of the
the exergetic
exergetic efficiency
efficiency system
system vs.
vs. the
the effectiveness
effectiveness of
of the
the IHX.
IHX.

According to
According to this
this Figure,
Figure, although
although R152a
R152a could
could be the best
be the best refrigerant,
refrigerant, this
this is not an
is not an option
option
recommended as a drop-in replacement of R134a in cycle with IHX
recommended as a drop-in replacement of R134a in cycle with IHX because because in mobile air conditioning
conditioning
applications,compressor
applications, compressordischarge
dischargetemperature
temperature is is high
high andand
thethe condition
condition causes
causes highhigh insecurity
insecurity in
in the
the system due to the flammability of the refrigerant.
system due to the flammability of the refrigerant.

4.
4. Conclusions
Conclusions
In
In this
this paper,
paper, aa Second
Second Law
Law Analysis
Analysis of
of aa mobile
mobile air
air conditioning
conditioning system
system using
using internal
internal heat
heat
exchanger
exchanger (IHX)
(IHX) with
with alternative
alternative refrigerants
refrigerants to
to R134a
R134a has
has been
been presented.
presented. The
The conclusions
conclusions of
of the
the
present
present analysis
analysis are
are summarized
summarizedbelow:
below:
1.
1. Considering
Considering the
thepoint
pointatatwhich
whichthe
themaximum
maximum entropy
entropyproduction is reached
production is reached in the IHX,
in the the the
IHX, use
of R1234yf is recommended for a super-heating degree above 8.5 K, since it is at this point
use of R1234yf is recommended for a super-heating degree above 8.5 K, since it is at this point where
second law efficiency reaches its highest possible value, the above, when no sub-cooling is
present.
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 12 of 14

where second law efficiency reaches its highest possible value, the above, when no sub-cooling
is present.
2. The mobile air conditioning system using R1234ze is found to be most efficient than the other
refrigerants, because its performance is similar to R134a, even with the integration of the IHX.
In fact, it is more efficient than the R152 when the effectiveness is up to 70%.
3. The sub-cooling and superheating effect is a considerable variable in the efficiency by Second
Law because, with this parameter, the second law efficiency of the system increases, improving
mainly R1234yf.
4. Although R152a shows better exergy performance, this refrigerant is not recommended as a
drop-in replacement due to its high flammability. The use of this refrigerant is only recommended
when used in a secondary loop.
5. Influence of isentropic efficiency on the system exhibits the maximum exergy destruction on the
compressor and in the condenser for all refrigerant options, including R134a.
6. By the use of IHX in the system, second law efficiency increased for all refrigerants. The best
performance is found using R152a and worst performance is observed using R1234yf.

Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the University of Guanajuato by the support in the realization of
this article.
Author Contributions: Vicente Pérez-García conceived and made some simulations of the thermodynamic
model, Juan M. Belman-Flores complemented simulations; José L. Rodríguez-Muñoz supported in the
elaboration of graphics and development of model; Vicente Pérez-García, Victor H. Rangel-Hernández and
Armando Gallegos-Muñoz wrote the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses,
or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Subscripts
COP Coefficient of performance
e Specific exergy (kJ/kg)
h Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
q Specific heat (kJ/kg)
s Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
T Temperature (K)
W Specific compressor work (kJ/kg)

Subscripts
c Compressor
1,2,3, . . . 6 Thermodynamic states
0 Reference state
H Outdoor
L Indoor
sc Sub-cooling
sh Superheating
exp Expansion device
con Condenser
ev Evaporator
IHX Internal heat exchanger
R Reversible process
sys System
sup Supplied
rec Recovery
eq Equipment
Entropy 2017, 19, 175 13 of 14

Greek Symbols
ε IHX effectiveness
η Isentropic efficiency
∆ Losses (kJ/kg K)
χ Second Law Efficiency
δ Specific entropy generated (kJ/kg K)
Ψ Relative exergy destruction
σ Exergetic efficiency system

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