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Introduction
• Part of FACTS:
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
1
AC vs. DC Transmission
AC vs. DC Transmission
AC Transmission DC Transmission
• Easy, robust and reliable • More complex, power electronics,
including controls are required
• Rather cheap • Expensive technology
• Only applicable to systems with • Can connect systems of different
the same nominal frequency nominal frequency/asynchronous
systems
• Cable capacitance limits the • No limitation by cable capacitance
distance of submarine cables (or
increases the cost because of
additional compensation)
• Contribution to short-circuit • No contribution to short-circuit
currents current in interconnected systems
• Dynamic/Transient stability limits • No dynamic or transient stability
limits
2
AC vs. DC Transmission
HVDC Advantages
• Possibility to connect two networks with different frequency or
different power-frequency control strategies.
AC vs. DC Transmission
AC vs. DC Transmission
• Break-even-distance with
overhead lines at about 600-
800km
• Break-even-distance is much
smaller for submarine cables
(about 50 km)
3
Circuits and Components
Valves/Semiconductor Devices
4
Valves/Semiconductor Devices
Ideal Characteristic:
5
HVDC Valves
Thyristor element
with Thyristor
Control Unit (TCU)
Thyristor Module
Chandrapur - Padghe
HVDC Transmission
1500MW, ±500kV
800km
New Zealand
Inter-Island HVDC Link
1240MW, ±300kV
600km
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Semiconductor Capabilities
– Rated Voltage
– Rated Current
– Switching Speed
Snubber Circuits
• RC – Snubbers:
– Limit the maximum voltage
– Limit dv/dt during turn-off or recovery
• LR – Snubbers:
– Limit di/dt during turn-on
7
Line-Commutated Converter
Idc
Vdc Vac
Idc
Vdc Vac
Self-Commutated Converter
Udc Uac
U DC U AC
8
Self/Line-Commutated Converters
Self-Commutated: Line-Commutated
• Very good P and Q controllability • Only P controllability, Q resulting
• Low Harmonic contents (high • High Harmonic contents, large
switching frequency) filters required
• Q can be controlled/provided by • High Q consumption of both
the converters rectifier and inverter
• Independent from the strength of • Short-Circuit capacity of network is
AC network important for operation
• High no load losses • No load losses can be neglected
• New technology (long term testing • Well established, robust technology
required)
• Only possible up to 200..330MW • Efficient for high power transfers
Self-Commutated Line-Commutated
• Modular concept with • always tailor made to suit a specific
standardized sizes possible. application
• DC circuit is by ‘nature’ a bipolar • Can be designed as a monopolar
technology. Two conductors are or bipolar system.
required. • Well established, robust technology
• Using turn on/turn off IGBT valves • Using turn on GTO valves
• Very fast and flexible • Good controllability,
controllability possible, No frequency control
frequency control possible
• No need of communication
between stations
9
Applications
Self-Commutated Line-Commutated
Line-Commutated Converter
10
Analysis of the Line-Commutated Converter
DC-Voltage Wave-Forms
DIgSILENT
200.00
α
100.00
0.000
-100.00 α
-200.00
0.002 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 .. 0.015
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Inverter: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Line-Line Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in kV
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DC-Voltage
Diode Rectifier:
π π
6 6
3 3 3 3 2
Vd 0 =
π −π
∫ u ll (θ )dθ =
π ∫ uˆ
−π
ll
cos(θ )dθ =
π
uˆ ll =
π
U ll
6 6
Thyristor Rectifier:
π +α π +α
3 6
3 6
3 ⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
Vd (α ) =
π −π +α
∫ ull (θ )dθ = π ∫ uˆ
−π +α
ll
cos(θ )dθ =
π
uˆ ll ⎜⎜ sin ⎜ + α ⎟ − sin ⎜ − + α ⎟ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎠
6 6
3 ⎛π ⎞
uˆ ll 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos α = Vd 0 cos α
π ⎝6⎠
DC-Voltage
n-pulse Bridge:
s0 ⋅ q ⎛π ⎞ 2
Vd 0 = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⋅U ll Ideal no-load dc voltage
π ⎝q⎠ 3
s0 = sum of valves in series
q = number of branches in parallel
4⋅3 ⎛π ⎞ 2
Vd = Vd 0 cos(α ) = sin ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ U ll ⋅ cos(α )
π ⎝3⎠ 3
2⋅3 2
= ⋅U ll ⋅ cos(α )
π
HVDC Training Course 24
12
AC-Current Wave-Forms
DIgSILENT
0.150
0.100
π π
−
0.050
3 3 ID
0.000
-0.0500
-0.1000
-0.1500
0.000 0.010 0.020 [s] 0.030
REC 1: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in kA
Power Factor:
6 3 2
PAC = U ll I D cos ϕ = U ll I D cos α
2π π
cos ϕ = cos α
13
Commutation
Commutation
v1(t)
i1(t)
Id
i2(t)
v2(t)
di1 di
v 2 − v1 + L −L 2 =0
dt dt
i1 + i2 = I d
di2
v 2 − v1 = 2 L
dt
14
Commutation
v 2 − v1 = 2U c sin (ωt + α ) = 2 L
di2
dt
t i2
i2 (t ) =
2U c
(cos α − cos(ωt + α ))
2ωL
Id =
2U c
(cos α − cos(µ + α )) (U = U ll )
2ωL
c
200.00
100.00
α µ
0.000
α µ
-100.00
-200.00
0.002 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 .. 0.015
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Inverter: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Line-Line Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in kV
15
DC-Voltage with Overlap
Vd = Vd 0 cos α − ∆Vd
3
∆Vd = ωLI d = Z c I d
π
cos α + cos(α + µ )
Vd = Vd 0
2
Zc Id
V d 0 cos α Vd
Constant
Constant(1)
x= 0.018
x= s0.019 s
0.150
0.100 kA
0.100
0.050
-0.000 kA
0.000
-0.0500
-0.1000
-0.1500
0.010 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.026 [s] 0.030
REC 1: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in kA
16
AC Current with Overlap
cos α + cos(α + µ )
3U ll I AC cos ϕ = Vd 0 I d
2
Approximation: 6
I AC ≈ Id
π
cos α + cos(α + µ )
cos ϕ ≈
2
In PowerFactory:
Precise expression for AC-current from Fourier analysis used
HVDC Configurations
17
12-Pulse Configurations
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12-Pulse Bipolar System
in Power Factory
DIgSILENT
V
V
~
~
HVDC Training Course 37
HVDC Layout
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HVDC Components
Converter bridges
DC Line
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