Sie sind auf Seite 1von 20

HVDC Training Course

- Steady State -

DIgSILENT GmbH

Introduction

• „HVDC“ - general definition:

High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

Application in Long-Distance and Cable Transmission Systems

• Part of FACTS:
Flexible AC Transmission Systems

HVDC Training Course 2

1
AC vs. DC Transmission

HVDC Training Course 3

AC vs. DC Transmission

AC Transmission DC Transmission
• Easy, robust and reliable • More complex, power electronics,
including controls are required
• Rather cheap • Expensive technology
• Only applicable to systems with • Can connect systems of different
the same nominal frequency nominal frequency/asynchronous
systems
• Cable capacitance limits the • No limitation by cable capacitance
distance of submarine cables (or
increases the cost because of
additional compensation)
• Contribution to short-circuit • No contribution to short-circuit
currents current in interconnected systems
• Dynamic/Transient stability limits • No dynamic or transient stability
limits

HVDC Training Course 4

2
AC vs. DC Transmission

HVDC Advantages
• Possibility to connect two networks with different frequency or
different power-frequency control strategies.

• Transmitted power can be controlled and can be held constant


independent of network situation within power range.

• Control is flexible and different control strategies can be used.

• The control is fast acting, so the transmitted power can be changed


rapidly.

• HVDC systems can also be used in parallel to AC lines for


stabilizing the network.

HVDC Training Course 5

AC vs. DC Transmission

AC vs. DC Transmission
• Break-even-distance with
overhead lines at about 600-
800km

• Break-even-distance is much
smaller for submarine cables
(about 50 km)

• Distance depends on several


factors (both for lines and cables)
and an analysis is required.

DC transmission can only be justified, if AC-transmission is impossible


or extremely expensive because of additional compensation

HVDC Training Course 6

3
Circuits and Components

HVDC Training Course 7

Valves/Semiconductor Devices

Diode Turn-On Turn-On & Turn-Off

Thyristor GTO IGBT

HVDC Training Course 8

4
Valves/Semiconductor Devices

Classification of valves into three groups according to their controllability:

Diode Thyristor GTO IGBT

Ideal Characteristic:

HVDC Training Course 9

Valve Characteristic Parameters

• Current carrying capability


– e.g.: 1000A...4000A (Thyristor, GTO)
• Forward blocking voltage
– e.g. 8-10kV (Thyristor)
– e.g. 5-8kV (GTO)
– e.g. 3-5kV (IGBT)
• dv/dt capability
• di/dt capability
• Turn-on time and turn-off time
• On-resistance (and associated losses)
• Switching losses

HVDC Training Course 10

5
HVDC Valves

Thyristor element
with Thyristor
Control Unit (TCU)

Thyristor Module

HVDC Training Course 11

HVDC Valve Halls

Chandrapur - Padghe
HVDC Transmission
1500MW, ±500kV
800km

New Zealand
Inter-Island HVDC Link
1240MW, ±300kV
600km

HVDC Training Course 12

6
Semiconductor Capabilities

• Capability and usability of valve devices are depending on:

– Rated Voltage

– Rated Current

– Switching Speed

HVDC Training Course 13

Snubber Circuits

• Snubber circuits are used to change the current and voltage


waveform of the valve to reduce the electrical stresses on
the switching devices to safe levels.

• RC – Snubbers:
– Limit the maximum voltage
– Limit dv/dt during turn-off or recovery

• LR – Snubbers:
– Limit di/dt during turn-on

HVDC Training Course 14

7
Line-Commutated Converter

Idc

Vdc Vac

Idc

Vdc Vac

HVDC Training Course 15

Self-Commutated Converter

Udc Uac

U DC U AC

HVDC Training Course 16

8
Self/Line-Commutated Converters

Self-Commutated: Line-Commutated
• Very good P and Q controllability • Only P controllability, Q resulting
• Low Harmonic contents (high • High Harmonic contents, large
switching frequency) filters required
• Q can be controlled/provided by • High Q consumption of both
the converters rectifier and inverter
• Independent from the strength of • Short-Circuit capacity of network is
AC network important for operation
• High no load losses • No load losses can be neglected
• New technology (long term testing • Well established, robust technology
required)
• Only possible up to 200..330MW • Efficient for high power transfers

HVDC Training Course 17

Self/Line Commutated Converters

Self-Commutated Line-Commutated
• Modular concept with • always tailor made to suit a specific
standardized sizes possible. application
• DC circuit is by ‘nature’ a bipolar • Can be designed as a monopolar
technology. Two conductors are or bipolar system.
required. • Well established, robust technology
• Using turn on/turn off IGBT valves • Using turn on GTO valves
• Very fast and flexible • Good controllability,
controllability possible, No frequency control
frequency control possible
• No need of communication
between stations

For high power transfers (>200MW), the line commutated converter


is still the only possibility

HVDC Training Course 18

9
Applications

Self-Commutated Line-Commutated

• HVDC light (<330MW) • HVDC (High Power)


• FACTS (UPFC, STATCOM) • Back-to-Back HVDC
• Variable Speed drives • Synchronous machine drives
(machine side) • DC-machines
• Doubly-fed induction machines

HVDC Training Course 19

Line-Commutated Converter

HVDC Training Course 20

10
Analysis of the Line-Commutated Converter

HVDC Training Course 21

DC-Voltage Wave-Forms
DIgSILENT

200.00

α
100.00

0.000

-100.00 α

-200.00
0.002 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 .. 0.015
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Inverter: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Line-Line Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in kV

HVDC Training Course 22

11
DC-Voltage

Diode Rectifier:

π π
6 6
3 3 3 3 2
Vd 0 =
π −π
∫ u ll (θ )dθ =
π ∫ uˆ
−π
ll
cos(θ )dθ =
π
uˆ ll =
π
U ll
6 6

Thyristor Rectifier:

π +α π +α
3 6
3 6
3 ⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
Vd (α ) =
π −π +α
∫ ull (θ )dθ = π ∫ uˆ
−π +α
ll
cos(θ )dθ =
π
uˆ ll ⎜⎜ sin ⎜ + α ⎟ − sin ⎜ − + α ⎟ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎠
6 6

3 ⎛π ⎞
uˆ ll 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos α = Vd 0 cos α
π ⎝6⎠

HVDC Training Course 23

DC-Voltage

n-pulse Bridge:

s0 ⋅ q ⎛π ⎞ 2
Vd 0 = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⋅U ll Ideal no-load dc voltage
π ⎝q⎠ 3
s0 = sum of valves in series
q = number of branches in parallel

12-pulse Thyristor Rectifier:

4⋅3 ⎛π ⎞ 2
Vd = Vd 0 cos(α ) = sin ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ U ll ⋅ cos(α )
π ⎝3⎠ 3
2⋅3 2
= ⋅U ll ⋅ cos(α )
π
HVDC Training Course 24

12
AC-Current Wave-Forms

DIgSILENT
0.150

0.100

π π

0.050
3 3 ID

0.000

-0.0500

-0.1000

-0.1500
0.000 0.010 0.020 [s] 0.030
REC 1: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in kA

Rectifier AC-Current Date: 2/14/2003


DIgSILENT Annex: 1 /7

HVDC Training Course 25

AC-Current Fund. Frequency

RMS-value of fundamental frequency component:


π
2 3
2 ⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞ 2 3
I AC =

∫I
−π
D
cos θdθ = I D ⎜⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟ − sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ =
π ⎝ ⎝3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ 2π
ID
3

Power Factor:

PAC = 3U ll I AC cos ϕ = PDC = VD I D

6 3 2
PAC = U ll I D cos ϕ = U ll I D cos α
2π π

cos ϕ = cos α

HVDC Training Course 26

13
Commutation

HVDC Training Course 27

Commutation

v1(t)
i1(t)

Id

i2(t)
v2(t)

di1 di
v 2 − v1 + L −L 2 =0
dt dt

i1 + i2 = I d

di2
v 2 − v1 = 2 L
dt

HVDC Training Course 28

14
Commutation

v 2 − v1 = 2U c sin (ωt + α ) = 2 L
di2
dt

t i2

∫ 2U c sin (ωt + α )dt = 2 L di2 ∫


0 0

i2 (t ) =
2U c
(cos α − cos(ωt + α ))
2ωL

Id =
2U c
(cos α − cos(µ + α )) (U = U ll )
2ωL
c

HVDC Training Course 29

DC-Voltage with Overlap


DIgSILENT

200.00

100.00

α µ

0.000

α µ
-100.00

-200.00
0.002 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 .. 0.015
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Inverter: Phase Voltage/Terminal DC in kV
Rectifier: Line-Line Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in kV

HVDC Training Course 30

15
DC-Voltage with Overlap

Vd = Vd 0 cos α − ∆Vd

3
∆Vd = ωLI d = Z c I d
π
cos α + cos(α + µ )
Vd = Vd 0
2

Zc Id

V d 0 cos α Vd

HVDC Training Course 31

AC-Current with Overlap


DIgSILENT

Constant
Constant(1)
x= 0.018
x= s0.019 s
0.150

0.100 kA
0.100

0.050

-0.000 kA
0.000

-0.0500

-0.1000

-0.1500
0.010 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.026 [s] 0.030
REC 1: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in kA

Rectifier AC-Current Date: 2/14/2003


DIgSILENT Annex: 1 /7

HVDC Training Course 32

16
AC Current with Overlap

cos α + cos(α + µ )
3U ll I AC cos ϕ = Vd 0 I d
2

Approximation: 6
I AC ≈ Id
π
cos α + cos(α + µ )
cos ϕ ≈
2

In PowerFactory:
Precise expression for AC-current from Fourier analysis used

HVDC Training Course 33

HVDC Configurations

HVDC Training Course 34

17
12-Pulse Configurations

• Monopolar - Short-distance connection


- Sea cable connection

• Homopolar - Short-distance connection


- Sea cable connection

• Bipolar - Long-distance transmission


- Sea cable connection

• MTDC (Multi- - Long-distance transmission


Terminal HVDC) with several connections

HVDC Training Course 35

Detailed 12-Pulse Bipolar HVDC System

HVDC Training Course 36

18
12-Pulse Bipolar System
in Power Factory

DIgSILENT
V

V
~

~
HVDC Training Course 37

HVDC Layout

HVDC Training Course 38

19
HVDC Components

Converter bridges

Converter Transformers: three- or single-phase transformer


two- or three-winding transformer
not grounded at valve side

Smoothing reactors: large inductance (<1H)


reduces harmonics in DC current and voltage
prevent commutation failures and discont. Currents
limit extensive currents at DC short-circuit

Harmonic filters: reduce harmonics at AC and DC side


provide reactive power for converter operation

Electrodes: use earth or metallic return conductor as neutral

DC Line

HVDC Training Course 39

Large Scale HVDC Projects

Project Country Voltage Power Distance

Three Gorges China 2 x ±500kV 2 x 3000MW 890km

Itaipu Brazil 2 x ±600kV 2 x 3150MW 800km

Cabora-Bassa Mozambique 2 x ±270kV 2 x 960MW 1440km

Cross Channel 1+2 GB, France 2 x ±500kV 2 x 1000MW 71km

Pacific Intertie USA ±500kV 3100MW 1361km

Nelson River 1 ±500kV 1854MW 890km


Canada
Nelson River 2 ±500kV 2000MW 940km

Quebec-New England Canada 2 x ±600kV 2 x 1125MW 1500km

HVDC Training Course 40

20

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen