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Respiratory physiology
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Respiration
• Nose • Pharynx
– External nose – Common opening for
digestive and respiratory
– Nasal cavity systems
• Functions
– Three regions
– Passageway for air
• Nasopharynx
– Cleans the air
• Oropharynx
– Humidifies, warms air
• Laryngopharynx
– Smell
– Along with paranasal
sinuses are resonating
chambers for speech
Larynx
• Functions
– Maintain an open passageway for air movement
– Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from
moving into larynx
– Vocal folds are primary source of sound production
Vocal Folds
Trachea
• Windpipe
• Divides to
form
– Primary
bronchi
– Carina:
Cough
reflex
Tracheobronchial Tree
• Conducting zone
– Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is
ciliated for removal of debris
– Passageway for air movement
– Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth
muscle controls tube diameter
• Respiratory zone
– Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
– Site for gas exchange
Tracheobronchial Tree
Bronchioles and Alveoli
Alveolus and Respiratory Membrane
Lungs
• Pleural pressure
– Negative pressure can cause alveoli to expand
– Pneumothorax is an opening between pleural
cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural
pressure
Normal Breathing Cycle
Compliance
• Vital capacity
– Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory
reserve volume
• Partial pressure
– The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture
– Dalton’s law
– Water vapor pressure
• Diffusion of gases through liquids
– Concentration of a gas in a liquid is determined by its
partial pressure and its solubility coefficient
– Henry’s law
Physical Principles of Gas Exchange