2.

COPYRIGHT  AND  RELATED  RIGHTS   a  work  embodied  in  a  sound  recording,  a  computer  program,  a  compilation  of  
  data  and  other  materials  or  a  musical  work  in  graphic  form,  irrespective  of  the  
2.1 Subject  Matter   ownership  of  the  original  or  the  copy  which  is  the  subject  of  the  rental;  (n)  
  177.5.  Public  display  of  the  original  or  a  copy  of  the  work;  
Section  241,  Intellectual  property  Code  (“IPC”)   177.6.  Public  performance  of  the  work;  and  
  177.7.  Other  communication  to  the  public  of  the  work  
Effectivity.  -­‐  This  Act  shall  take  effect  on  1  January  1998.    
  Rule  2,  Copyright  Safeguards  and  Regulations  
Section  239.3,  IPC    
  Definition  of  Terms  For  the  purpose  of  these  Copyright  Safeguards  and  
The  provisions  of  the  IP  Code  shall  apply  to  works  in  which  copyright  protection   Regulations,  the  following  terms  are  herein  defined:    
obtained  prior  to  the  effectivity  of  this  Act  is  subsisting:  Provided,  that  the    
application  of  this  Act  shall  not  result  in  the  diminution  of  such  protection.   Author  is  the  natural  person  who  has  created  the  work;  Collective  work  is  work,  
  which  has  been  created  by  two  (2)  or  more  natural  persons  at  the  initiative  and  
Section  236,  IPC   under  the  direction  of  another  with  the  understanding  that  it  will  be  disclosed  by  
  the  latter  under  his  own  name  and  that  contributing  natural  persons  will  not  be  
Preservation  of  Existing  Rights.  -­‐  Nothing  herein  shall  adversely  affect  the  rights   identified;    
on  the  enforcement  of  rights  in  patents,  utility  models,  industrial  designs,  marks    
and  works,  acquired  in  good  faith  prior  to  the  effective  date  of  this  Act.   Communication  to  the  public  or  communicate  to  the  public  means  the  making  of  
  a  work  available  to  the  public  by  wire  or  wireless  means  in  such  a  way  that  
2.2 Definition  of  Copyright   members  of  the  public  may  access  these  works  from  a  place  and  time  individually  
    chosen  by  them;  
Section  177,  IPC    
  Computer  program  is  a  set  of  instructions  capable,  when  incorporated  in  
Sec.  177.  Copy  or  Economic  Rights.  -­‐  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Chapter  VIII,   machine-­‐readable  medium,  of  causing  a  machine  having  information-­‐processing  
copyright  or  economic  rights  shall  consist  of  the  exclusive  right  to  carry  out,   capabilities,  to  indicate,  perform,  or  achieve  a  particular  function,  task,  or  result;  
authorize  or  prevent  the  following  acts:   Copyright  is  a  right  granted  by  statute  to  the  author  or  originator  of  literary,  
  scholarly,  scientific,  or  artistic  productions,  including  computer  programs.  A  
177.1.  Reproduction  of  the  work  or  substantial  portion  of  the  work;   copyright  gives  him  the  legal  right  to  determine  how  the  work  is  used  and  to  
177.2  Dramatization,  translation,  adaptation,  abridgment,  arrangement  or  other   obtain  economic  benefits  from  the  work.  For  example,  the  owner  of  a  copyright  
transformation  of  the  work;   for  a  book  or  a  piece  of  software  has  the  exclusive  rights  to  use,  copy,  distribute,  
177.3.  The  first  public  distribution  of  the  original  and  each  copy  of  the  work  by   and  sell  copies  of  the  work,  including  later  editions  or  versions  of  the  work.  If  
sale  or  other  forms  of  transfer  of  ownership;   another  person  improperly  uses  material  covered  by  a  copyright,  the  copyright  
177.4.  Rental  of  the  original  or  a  copy  of  an  audiovisual  or  cinematographic  work,   owner  can  obtain  legal  relief;    
   And  in  the  case  of  a  sound  recording,  the  making  of  the  recorded  sounds  audible  
Copyright  Office  refers  to  the  Copyright  Division  of  the  National  Library;     at  a  place  or  at  places  where  persons  outside  the  normal  circle  of  a  family  and  
  that  family’s  closed  social  acquaintances  are  or  can  be  present,  irrespective  of  
Copyright  symbol  is  represented  by  ©;     whether  they  are  or  can  be  present  at  the  same  place  and  at  the  same  time,  or  at  
  different  places  and/or  different  times,  and  where  the  performance  can  be  
Date  of  publication  is  the  earliest  date  when  a  copy  of  the  first  authorized   perceived  without  the  need  for  communication  within  the  meaning  of  
edition  of  the  work  was  placed  on  sale,  sold,  distributed,  or  otherwise  made   “communication  to  the  public”  defined  above;  Published  work  means  work  
available  to  the  public,  by  the  copyright  owner  or  his  representative;     which,  with  the  consent  of  the  author,  is  made  available  to  the  public  by  wire  or  
  wireless  means  in  such  a  way  that  members  of  the  public  may  access  the  work  
Decompilation  means  the  reproduction  of  the  code  and  the  translation  of  the   from  a  place  and  time  individually  chosen  by  them:  Provided,  That  availability  of  
forms  of  a  computer  program  to  achieve  the  inter-­‐operability  of  an   such  copies  has  been  such  as  to  satisfy  the  reasonable  requirements  of  the  
independently-­‐created  computer  program  with  other  programs;     public,  having  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  work;  Publisher  is  one  who  produces  
  and  makes  available  for  circulation  or  distribution  the  published  work;    
Exhibition  of  an  audiovisual  work  means  any  form  of  exploitation  of  a  work,    
including  its  distribution  in  copies,  its  public  performance,  and  its  communication   Rental  is  the  transfer  of  the  possession  of  the  original  or  a  copy  of  a  work  or  
to  the  public,  including  broadcast  or  rebroadcast,  cable  retransmission,  or   multimedia  for  a  limited  period  of  time,  for  profit-­‐making  purposes;    
satellite  broadcast  or  transmission;  Fee  refers  to  the  amount  prescribed  by  The    
National  Library  for  the  issuance  of  a  Certificate  of  Registration  and  Deposit  to   Reproduction  is  the  making  of  one  (1)  or  more  copies  of  a  work,  including  
claim  copyright  or  for  the  filing  of  assignment  or  license,  or  for  such  other   multimedia,  in  any  manner  or  form.  A  reprographic  reproduction,  as  authorized  
services  or  transactions  as  may  be  covered  by  these  Copyright  Safeguards  and   under  certain  circumstances  by  the  IPC,  does  not  include  a  digital  or  machine-­‐
Regulations;     readable  copy,  but  is  limited  to  photography,  xerography  and  similar  processes,  
  resulting  in  a  paper  or  microform  copy;    
Performance  symbol  is  represented  by  p;      
  Reprographic  right  is  one  exercisable  anywhere  to  reproduce  or  authorize  the  
Public  lending  is  the  transfer  of  possession  of  the  original  or  a  copy  of  a  work  or   reproduction  of  the  work  by  means  of  any  appliance  or  process  capable  of  
multimedia  for  a  limited  period,  for  non-­‐profit  purposes,  by  an  institution  the   producing  multiple  copies  of  the  work  in  such  a  form  that  the  work  may  be  
services  of  which  are  available  to  the  public,  such  as  a  public  library  or  archive;     perceived  visually.  Reprography  and  other  forms  of  reproduction  require  the  
   permission  of  the  copyright  holder;    SAR  shall  refer  to  these  Copyright  
Public  performance  is  the  recitation,  playing,  dancing,  acting  or  any  performance   Safeguards  and  Regulations  issued  pursuant  to    the  IPC;    SCL  refers  to  the  Library  
of  the  work,  either  directly  or  by  means  of  any  device  or  process;     of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines;      
  TNL  refers  to  The  National  Library  of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines;      
In  the  case  of  an  audiovisual  work,  the  broadcast  or  showing  of  its  images  in    
sequence  and  the  making  of  the  sounds  accompanying  it  audible;     TNL  Director  refers  to  the  head  of  The  National  Library  of  the  Republic  of  the  
   Philippines;      
Unpublished  work  means  work  that  has  not  been  disseminated,  circulated  or    
 distributed  to  the  public  prior  to  its  registration  with  the  Copyright  Office;       2.3 Standard  for  Copyright  Protection  
   
Work  refers  to  any  original  work,  derivative  work,  performance  of  producers,   Section  172.1,  IPC  
 sound  recording,  or  recording  of  broadcasting  organizations.  Derivative  work  is    
 work  that  is  derived  from  another  work;       172.1  Literary  and  artistic  works,  hereinafter  referred  to  as  "works",  are  original  
  intellectual  creations  in  the  literary  and  artistic  domain  protected  from  the  
Work  of  applied  art  is  an  artistic  creation  with  utilitarian  functions,  or   moment  of  their  creation  and  shall  include  in  particular:  
incorporated    in  a  useful  article,  whether  made  by  hand  or  produced  on  an    
industrial  scale;       (a)  Books,  pamphlets,  articles  and  other  writings;  
  (b)  Periodicals  and  newspapers;  
Work  of  the  Government  of  the  Philippines  is  work  created  by  an  officer  or   (c)  Lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  dissertations  prepared  for  oral  delivery,  
 employee  of  the  Philippine  Government  or  any  of  its  subdivisions  and   whether  or  not  reduced  in  writing  or  other  material  form;  
 instrumentalities,  including  government-­‐owned  or  controlled  corporations,  as   (d)  Letters;  
 part  of  his  regularly  prescribed  official  duties.     (e)  Dramatic  or  dramatico-­‐musical  compositions;  choreographic  works  or  
  entertainment  in  dumb  shows;  
Rules  11-­‐12,  Copyright  Safeguards  and  Regulations   (f)  Musical  compositions,  with  or  without  words;  
  (g)  Works  of  drawing,  painting,  architecture,  sculpture,  engraving,  lithography  or  
Rule  11  Communication  to  the  Public  of  Copyrighted  Works     other  works  of  art;  models  or  designs  for  works  of  art;  
  (h)  Original  ornamental  designs  or  models  for  articles  of  manufacture,  whether  
SECTION  1.  Communication  to  the  Public  of  Copyrighted  Work.  —   or  not  registrable  as  an  industrial  design,  and  other  works  of  applied  art;  
“Communication  to  the  public”  or  “communicate  to  the  public,”  also  includes   (i)  Illustrations,  maps,  plans,  sketches,  charts  and  three-­‐dimensional  works  
point-­‐to-­‐point  transmission  of  a  work,  including  video  on  demand,  and  providing   relative  to  geography,  topography,  architecture  or  science;  
access  to  an  electronic  retrieval  system,  such  as  computer  databases,  servers,  or   (j)  Drawings  or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific  or  technical  character;  
similar  electronic  storage  devices.  Broadcasting,  rebroadcasting,  retransmission   (k)  Photographic  works  including  works  produced  by  a  process  analogous  to  
by  cable,  and  broadcast  and  retransmission  by  satellite  are  all  acts  of   photography;  lantern  slides;  
“communication  to  the  public”  within  the  meaning  of  the  IPC.     (l)  Audiovisual  works  and  cinematographic  works  and  works  produced  by  a  
  process  analogous  to  cinematography  or  any  process  for  making  audio-­‐visual  
Rule  12  First  Public  Distribution  of  Work     recordings;  
  (m)  Pictorial  illustrations  and  advertisements;  
SECTION  1.  First  Public  Distribution  of  Work.  —  An  exclusive  right  of  first   (n)  Computer  programs;  and  
distribution  of  work  includes  all  acts  involving  distribution,  specifically  including   (o)  Other  literary,  scholarly,  scientific  and  artistic  works.  
the  first  importation  of  an  original  and  each  copy  of  the  work  into  the  jurisdiction    
of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines.   Section  172.2,  IPC  
   Intellectual  creation  should  be  copyrighted  30  days  after  its  publication,  if  made  
Works  are  protected  by  the  sole  fact  of  their  creation,  irrespective  of  their  mode   in  Manila  and  60  if  published  elsewhere.  Failure  to  do  so  will  render  such  
or  form  of  expression,  as  well  as  of  their  content,  quality  and  purpose.     creation  as  public  property.  (Filipino  Society  of  Composers  v.  Benjamin  Tan,  
  1987)  
A  person  to  be  entitled  to  a  copyright  must  be  the  original  creator  of  the  work.    
He  must  have  created  it  by  his  own  skill,  labor,  and  the  judgment  without  directly   Sec.  2,  PD  49  
copying  evasively  imitating  the  work  of  another.  The  grant  of  preliminary    
injunction  in  copyright  cases  depends  chiefly  on  the  extent  of  doubt  on  the   Section  2.  The  Rights  granted  by  this  Decree  shall,  from  the  moment  of  creation,  
validity  of  the  copyright,  existence  of  infringement,  and  the  damage  sustained  by   subsist  with  respect  to  any  of  the  following  classes  of  works:  
such  infringement.    If  you  file  a  case  for  infringement,  it  stands  as  a  bar  to  a    
subsequent  case  for  copyright  registration.  (Ching  Kian  Chuan  v.  CA,  2001)   (A)  Books,  including  composite  and  encyclopedic  works,  manuscripts,  directories,  
  and  gazetteers;  
Infringement  of  trademark  did  not  require  exact  similarity.  Colorable  imitation   (B)  Periodicals,  including  pamphlets  and  newspapers;  
enough  to  cause  confusion  among  the  public  was  sufficient  for  a  trademark  to  be   (C)  Lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  dissertations  prepared  for  oral  delivery;  
infringed.  The  essence  of  copyright  registration  is  originality  and  a  copied  design   (D)  Letters;  
is  inherently  non-­‐copyrightable.  To  be  entitled  to  copyright,  the  thing  being   (E)  Dramatic  or  dramatico-­‐musical  compositions;  choreographic  works  and  
copyrighted  must  be  1)  original  2)  created  by  the  author  through  his  own  skill,   entertainments  in  dumb  shows,  the  acting  form  of  which  is  fixed  in  writing  or  
labor,  and  judgment,  without  directly  copying  or  evasively  imitating  the  work  of   otherwise;  
another.  (Sambar  v.  Levi  Strauss,  2002)   (F)  Musical  compositions,  with  or  without  words;  
  (G)  Works  of  drawing,  painting,  architecture,  sculpture,  engraving,  lithography,  
2.4 When  does  Copyright  vest?   and  other  works  of  art;  models  or  designs  for  works  of  art;  
  (H)  Reproductions  of  a  work  of  art;  
Ownership  vests  from  the  moment  of  its  creation.  (Peralta)   (I)  Original  ornamental  designs  or  models  for  articles  of  manufacture,  whether  or  
  not  patentable,  and  other  works  of  applied  art;  
Intellectual  creation  should  be  copyrighted  30  days  after  its  publication,  if  made   (J)  Maps,  plans,  sketches,  and  charts;  
in  Manila,  or  within  60  days  if  made  elsewhere.  Author  of  a  Chirstmas  card   (K)  Drawings,  or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific  or  technical  character;  
design  is  the  owner  thereof  and  entitled  to  payment  for  its  use,  but  once   (L)  Photographic  works  and  works  produced  by  a  process  analogous  to  
published  and  he  has  failed  to  copyright  the  same,  anyone  may  use  those   photography;  lantern  slides;  
designs.  (Santos  v.  McCullough  Printing  Co.,  1964)   (M)  Cinematographic  works  and  works  produced  by  a  process  analogous  to  
  cinematography  or  any  process  for  making  audio-­‐visual  recordings;  
Peralta  on  Santos  v.  McCullough  Printing:   (N)  Computer  programs;  
1. Registration  is  only  meant  to  protect  the  author’s  copyright.  But   (O)  Prints,  pictorial,  illustration,  advertising  copies,  labels,  tags,  and  box  wraps;  
ownership  vest  on  the  author  from  the  moment  of  creation.   (P)  Dramatization,  translations,  adaptations,  abridgements,  arrangements  and  
  other  alterations  of  literary,  musical  or  artistic  works  or  of  works  of  the  Philippine  
Government  as  herein  defined,  which  shall  be  protected  as  provided  in  Section  8   to  the  required  fee  per  month  of  delay  and  to  pay  to  TNL  and  SCL  the  amount  of  
of  this  Decree.   the  retail  price  of  the  best  edition  of  the  work.    
(Q)  Collection  of  literary,  scholarly,  or  artistic  works  or  of  works  referred  to  in    
Section  9  of  this  Decree  which  by  reason  of  the  selection  and  arrangement  of   SECTION  4.  Other  Laws.  —  Upon  issuance  of  a  certificate  of  deposit,  the  
their  contents  constitute  intellectual  creations,  the  same  to  be  protected  as  such   copyright  owner  shall  be  exempt  from  making  additional  deposits  of  the  work  
in  accordance  with  Section  8  of  this  Decree.   with  TNL  or  the  SCL  under  other  laws.  
(R)  Other  literary,  scholarly,  scientific  and  artistic  works.    
  2.5 Scope  of  Copyright  
Article  5(2),  Berne  convention  for  the  Protection  of  Literacy  and  Artistic  Works    
  Article  2,  Berne  convention  for  the  Protection  of  Literacy  and  Artistic  and  Artistic  
Article  5(2).  The  enjoyment  and  the  exercise  of  these  rights  shall  not  be  subject   Works  
to  any  formality;  such  enjoyment  and  such  exercise  shall  be  independent  of  the    
existence  of  protection  in  the  country  of  origin  of  the  work.  Consequently,  apart   Article  2  
from  the  provisions  of  this  Convention,  the  extent  of  protection,  as  well  as  the   [Protected  Works:  1.  “Literary  and  artistic  works”;  2.  Possible  requirement  of  
means  of  redress  afforded  to  the  author  to  protect  his  rights,  shall  be  governed   fixation;  3.  Derivative  works;  4.  Official  texts;  5.  Collections;  6.  Obligation  to  
exclusively  by  the  laws  of  the  country  where  protection  is  claimed.   protect;  beneficiaries  of  protection;  7.  Works  of  applied  art  and  industrial  
  designs;  8.  News]  
Section  172  and  172.2,  IPC    
  (1)  The  expression  “literary  and  artistic  works”  shall  include  every  production  in  
Works  are  protected  by  the  sole  fact  of  their  creation,  irrespective  of  their  mode   the  literary,  scientific  and  artistic  domain,  whatever  may  be  the  mode  or  form  of  
or  form  of  expression,  as  well  as  of  their  content,  quality  and  purpose.     its  expression,  such  as  books,  pamphlets  and  other  writings;  lectures,  addresses,  
  sermons  and  other  works  of  the  same  nature;  dramatic  or  dramatico-­‐  musical  
Rule  7,  Sections  2-­‐4,  Copyright  Safeguards  and  Regulations   works;  choreographic  works  and  entertainments  in  dumb  show;  musical  
  compositions  with  or  without  words;  cinematographic  works  to  which  are  
SECTION  2.  Effects  of  Registration  and  Deposit  of  Work.  —  The  registration  and   assimilated  works  expressed  by  a  process  analogous  to  cinematography;  works  
deposit  of  the  work  is  purely  for  recording  the  date  of  registration  and  deposit  of   of  drawing,  painting,  architecture,  sculpture,  engraving  and  lithography;  
the  work  and  shall  not  be  conclusive  as  to  copyright  ownership  or  the  term  of   photographic  works  to  which  are  assimilated  works  expressed  by  a  process  
copyrights  or  the  rights  of  the  copyright  owner,  including  neighboring  rights.     analogous  to  photography;  works  of  applied  art;  illustrations,  maps,  plans,  
  sketches  and  three-­‐dimensional  works  relative  to  geography,  topography,  
SECTION  3.  Effect  of  Non-­‐Registration  and  Deposit.  —  If,  within  three  (3)  weeks   architecture  or  science.  
after  receipt  by  the  copyright  owner  of  a  written  demand  from  TNL  and/or  SCL   (2)  It  shall,  however,  be  a  matter  for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to  
for  the  deposit  of  a  work  listed  in  Rule  5  Sec.  4  of  this  SAR,  the  required  copies   prescribe  that  works  in  general  or  any  specified  categories  of  works  shall  not  be  
are  not  delivered  and  the  fee  for  registration  and  deposit  is  not  paid,  the   protected  unless  they  have  been  fixed  in  some  material  form.  
copyright  owner,  his  assignee,  or  his  agent  shall  be  liable  to  pay  a  fine  equivalent   (3)  Translations,  adaptations,  arrangements  of  music  and  other  alterations  of  a  
literary  or  artistic  work  shall  be  protected  as  original  works  without  prejudice  to   same  nature  which  are  delivered  in  public  may  be  reproduced  by  the  press,  
the  copyright  in  the  original  work.   broadcast,  communicated  to  the  public  by  wire  and  made  the  subject  of  public  
(4)  It  shall  be  a  matter  for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to  determine   communication  as  envisaged  in  Article  11bis(1)  of  this  Convention,  when  such  
the  protection  to  be  granted  to  official  texts  of  a  legislative,  administrative  and   use  is  justified  by  the  informatory  purpose.  
legal  nature,  and  to  official  translations  of  such  texts.   (3)  Nevertheless,  the  author  shall  enjoy  the  exclusive  right  of  making  a  collection  
(5)  Collections  of  literary  or  artistic  works  such  as  encyclopaedias  and  anthologies   of  his  works  mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraphs.  
which,  by  reason  of  the  selection  and  arrangement  of  their  contents,  constitute    
intellectual  creations  shall  be  protected  as  such,  without  prejudice  to  the   Sections  172,  172.2,  173.2,  174,  IPC  
copyright  in  each  of  the  works  forming  part  of  such  collections.    
(6)  The  works  mentioned  in  this  Article  shall  enjoy  protection  in  all  countries  of   172.2.  Works  are  protected  by  the  sole  fact  of  their  creation,  irrespective  of  their  
the  Union.  This  protection  shall  operate  for  the  benefit  of  the  author  and  his   mode  or  form  of  expression,  as  well  as  of  their  content,  quality  and  purpose.  
successors  in  title.    
(7)  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Article  7(4)  of  this  Convention,  it  shall  be  a  matter   173.1.  The  following  derivative  works  shall  also  be  protected  by  copyright:  
for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to  determine  the  extent  of  the   (a)  Dramatizations,  translations,  adaptations,  abridgments,  arrangements,  and  
application  of  their  laws  to  works  of  applied  art  and  industrial  designs  and   other  alterations  of  literary  or  artistic  works;  and  
models,  as  well  as  the  conditions  under  which  such  works,  designs  and  models   (b)  Collections  of  literary,  scholarly  or  artistic  works,  and  compilations  of  data  
shall  be  protected.  Works  protected  in  the  country  of  origin  solely  as  designs  and   and  other  materials  which  are  original  by  reason  of  the  selection  or  coordination  
models  shall  be  entitled  in  another  country  of  the  Union  only  to  such  special   or  arrangement  of  their  contents.    
protection  as  is  granted  in  that  country  to  designs  and  models;  however,  if  no    
such  special  protection  is  granted  in  that  country,  such  works  shall  be  protected   173.2.  The  works  referred  to  in  paragraphs  (a)  and  (b)  of  Subsection  173.1  shall  
as  artistic  works.   be  protected  as  a  new  works:  Provided  however,  That  such  new  work  shall  not  
(8)  The  protection  of  this  Convention  shall  not  apply  to  news  of  the  day  or  to   affect  the  force  of  any  subsisting  copyright  upon  the  original  works  employed  or  
miscellaneous  facts  having  the  character  of  mere  items  of  press  information.   any  part  thereof,  or  be  construed  to  imply  any  right  to  such  use  of  the  original  
  works,  or  to  secure  or  extend  copyright  in  such  original  works.    
Article  2bis    
[Possible  Limitation  of  Protection  of  Certain  Works:  1.  Certain  speeches;  2.   Sec.  174.  Published  Edition  of  Work.  -­‐  In  addition  to  the  right  to  publish  granted  
Certain  uses  of  lectures  and  addresses;  3.  Right  to  make  collections  of  such   by  the  author,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  the  publisher  shall  have  a  copy  right  consisting  
works]   merely  of  the  right  of  reproduction  of  the  typographical  arrangement  of  the  
  published  edition  of  the  work.  (n)    
(1)  It  shall  be  a  matter  for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to  exclude,    
wholly  or  in  part,  from  the  protection  provided  by  the  preceding  Article  political   Section  175,  IPC  
speeches  and  speeches  delivered  in  the  course  of  legal  proceedings.    
(2)  It  shall  also  be  a  matter  for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to   Sec.  175.  Unprotected  Subject  Matter.  -­‐  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  
determine  the  conditions  under  which  lectures,  addresses  and  other  works  of  the   Sections  172  and  173,  no  protection  shall  extend,  under  this  law,  to  any  idea,  
procedure,  system  method  or  operation,  concept,  principle,  discovery  or  mere    
data  as  such,  even  if  they  are  expressed,  explained,  illustrated  or  embodied  in  a   Sec.  2  of  PD  49  provides  that  the  rights  granted  by  this  Decree  shall,  from  the  
work;  news  of  the  day  and  other  miscellaneous  facts  having  the  character  of   moment  of  creation,  subsist  with  respect  to  any  of  the  following  classes  of  works:  
mere  items  of  press  information;  or  any  official  text  of  a  legislative,   (o)  Prints,  pictorial  illustrations,  advertising  copies,  labels,  tags,  and  box  wraps.  
administrative  or  legal  nature,  as  well  as  any  official  translation  thereof.  (n)   Charlie    Brown  falls  under  letter  (o)  of  Sec.  2  of  PD  49.  Therefore,  since  the  name  
  Charlie  Brown  and  its  pictorial  representation  were  covered  by  a  copyright  
Section  176,  IPC   registration  way  back  in  1950  the  same  are  entitled  under  PD  49.  (United  
  Features  Syndicate  v.  Munsingwear,  1989)  
Sec.  176.  Works  of  the  Government.  -­‐    
  Facts  and  information  are  not  copyrightable  but  rather  its  factual  compilation.  It  
176.1.  No  copyright  shall  subsist  in  any  work  of  the  Government  of  the   requires  1)  ownership  of  valid  copyright  and  2)  copying  of  constituent  elements  
Philippines.  However,  prior  approval  of  the  government  agency  or  office  wherein   of  the  work  that  are  original.  THe  sine  qua  non  of  copyright  is  originality.  The  
the  work  is  created  shall  be  necessary  for  exploitation  of  such  work  for  profit.   standard  of  creativity,  however,  is  low.  (Feist  Publications,  Inc.  v.  Rural  Tel.  
Such  agency  or  office  may,  among  other  things,  impose  as  a  condition  the   Service  Co.)  
payment  of  royalties.  No  prior  approval  or  conditions  shall  be  required  for  the    
use  of  any  purpose  of  statutes,  rules  and  regulations,  and  speeches,  lectures,   2.6 Who  owns  Copyright?  
sermons,  addresses,  and  dissertations,  pronounced,  read  or  rendered  in  courts  of   Sec.  178  and  179(and  its  subparagraphs),  Sec.  179,  Sec.  174,  IPC  
justice,  before  administrative  agencies,  in  deliberative  assemblies  and  in    
meetings  of  public  character.   Sec.  178.  Rules  on  Copyright  Ownership.  -­‐  Copyright  ownership  shall  be  governed  
  by  the  following  rules:  
176.2.  The  Author  of  speeches,  lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  and  dissertations    
mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraphs  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of  making  a   178.1.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  section,  in  the  case  of  original  literary  and  
collection  of  his  works.  (n)   artistic  works,  copyright  shall  belong  to  the  author  of  the  work;  
   
176.3.  Notwithstanding  the  foregoing  provisions,  the  Government  is  not   178.2.  In  the  case  of  works  of  joint  authorship,  the  co-­‐authors  shall  be  the  
precluded  from  receiving  and  holding  copyrights  transferred  to  it  by  assignment,   original  owners  of  the  copyright  and  in  the  absence  of  agreement,  their  rights  
bequest  or  otherwise;  nor  shall  publication  or  republication  by  the  government   shall  be  governed  by  the  rules  on  co-­‐ownership.  If,  however,  a  work  of  joint  
in  a  public  document  of  any  work  in  which  copy  right  is  subsisting  be  taken  to   authorship  consists  of  parts  that  can  be  used  separately  and  the  author  of  each  
cause  any  abridgment  or  annulment  of  the  copyright  or  to  authorize  any  use  or   part  can  be  identified,  the  author  of  each  part  shall  be  the  original  owner  of  the  
appropriation  of  such  work  without  the  consent  of  the  copyright  owners.     copyright  in  the  part  that  he  has  created;  
   
Section  2  of  PD  49,  enumerates  the  classes  of  work  entitled  to  copyright   178.3.  In  the  case  of  work  created  by  an  author  during  and  in  the  course  of  his  
protection.  It  does  not  include  the  format  or  mechanics  of  a  television  show.   employment,  the  copyright  shall  belong  to:  
(Joaquin  v.  Drilon,  1999)   (a)  The  employee,  if  the  creation  of  the  object  of  copyright  is  not  a  part  of  his  
regular  duties  even  if  the  employee  uses  the  time,  facilities  and  materials  of  the   publication  of  the  same.  Once  their  works  are  published,  their  rights  are  
employer.   governed  by  the  Copyright  laws.  
(b)  The  employer,  if  the  work  is  the  result  of  the  performance  of  his  regularly-­‐  
assigned  duties,  unless  there  is  an  agreement,  express  or  implied,  to  the   The  painter,  sculptor  or  other  artist  shall  have  dominion  over  the  product  of  his  
contrary.   art  even  before  it  is  copyrighted.  
   
178.4.  In  the  case  of  a  work-­‐commissioned  by  a  person  other  than  an  employer   The  scientist  or  technologist  has  the  ownership  of  his  discovery  or  invention  even  
of  the  author  and  who  pays  for  it  and  the  work  is  made  in  pursuance  of  the   before  it  is  patented.  (n)  
commission,  the  person  who  so  commissioned  the  work  shall  have  ownership  of    
work,  but  the  copyright  thereto  shall  remain  with  the  creator,  unless  there  is  a   Art.  723.  Letters  and  other  private  communications  in  writing  are  owned  by  the  
written  stipulation  to  the  contrary;   person  to  whom  they  are  addressed  and  delivered,  but  they  cannot  be  published  
  or  disseminated  without  the  consent  of  the  writer  or  his  heirs.  However,  the  
178.5.  In  the  case  of  audiovisual  work,  the  copyright  shall  belong  to  the   court  may  authorize  their  publication  or  dissemination  if  the  public  good  or  the  
producer,  the  author  of  the  scenario,  the  composer  of  the  music,  the  film   interest  of  justice  so  requires.  (n)  
director,  and  the  author  of  the  work  so  adapted.  However,  subject  to  contrary  or    
other  stipulations  among  the  creators,  the  producers  shall  exercise  the  copyright   Article  520  of  the  Civil  Code  
to  an  extent  required  for  the  exhibition  of  the  work  in  any  manner,  except  for  the    
right  to  collect  performing  license  fees  for  the  performance  of  musical   Art.  520.  A  trade-­‐mark  or  trade-­‐name  duly  registered  in  the  proper  government  
compositions,  with  or  without  words,  which  are  incorporated  into  the  work;  and   bureau  or  office  is  owned  by  and  pertains  to  the  person,  corporation,  or  firm  
  registering  the  same,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  special  laws.  (n)  
178.6.  In  respect  of  letters,  the  copyright  shall  belong  to  the  writer  subject  to  the    
provisions  of  Article  723  of  the  Civil  Code.   2.7  Duration  of  Copyright  
   
Sec.  179.  Anonymous  and  Pseudonymous  Works.  -­‐  For  purposes  of  this  Act,  the   Articles  7  and  7bis,  Berne  Convention  for  the  Protection  of  Literary  and  Artistic  
publishers  shall  be  deemed  to  represent  the  authors  of  articles  and  other   Works  
writings  published  without  the  names  of  the  authors  or  under  pseudonyms,    
unless  the  contrary  appears,  or  the  pseudonyms  or  adopted  name  leaves  no   Article  7  
doubts  as  to  the  author’s  identity,  or  if  the  author  of  the  anonymous  works   [Term  of  Protection:  1.  Generally;  2.  For  cinematographic  works;  3.  For  
discloses  his  identity.     anonymous  and  pseudonymous  works;  4.  For  photographic  works  and  works  of  
  applied  art;  5.  Starting  date  of  computation;  6.  Longer  terms;  7.  Shorter  terms;  8.  
Article  722  and  723,  Civil  Code   Applicable  law;  “comparison”  of  terms]  
  (1)  The  term  of  protection  granted  by  this  Convention  shall  be  the  life  of  the  
Art.  722.  The  author  and  the  composer,  mentioned  in  Nos.  1  and  2  of  the   author  and  fifty  years  after  his  death.  
preceding  article,  shall  have  the  ownership  of  their  creations  even  before  the   (2)  However,  in  the  case  of  cinematographic  works,  the  countries  of  the  Union  
may  provide  that  the  term  of  protection  shall  expire  fifty  years  after  the  work  has    
been  made  available  to  the  public  with  the  consent  of  the  author,  or,  failing  such   Article  7bis  
an  event  within  fifty  years  from  the  making  of  such  a  work,  fifty  years  after  the   [Term  of  Protection  for  Works  of  Joint  Authorship]  
making.   The  provisions  of  the  preceding  Article  shall  also  apply  in  the  case  of  a  work  of  
(3)  In  the  case  of  anonymous  or  pseudonymous  works,  the  term  of  protection   joint  authorship,  provided  that  the  terms  measured  from  the  death  of  the  author  
granted  by  this  Convention  shall  expire  fifty  years  after  the  work  has  been   shall  be  calculated  from  the  death  of  the  last  surviving  author.  
lawfully  made  available  to  the  public.  However,  when  the  pseudonym  adopted    
by  the  author  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  his  identity,  the  term  of  protection  shall  be   Sec.  213  (and  its  subparagraphs),  Sec.  214,  IPC  
that  provided  in  paragraph  (1).  If  the  author  of  an  anonymous  or  pseudonymous    
work  discloses  his  identity  during  the  above-­‐mentioned  period,  the  term  of   Sec.  213.  Term  of  Protection.  -­‐  213.1.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Subsections  
protection  applicable  shall  be  that  provided  in  paragraph  (1).  The  countries  of   213.2  to  213.5,  the  copyright  in  works  under  Sections  172  and  173  shall  be  
the  Union  shall  not  be  required  to  protect  anonymous  or  pseudonymous  works   protected  during  the  life  of  the  author  and  for  fifty  (50)  years  after  his  death.  This  
in  respect  of  which  it  is  reasonable  to  presume  that  their  author  has  been  dead   rule  also  applies  to  posthumous  works.    
for  fifty  years.    
(4)  It  shall  be  a  matter  for  legislation  in  the  countries  of  the  Union  to  determine   213.2.  In  case  of  works  of  joint  authorship,  the  economic  rights  shall  be  
the  term  of  protection  of  photographic  works  and  that  of  works  of  applied  art  in   protected  during  the  life  of  the  last  surviving  author  and  for  fifty  (50)  years  after  
so  far  as  they  are  protected  as  artistic  works;  however,  this  term  shall  last  at   his  death.  (Sec.  21,  Second  Sentence,  P.D.  No.  49)  
least  until  the  end  of  a  period  of  twenty-­‐five  years  from  the  making  of  such  a    
work.   213.3.  In  case  of  anonymous  or  pseudonymous  works,  the  copyright  shall  be  
(5)  The  term  of  protection  subsequent  to  the  death  of  the  author  and  the  terms   protected  for  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  date  on  which  the  work  was  first  lawfully  
provided  by  paragraphs  (2),  (3)  and  (4)  shall  run  from  the  date  of  death  or  of  the   published:  Provided,  That  where,  before  the  expiration  of  the  said  period,  the  
event  referred  to  in  those  paragraphs,  but  such  terms  shall  always  be  deemed  to   author's  identity  is  revealed  or  is  no  longer  in  doubt,  the  provisions  of  
begin  on  the  first  of  January  of  the  year  following  the  death  or  such  event.   Subsections    
(6)  The  countries  of  the  Union  may  grant  a  term  of  protection  in  excess  of  those   213.1  and  213.2  shall  apply,  as  the  case  may  be:  Provided,  further,  That  such  
provided  by  the  preceding  paragraphs.   works  if  not  published  before  shall  be  protected  for  fifty  (50)  years  counted  from  
(7)  Those  countries  of  the  Union  bound  by  the  Rome  Act  of  this  Convention   the  making  of  the  work.  (Sec.  23,  P.  D.  No.  49)  
which  grant,  in  their  national  legislation  in  force  at  the  time  of  signature  of  the    
present  Act,  shorter  terms  of  protection  than  those  provided  for  in  the  preceding   213.4.  In  case  of  works  of  applied  art  the  protection  shall  be  for  a  period  of  
paragraphs  shall  have  the  right  to  maintain  such  terms  when  ratifying  or   twenty-­‐five  (25)  years  from  the  date  of  making.  (Sec.  24(B),  P.  D.  No.  49a)  
acceding  to  the  present  Act.    
(8)  In  any  case,  the  term  shall  be  governed  by  the  legislation  of  the  country   213.5.  In  case  of  photographic  works,  the  protection  shall  be  for  fifty  (50)  years  
where  protection  is  claimed;  however,  unless  the  legislation  of  that  country   from  publication  of  the  work  and,  if  unpublished,  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  
otherwise  provides,  the  term  shall  not  exceed  the  term  fixed  in  the  country  of   making.  (Sec.  24(C),  P.  D.  49a)  
origin  of  the  work.    
213.6.  In  case  of  audio-­‐visual  works  including  those  produced  by  process   bequest  or  otherwise;  nor  shall  publication  or  republication  by  the  government  
analogous  to  photography  or  any  process  for  making  audio-­‐visual  recordings,  the   in  a  public  document  of  any  work  in  which  copy  right  is  subsisting  be  taken  to  
term  shall  be  fifty  (50)  years  from  date  of  publication  and,  if  unpublished,  from   cause  any  abridgment  or  annulment  of  the  copyright  or  to  authorize  any  use  or  
the  date  of  making.  (Sec.  24(C),  P.  D.  No.  49a)   appropriation  of  such  work  without  the  consent  of  the  copyright  owners.  
   
Sec.  214.  Calculation  of  Term.  -­‐  The  term  of  protection  subsequent  to  the  death   171.11.  A  "work  of  the  Government  of  the  Philippines"  is  a  work  created  by  an  
of  the  author  provided  in  the  preceding  Section  shall  run  from  the  date  of  his   officer  or  employee  of  the  Philippine  Government  or  any  of  its  subdivisions  and  
death  or  of  publication,  but  such  terms  shall  always  be  deemed  to  begin  on  the   instrumentalities,  including  government-­‐owned  or  controlled  corporations  as  
first  day  of  January  of  the  year  following  the  event  which  gave  rise  to  them.   part  of  his  regularly  prescribed  official  duties.  
   
Class  3     Right  to  Make  Copies;  Infringement   Sec.  184.  Limitations  on  Copyright.  -­‐  
   
2.8 Right  to  Make  Copies   184.1.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  Chapter  V,  the  following  acts  shall  not  
  constitute  infringement  of  copyright:  
Sections  176  (and  its  subparagraphs),  171.11,  184,  185,  186,  187,  188,  IPC    
  (a)  the  recitation  or  performance  of  a  work,  once  it  has  been  lawfully  made  
Sec.  176.  Works  of  the  Government.  -­‐   accessible  to  the  public,  if  done  privately  and  free  of  charge  or  if  made  strictly  for  
  a  charitable  or  religious  institution  or  society;    
176.1.  No  copyright  shall  subsist  in  any  work  of  the  Government  of  the    
Philippines.  However,  prior  approval  of  the  government  agency  or  office  wherein   (b)  The  making  of  quotations  from  a  published  work  if  they  are  compatible  with  
the  work  is  created  shall  be  necessary  for  exploitation  of  such  work  for  profit.   fair  use  and  only  to  the  extent  justified  for  the  purpose,  including  quotations  
Such  agency  or  office  may,  among  other  things,  impose  as  a  condition  the   from  newspaper  articles  and  periodicals  in  the  form  of  press  summaries:  
payment  of  royalties.  No  prior  approval  or  conditions  shall  be  required  for  the   Provided,  That  the  source  and  the  name  of  the  author,  if  appearing  on  the  work,  
use  of  any  purpose  of  statutes,  rules  and  regulations,  and  speeches,  lectures,   are  mentioned;  (Sec.  11,  Third  Par.,  P.  D.  No.  49)  
sermons,  addresses,  and  dissertations,  pronounced,  read  or  rendered  in  courts  of    
justice,  before  administrative  agencies,  in  deliberative  assemblies  and  in   (c)  The  reproduction  or  communication  to  the  public  by  mass  media  of  articles  on  
meetings  of  public  character.     current  political,  social,  economic,  scientific  or  religious  topic,  lectures,  addresses  
  and  other  works  of  the  same  nature,  which  are  delivered  in  public  if  such  use  is  
176.2.  The  Author  of  speeches,  lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  and  dissertations   for  information  purposes  and  has  not  been  expressly  reserved:  Provided,  That  
mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraphs  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of  making  a   the  source  is  clearly  indicated;  (Sec.  11,  P.  D.  No.  49)  
collection  of  his  works.    
  (d)  The  reproduction  and  communication  to  the  public  of  literary,  scientific  or  
176.3.  Notwithstanding  the  foregoing  provisions,  the  Government  is  not   artistic  works  as  part  of  reports  of  current  events  by  means  of  photography,  
precluded  from  receiving  and  holding  copyrights  transferred  to  it  by  assignment,   cinematography  or  broadcasting  to  the  extent  necessary  for  the  purpose;  (Sec.  
12,  P.  D.  No.  49)    
  (k)  Any  use  made  of  a  work  for  the  purpose  of  any  judicial  proceedings  or  for  the  
(e)  The  inclusion  of  a  work  in  a  publication,  broadcast,  or  other  communication   giving  of  professional  advice  by  a  legal  practitioner.  
to  the  public,  sound  recording  or  film,  if  such  inclusion  is  made  by  way  of    
illustration  for  teaching  purposes  and  is  compatible  with  fair  use:  Provided,  That   184.2.  The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  interpreted  in  such  a  way  as  to  allow  
the  source  and  of  the  name  of  the  author,  if  appearing  in  the  work,  are   the  work  to  be  used  in  a  manner  which  does  not  conflict  with  the  normal  
mentioned;   exploitation  of  the  work  and  does  not  unreasonably  prejudice  the  right  holder's  
  legitimate  interest.  
(f)  The  recording  made  in  schools,  universities,  or  educational  institutions  of  a    
work  included  in  a  broadcast  for  the  use  of  such  schools,  universities  or   Sec.  185.  Fair  Use  of  a  Copyrighted  Work.  -­‐  
educational  institutions:  Provided,  That  such  recording  must  be  deleted  within  a    
reasonable  period  after  they  were  first  broadcast:  Provided,  further,  That  such   185.1.  The  fair  use  of  a  copyrighted  work  for  criticism,  comment,  news  reporting,  
recording  may  not  be  made  from  audiovisual  works  which  are  part  of  the  general   teaching  including  multiple  copies  for  classroom  use,  scholarship,  research,  and  
cinema  repertoire  of  feature  films  except  for  brief  excerpts  of  the  work;   similar  purposes  is  not  an  infringement  of  copyright.  Decompilation,  which  is  
  understood  here  to  be  the  reproduction  of  the  code  and  translation  of  the  forms  
(g)  The  making  of  ephemeral  recordings  by  a  broadcasting  organization  by  means   of  the  computer  program  to  achieve  the  inter-­‐operability  of  an  independently  
of  its  own  facilities  and  for  use  in  its  own  broadcast;   created  computer  program  with  other  programs  may  also  constitute  fair  use.  In  
  determining  whether  the  use  made  of  a  work  in  any  particular  case  is  fair  use,  
(h)  The  use  made  of  a  work  by  or  under  the  direction  or  control  of  the   the  factors  to  be  considered  shall  include:  
Government,  by  the  National  Library  or  by  educational,  scientific  or  professional    
institutions  where  such  use  is  in  the  public  interest  and  is  compatible  with  fair   (a)  The  purpose  and  character  of  the  use,  including  whether  such  use  is  of  a  
use;   commercial  nature  or  is  for  non-­‐profit  education  purposes;  
   
(i)  The  public  performance  or  the  communication  to  the  public  of  a  work,  in  a   (b)  The  nature  of  the  copyrighted  work;  
place  where  no  admission  fee  is  charged  in  respect  of  such  public  performance  or    
communication,  by  a  club  or  institution  for  charitable  or  educational  purpose   (c)  The  amount  and  substantiality  of  the  portion  used  in  relation  to  the  
only,  whose  aim  is  not  profit  making,  subject  to  such  other  limitations  as  may  be   copyrighted  work  as  a  whole;  and  
provided  in  the  Regulations;  (n)    
  (d)  The  effect  of  the  use  upon  the  potential  market  for  or  value  of  the  
(j)  Public  display  of  the  original  or  a  copy  of  the  work  not  made  by  means  of  a   copyrighted  work.  
film,  slide,  television  image  or  otherwise  on  screen  or  by  means  of  any  other    
device  or  process:  Provided,  That  either  the  work  has  been  published,  or,  that   185.2  The  fact  that  a  work  is  unpublished  shall  not  by  itself  bar  a  finding  of  fair  
original  or  the  copy  displayed  has  been  sold,  given  away  or  otherwise  transferred   use  if  such  finding  is  made  upon  consideration  of  all  the  above  factors.  
to  another  person  by  the  author  or  his  successor  in  title;  and    
Sec.  186.  Work  of  Architecture.  -­‐  Copyright  in  a  work  of  architecture  shall  include   whose  activities  are  not  for  profit  may,  without  the  authorization  of  the  author  
the  right  to  control  the  erection  of  any  building  which  reproduces  the  whole  or  a   of  copyright  owner,  make  a  single  copy  of  the  work  by  reprographic  
substantial  part  of  the  work  either  in  its  original  form  or  in  any  form  recognizably   reproduction:  
derived  from  the  original;  Provided,  That  the  copyright  in  any  such  work  shall  not    
include  the  right  to  control  the  reconstruction  or  rehabilitation  in  the  same  style   (a)  Where  the  work  by  reason  of  its  fragile  character  or  rarity  cannot  be  lent  to  
as  the  original  of  a  building  to  which  the  copyright  relates.  (n)   user  in  its  original  form;  
   
Sec.  187.  Reproduction  of  Published  Work.  -­‐   (b)  Where  the  works  are  isolated  articles  contained  in  composite  works  or  brief  
  portions  of  other  published  works  and  the  reproduction  is  necessary  to  supply  
187.1.  Notwithstanding  the  provision  of  Section  177,  and  subject  to  the   them;  when  this  is  considered  expedient,  to  person  requesting  their  loan  for  
provisions  of  Subsection  187.2,  the  private  reproduction  of  a  published  work  in  a   purposes  of  research  or  study  instead  of  lending  the  volumes  or  booklets  which  
single  copy,  where  the  reproduction  is  made  by  a  natural  person  exclusively  for   contain  them;  and  
research  and  private  study,  shall  be  permitted,  without  the  authorization  of  the    
owner  of  copyright  in  the  work.   (c)  Where  the  making  of  such  a  copy  is  in  order  to  preserve  and,  if  necessary  in  
  the  event  that  it  is  lost,  destroyed  or  rendered  unusable,  replace  a  copy,  or  to  
187.2.  The  permission  granted  under  Subsection  187.1  shall  not  extend  to  the   replace,  in  the  permanent  collection  of  another  similar  library  or  archive,  a  copy  
reproduction  of:   which  has  been  lost,  destroyed  or  rendered  unusable  and  copies  are  not  
  available  with  the  publisher.  
(a)  A  work  of  architecture  in  form  of  building  or  other  construction;    
  188.2.  Notwithstanding  the  above  provisions,  it  shall  not  be  permissible  to  
(b)  An  entire  book,  or  a  substantial  past  thereof,  or  of  a  musical  work  in  which   produce  a  volume  of  a  work  published  in  several  volumes  or  to  produce  missing  
graphics  form  by  reprographic  means;   tomes  or  pages  of  magazines  or  similar  works,  unless  the  volume,  tome  or  part  is  
  out  of  stock;  Provided,  That  every  library  which,  by  law,  is  entitled  to  receive  
(c)  A  compilation  of  data  and  other  materials;   copies  of  a  printed  work,  shall  be  entitled,  when  special  reasons  so  require,  to  
  reproduce  a  copy  of  a  published  work  which  is  considered  necessary  for  the  
(d)  A  computer  program  except  as  provided  in  Section  189;  and   collection  of  the  library  but  which  is  out  of  stock.  
   
(e)  Any  work  in  cases  where  reproduction  would  unreasonably  conflict  with  a   Sec  189,  IPC  
normal  exploitation  of  the  work  or  would  otherwise  unreasonably  prejudice  the    
legitimate  interests  of  the  author.  (n)   Sec.  189.  Reproduction  of  Computer  Program.  -­‐  
   
Sec.  188.  Reprographic  Reproduction  by  Libraries.  -­‐   189.1.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  Section  177,  the  reproduction  in  one  (1)  
  back-­‐up  copy  or  adaptation  of  a  computer  program  shall  be  permitted,  without  
188.1.  Notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  Subsection  177.6,  any  library  or  archive   the  authorization  of  the  author  of,  or  other  owner  of  copyright  in,  a  computer  
program,  by  the  lawful  owner  of  that  computer  program:  Provided,  That  the  copy   3. The  importation,  consisting  of  not  more  than  three  (3)  such  
or  adaptation  is  necessary  for:   copies  or  likenesses  in  any  one  invoice,  is  not  for  sale  but  for  
  the  use  only  of  any  religious,  charitable,  or  educational  society  
(a)  The  use  of  the  computer  program  in  conjunction  with  a  computer  for  the   or  institution  duly  incorporated  or  registered,  or  is  for  the  
purpose,  and  to  the  extent,  for  which  the  computer  program  has  been  obtained;   encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or  for  any  state  school,  college,  
and   university,  or  free  public  library  in  the  Philippines.  
   
(b)  Archival  purposes,  and,  for  the  replacement  of  the  lawfully  owned  copy  of  the   b.  When  such  copies  form  parts  of  libraries  and  personal  baggage  
computer  program  in  the  event  that  the  lawfully  obtained  copy  of  the  computer   belonging  to  persons  or  families  arriving  from  foreign  countries  and  are  
program  is  lost,  destroyed  or  rendered  unusable.   not  intended  for  sale:  Provided,  That  such  copies  do  not  exceed  three  
  (3).  
189.2.  No  copy  or  adaptation  mentioned  in  this  Section  shall  be  used  for  any    
purpose  other  than  the  ones  determined  in  this  Section,  and  any  such  copy  or   190.2.  Copies  imported  as  allowed  by  this  Section  may  not  lawfully  be  used  in  
adaptation  shall  be  destroyed  in  the  event  that  continued  possession  of  the  copy   any  way  to  violate  the  rights  of  owner  the  copyright  or  annul  or  limit  the  
of  the  computer  program  ceases  to  be  lawful.   protection  secured  by  this  Act,  and  such  unlawful  use  shall  be  deemed  an  
  infringement  and  shall  be  punishable  as  such  without  prejudice  to  the  
189.3.  This  provision  shall  be  without  prejudice  to  the  application  of  Section  185   proprietor’s  right  of  action.  
whenever  appropriate.  (n)    
  190.3.  Subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  Finance,  the  Commissioner  of  
Sec.  190,  IPC   Customs  is  hereby  empowered  to  make  rules  and  regulations  for  preventing  the  
  importation  of  articles  the  importation  of  which  is  prohibited  under  this  Section  
Sec.  190.  Importation  for  Personal  Purposes.  -­‐   and  under  treaties  and  conventions  to  which  the  Philippines  may  be  a  party  and  
  for  seizing  and  condemning  and  disposing  of  the  same  in  case  they  are  
190.1.  Notwithstanding  the  provision  of  Subsection  177.6,  but  subject  to  the   discovered  after  they  have  been  imported.    
limitation  under  the  Subsection  185.2,  the  importation  of  a  copy  of  a  work  by  an    
individual  for  his  personal  purposes  shall  be  permitted  without  the  authorization   Rule  14,  Copyright  Safeguards  and  Regulations  
of  the  author  of,  or  other  owner  of  copyright  in,  the  work  under  the  following   Rule  14.  Limitations  on  Copyright    
circumstances:    
  SECTION  1.   Public  Performance  or  Communication  to  the  Public  of  Work  by  
a. When  copies  of  the  work  are  not  available  in  the  Philippines  and:   Non-­‐Profit  Institution.  —  The  public  performance  or  the  communication  to  the  
1. Not  more  than  one  (1)  copy  at  one  time  is  imported  for  strictly   public  of  a  work,  in  a  place  where  no  admission  fee  is  charged  in  respect  of  such  
individual  use  only;  or   public  performance  or  communication,  by  a  club  or  institution  for  charitable  or  
2. The  importation  is  by  authority  of  and  for  the  use  of  the   educational  purposes  only,  whose  aim  is  not  profit-­‐making,  shall  not  constitute  
Philippine  Government;  or     infringement  of  copyright,  if:    
   (a)   It  consist  only  of  the  reproduction  of  code  and  translation  of  
(a)   The  works  are  limited  to  non-­‐dramatic  literary  works  and  non-­‐copyrighted   the  forms  of  a  computer  program;    
musical  compositions,  and  do  not  include  audiovisual  works  or  computer   (b)   The  reproduction  and  translation  are  indispensable  to  obtain  
programs;     information,  such  that  information  can  be  obtained  in  no  other  
(b)   The  clubs  or  institutions  to  which  this  subsection  applies  are  limited  to   way  than  through  decompilation;    
those  organized  exclusively  for  charitable  or  educational  purposes;  and  if  the   (c)   The  information  is  necessary  in  order  to  achieve  
following  conditions  are  satisfied:   interoperability  (i.e.,  interoperability  cannot  be  achieved  
   (i)   No  fee  or  compensation  is  paid  to  any  performers,  promoters  or   without  obtaining  the  information  and  without  using  
organizers  of  the  public  performance;   decompilation  to  obtain  it)  ;  and    
   (ii)   There  is  no  direct  or  indirect  admission  charge  to  the  place  where   (d)   The  interoperability  that  is  sought  is  between  the  decompiled  
the  performance  occurs;  and     program  and  an  independently  created  computer  program  (i.e.,  
  (iii)   Admission  to  the  performance  is  restricted  to  persons  who  are,  and   a  computer  program  that  was  created  prior  to  and  without  
for  at  least  the  preceding  thirty  days  have  been,  members  in  good   reference  to  the  decompilation).  If  the  above  criteria  are  
standing  of  the  club  or  the  institution  for  whose  charitable  or   satisfied,  then  the  fair  use  factors  set  forth  in  the  IPC  can  be  
education  purposes  the  performance  is  being  carried  out.     applied  in  order  to  decide  whether  or  not  the  decompilation,  in  
  the  particular  circumstances  involved,  constitutes  a  fair  use.  
SECTION  2.   Use  in  Judicial  Proceedings  or  by  Legal  Practitioners.  —  Without   The  fact  that  a  use  is  decompilation  (as  defined  by  the  
prejudice  to  other  exceptions  to  protection,  the  use  of  copyrighted  works  as   statutory  criteria)  creates  no  presumption  that  the  use  is  fair.    
provided  in  the  IPC  “for  the  giving  of  professional  advise  by  a  legal  practitioner”    
is  limited  to  those  uses  directly  connected  to  the  rendering  of  legal  advice   SECTION  5.   Effect  on  Value  of  the  Work.  —  The  effect  of  the  use  upon  the  
withrespect  to  such  works,  or  to  individuals,  institutions,  events  or  circumstances   value  of  the  copyrighted  work  shall  also  constitute  a  limitation  on  fair  use  of  
to  which  the  creation  of  exploitation  of  such  works  are  directly  related.  This   works,  particularly  whenever  their  reproduction  will  affect  their  usefulness,  
exception  does  not  apply  to  the  exercise  of  exclusive  rights  of  copyright  owners   reliability,  and  validity  such  as  psychological  tests  and  others  of  similar  nature.  
in  legal  research  materials,  legal-­‐related  computer  software,  legal-­‐related  on-­‐   Reproduction  of  these  works  shall,  therefore,  need  prior  authority  of  the  
line  material,  or  the  other  works  utilized  in  the  practice  of  law  on  a  regular  basis.     copyright  owner.    
   
SECTION  3.   Uses  Compatible  with  Fair  Use.  —  To  determine  whether  use  of  a   SECTION  6.   Reproduction  or  Communication  to  the  Public  by  Mass  Media  
copyrighted  work  is  “compatible  with  fair  use,”  the  criteria  set  forth  in  Sec.  185   of  Articles,  Lecture,  etc.  —  The  reproduction  or  communication  to  the  public  by  
of  the  IPC  shall  be  applied.   mass  media  of  articles,  such  as  those  publish  in  newspapers  or  periodicals  on  
  current  political,  social,  economic,  scientific,  or  religious  topics,  as  well  as  
SECTION  4.   Fair  Use  and  Decompilation  of  Computer  Software.  —  An  act  of   lectures,  addresses,  and  other  works  of  the  same  nature,  which  are  delivered  in  
decompilation  of  software  may  qualify  for  analysis  under  the  fair  use  provisions  if   public,  shall  not  constitute  infringement  of  copyright  if  such  use  is  for  
it  meets  all  of  the  criteria  set  out  in  the  IPC,  viz:     information  purposes  and  has  not  been  expressly  reserved:  Provided,  that  the  
 
source  is  clearly  indicated  and  that  the  use  of  the  work  should  not  unreasonably   While   the   academic   publishing   model   is   based   on   the   originality   of   the   writer’s  
prejudice  the  right  holder’s  legitimate  interests.   thesis,   the   judicial   system   is   based   on   the   doctrine   of   stare   decisis,   which  
  encourages  courts  to  cite  historical  legal  data,  precedents,  and  related  studies  in  
Intellectual  creation  should  be  copyrighted  30  days  after  its  publication,  if  made   their  decisions.  The  judge  is  not  expected  to  produce  original  scholarship  in  every  
in  Manila  and  60  if  published  elsewhere.  Failure  to  do  so  will  render  such   respect.  The  strength  of  a  decision  lies  in  the  soundness  and  general  acceptance  
creation  as  public  property.  (Filipino  Society  of  Composers  v.  Benjamin  Tan,   of  the  precedents  and  long  held  legal  opinions  it  draws  from.  
1987)     Court   decisions   are   not   written   to   earn   merit,   accolade,   or   prize   as   an  
  original   piece   of   work   or   art.   Deciding   disputes   is   a   service   rendered   by   the  
Although  the  general  rule  is  to  cite  only  the  author  in  the  books  published.  The   government   for   the   public   good.   Judges   issue   decisions   to   resolve   everyday  
Philippine  law  specifically  provides  that    “news  items,  editorial  paragraphs,  and   conflicts   involving   people   of   flesh   and   blood   who   ache   for   speedy   justice   or  
articles  in  periodicals,"  shall  also  state  the  publisher  as  a  source.  This  is  to  protect   juridical   beings   which   have   rights   and   obligations   in   law   that   need   to   be  
an  enterprising  newspaper  or  magazine  that  invests  its  money  and  pays  for  the   protected.   The   interest   of   society   in   written   decisions   is   not   that   they   are  
right  to  publish  an  original  article,  and  that  was  the  reason  why  the  Legislature   originally  crafted  but  that  they  are  fair  and  correct  in  the  context  of  the  particular  
saw  fit  to  use  the  language  in  question.(Philippine  Education  Co.  v.  Sotto)   disputes  involved.  Justice,  not  originality,  form,  and  style,  is  the  object  of  every  
  decision  of  a  court  of  law.  
Ann  Bartow,  Educational  Fair  Use  in  Copyright:    Reclaiming  the  Right  to     Originality   in   the   law   is   viewed   with   skepticism.   It   is   only   the   arrogant  
Photocopy  Freely,  60  University  of  Pittsburg  Law  Review,  149  (1998)-­‐  **Copy  of   fool   or   the   truly   gifted   who   will   depart   entirely   from   the   established   template  
this  Journal  Article  can  be  located  through  Lexis  Nexis**   and  reformulate  an  existing  idea  in  the  belief  that  in  doing  so  they  will  improve  it.  
While   over   time   incremental   changes   occur,   the   wholesale   abandonment   of  
Whether   or   not   the   footnote   is   sufficiently   detailed,   so   as   to   satisfy   the   established  expression  is  generally  considered  foolhardy.  (In  The  Matter  of  The  
footnoting  standards  of  counsel  for  petitioners  is  not  an  ethical  matter  but  one   Charges   of   Plagiarism,   Etc.   Against   Associate   Justice   Mariano   C.   Del   Castillo,  
concerning   clarity   of   writing.   The   statement   "See   Tams,   Enforcing   Obligations   February  8,  2011)  
Erga  Omnes  in  International  Law  (2005)"  in  the  Vinuya  decision  is  an  attribution    
no   matter   if   Tams   thought   that   it   gave   him   somewhat   less   credit   than   he   2.9 Transfer  of  Copyright  
deserved.   Such   attribution   altogether   negates   the   idea   that   Justice   Del   Castillo   Sections  180  (and  its  subparagraphs),  181,  182,  183,  IPC  
passed   off   the   challenged   passages   as   his   own.If   the   Justice’s   citations   were    
imprecise,  it  would  just  be  a  case  of  bad  footnoting  rather  than  one  of  theft  or   Sec.  180.  Rights  of  Assignee.  -­‐  
deceit.   If   it   were   otherwise,   many   would   be   target   of   abuse   for   every   editorial    
error,   for   every   mistake   in   citing   pagination,   and   for   every   technical   detail   of   180.1.  The  copyright  may  be  assigned  in  whole  or  in  part.  Within  the  scope  of  the  
form.(In  The  Matter  of  the  Charges  of  Plagiarism,  Etc.,  Against  Associate  Justice   assignment,  the  assignee  is  entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  remedies  which  the  
Mariano  C.  Del  Castillo,  October  12,  2010)   assignor  had  with  respect  to  the  copyright.  
   
180.2.  The  copyright  is  not  deemed  assigned  inter  vivos  in  whole  or  in  part  unless  
there  is  a  written  indication  of  such  intention.  
   Sec.  87.  Prohibited  Clauses.  -­‐  Except  in  cases  under  Section  91,  the  following  
180.3.  The  submission  of  a  literary,  photographic  or  artistic  work  to  a  newspaper,   provisions  shall  be  deemed  prima  facie  to  have  an  adverse  on  competition  and  
magazine  or  periodical  for  publication  shall  constitute  only  a  license  to  make  a   trade:  
single  publication  unless  a  greater  right  is  expressly  granted.  If  two  (2)  or  more    
persons  jointly  own  a  copyright  or  any  part  thereof,  neither  of  the  owners  shall   87.1.  Those  which  impose  upon  the  licensee  the  obligation  to  acquire  from  a  
be  entitled  to  grant  licenses  without  the  prior  written  consent  of  the  other   specific  source  capital  goods,  intermediate  products,  raw  materials,  and  other  
owner  or  owners.     technologies,  or  of  permanently  employing  personnel  indicated  by  the  licensor;  
   
Sec.  181.  Copyright  and  Material  Object.  -­‐  The  copyright  is  distinct  from  the   87.2.  Those  pursuant  to  which  the  licensor  reserves  the  right  to  fix  the  sale  or  
property  in  the  material  object  subject  to  it.  Consequently,  the  transfer  or   resale  prices  of  the  products  manufactured  on  the  basis  of  the  license;  
assignment  of  the  copyright  shall  not  itself  constitute  a  transfer  of  the  material    
object.  Nor  shall  a  transfer  or  assignment  of  the  sole  copy  or  of  one  or  several   87.3.  Those  that  contain  restrictions  regarding  the  volume  and  structure  of  
copies  of  the  work  imply  transfer  or  assignment  of  the  copyright.   production;  
   
Sec.  182.  Filing  of  Assignment  of  License.  -­‐  An  assignment  or  exclusive  license   87.4  Those  that  prohibit  the  use  of  competitive  technologies  in  a  non-­‐exclusive  
may  be  filed  in  duplicate  with  the  National  Library  upon  payment  of  the   technology  transfer  agreement;  
prescribed  fee  for  registration  in  books  and  records  kept  for  the  purpose.  Upon    
recording,  a  copy  of  the  instrument  shall  be,  returned  to  the  sender  with  a   87.5.  Those  that  establish  a  full  or  partial  purchase  option  in  favor  of  the  licensor;  
notation  of  the  fact  of  record.  Notice  of  the  record  shall  be  published  in  the  IPO    
Gazette.   87.6.  Those  that  obligate  the  licensee  to  transfer  for  free  to  the  licensor  the  
  inventions  or  improvements  that  may  be  obtained  through  the  use  of  the  
Sec.  183.  Designation  of  Society.  -­‐  The  copyright  owners  or  their  heirs  may   licensed  technology;  
designate  a  society  of  artists,  writers  or  composers  to  enforce  their  economic    
rights  and  moral  rights  on  their  behalf.   87.7.  Those  that  require  payment  of  royalties  to  the  owners  of  patents  for  
  patents  which  are  not  used;  
Sections  4.2  in  relation  to  Sections  87  and  88,  IPC    
  87.8.  Those  that  prohibit  the  licensee  to  export  the  licensed  product  unless  
4.2.    The  term  "technology  transfer  arrangements"  refers  to  contracts  or   justified  for  the  protection  of  the  legitimate  interest  of  the  licensor  such  as  
agreements  involving  the  transfer  of  systematic  knowledge  for  the  manufacture   exports  to  countries  where  exclusive  licenses  to  manufacture  and/or  distribute  
of  a  product,  the  application  of  a  process,  or  rendering  of  a  service  including   the  licensed  product(s)  have  already  been  granted;  
management  contracts;  and  the  transfer,  assignment  or  licensing  of  all  forms  of    
intellectual  property  rights,  including  licensing  of  computer  software  except   87.9.  Those  which  restrict  the  use  of  the  technology  supplied  after  the  expiration  
computer  software  developed  for  mass  market.   of  the  technology  transfer  arrangement,  except  in  cases  of  early  termination  of  
  the  technology  transfer  arrangement  due  to  reason(s)  attributable  to  the  
licensee;    
  88.3.  In  the  event  the  technology  transfer  arrangement  shall  provide  for  
87.10.  Those  which  require  payments  for  patents  and  other  industrial  property   arbitration,  the  Procedure  of  Arbitration  of  the  Arbitration  Law  of  the  Philippines  
rights  after  their  expiration,  termination  arrangement;   or  the  Arbitration  Rules  of  the  United  Nations  Commission  on  International  Trade  
  Law  (UNCITRAL)  or  the  Rules  of  Conciliation  and  Arbitration  of  the  International  
87.11.  Those  which  require  that  the  technology  recipient  shall  not  contest  the   Chamber  of  Commerce  (ICC)  shall  apply  and  the  venue  of  arbitration  shall  be  the  
validity  of  any  of  the  patents  of  the  technology  supplier;   Philippines  or  any  neutral  country;  and  
   
87.12.  Those  which  restrict  the  research  and  development  activities  of  the   88.4.  The  Philippine  taxes  on  all  payments  relating  to  the  technology  transfer  
licensee  designed  to  absorb  and  adapt  the  transferred  technology  to  local   arrangement  shall  be  borne  by  the  licensor.  
conditions  or  to  initiate  research  and  development  programs  in  connection  with    
new  products,  processes  or  equipment;   Section  92,  IPC  
   
87.13.  Those  which  prevent  the  licensee  from  adapting  the  imported  technology   Sec.  92.  Non-­‐Registration  with  the  Documentation,  Information  and  Technology  
to  local  conditions,  or  introducing  innovation  to  it,  as  long  as  it  does  not  impair   Transfer  Bureau.  -­‐  Technology  transfer  arrangements  that  conform  with  the  
the  quality  standards  prescribed  by  the  licensor;   provisions  of  Sections  86  and  87  need  not  be  registered  with  the  Documentation,  
  Information  and  Technology  Transfer  Bureau.  Non-­‐conformance  with  any  of  the  
87.14.  Those  which  exempt  the  licensor  for  liability  for  non-­‐fulfillment  of  his   provisions  of  Sections  87  and  88,  however,  shall  automatically  render  the  
responsibilities  under  the  technology  transfer  arrangement  and/or  liability   technology  transfer  arrangement  unenforceable,  unless  said  technology  transfer  
arising  from  third  party  suits  brought  about  by  the  use  of  the  licensed  product  or   arrangement  is  approved  and  registered  with  the  Documentation,  Information  
the  licensed  technology;  and   and  Technology  Transfer  Bureau  under  the  provisions  of  Section  91  on  
  exceptional  cases.  (n)      
87.15.  Other  clauses  with  equivalent  effects    
  Section  237,  IPC  
Sec.  88.  Mandatory  Provisions.  -­‐  The  following  provisions  shall  be  included  in    
voluntary  license  contracts:   Sec.  237.  Notification  on  Berne  Appendix.  -­‐  The  Philippines  shall  by  proper  
  compliance  with  the  requirements  set  forth  under  the  Appendix  of  the  Berne  
88.1.  That  the  laws  of  the  Philippines  shall  govern  the  interpretation  of  the  same   Convention  (Paris  Act,  1971)  avail  itself  of  the  special  provisions  regarding  
and  in  the  event  of  litigation,  the  venue  shall  be  the  proper  court  in  the  place   developing  countries,  including  provisions  for  licenses  grantable  by  competent  
where  the  licensee  has  its  principal  office;   authority  under  the  Appendix.  (n)  
   
88.2.  Continued  access  to  improvements  in  techniques  and  processes  related  to   2.10  Deposit  of  copyrightable  materials  
the  technology  shall  be  made  available  during  the  period  of  the  technology    
transfer  arrangement;   Sections  191-­‐192,  IPC  
   and  with  keeping  records  required  under  this  Act  and  everything  in  it  shall  be  
Sec.  191.  Registration  and  Deposit  with  National  Library  and  the  Supreme  Court   opened  to  public  inspection.  The  Director  of  the  National  Library  is  empowered  
Library.-­‐  After  the  first  public  dissemination  of  performance  by  authority  of  the   to  issue  such  safeguards  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  to  implement  this  
copyright  owner  of  a  work  falling  under  Subsections  172.1,  172.2  and  172.3  of   Section  and  other  provisions  of  this  Act.    
this  Act,  there  shall,  for  the  purpose  of  completing  the  records  of  the  National    
Library  and  the  Supreme  Court  Library,  within  three  (3)  weeks,  be  registered  and   Sec.  229.  Copyright  Division  Fees.  -­‐  The  Copyright  Section  of  the  National  Library  
deposited  with  it,  by  personal  delivery  or  by  registered  mail,  two  (2)  complete   shall  be  classified  as  a  Division  upon  the  effectivity  of  this  Act.  The  National  
copies  or  reproductions  of  the  work  in  such  form  as  the  directors  of  said  libraries   Library  shall  have  the  power  to  collect,  for  the  discharge  of  its  services  under  this  
may  prescribe.  A  certificate  of  deposit  shall  be  issued  for  which  the  prescribed   Act,  such  fees  as  may  be  promulgated  by  it  from  time  to  time  subject  to  the  
fee  shall  be  collected  and  the  copyright  owner  shall  be  exempt  from  making   approval  of  the  Department  Head.  
additional  deposit  of  the  works  with  the  National  Library  and  the  Supreme  Court    
Library  under  other  laws.  If,  within  three  (3)  weeks  after  receipt  by  the  copyright   Rule  5,  Copyright  Safeguards  and  Regulations  
owner  of  a  written  demand  from  the  directors  for  such  deposit,  the  required    
copies  or  reproductions  are  not  delivered  and  the  fee  is  not  paid,  the  copyright   RULE  5.  Registration  and  Deposit  of  Work    
owner  shall  be  liable  to  pay  a  fine  equivalent  to  the  required  fee  per  month  of    
delay  and  to  pay  to  the  National  Library  and  the  Supreme  Court  Library  the   SECTION  1.   Who  May  Apply.  —  The  owner  or  assignee  of  the  copyright  or  his  
amount  of  the  retail  price  of  the  best  edition  of  the  work.  Only  the  above   duly  authorized  agent  or  representative,  may  apply  for  a  certificate  of  
mentioned  classes  of  work  shall  be  accepted  for  deposit  by  the  National  Library   registration  and  deposit  of  the  work:  Provided,  That  if  an  author  could  not  claim  
and  the  Supreme  Court  Library.     the  benefit  of  copyright  protection,  his  assignee  or  agent  cannot  claim  it.  If  the  
  applicant  is  not  the  owner  or  author  or  assignee  of  the  work,  he  shall  be  required  
Sec.  192.  Notice  of  Copyright.  -­‐  Each  copy  of  a  work  published  or  offered  for  sale   to  submit  his  authority  to  apply.  An  assignee  is  a  person  to  whom  an  author  may  
may  contain  a  notice  bearing  the  name  of  the  copyright  owner,  and  the  year  of   assign  copyright  in  whole  or  in  part.  The  assignee  is  entitled  to  all  the  rights  and  
its  first  publication,  and,  in  copies  produced  after  the  creator’s  death,  the  year  of   remedies  which  the  assignor  has  with  respect  to  the  copyright.  Although  no  
such  death.   copyright  should  subsist  in  any  work  of  the  government,  any  employee  may  claim  
  it  by  submitting  for  registration  any  work  that  has  been  created  during  the  time  
Sections  227-­‐229,  IPC   of  his  employment  but  which  does  not  form  part  of  his  regularly  prescribed  
  official  duties.    
Sec.  227.  Ownership  of  Deposit  and  Instruments.  -­‐  All  copies  deposited  and    
instruments  in  writing  filed  with  the  National  Library  and  the  Supreme  Court   SECTION  2.   Identification  of  Author  or  Authors.  —  An  application  for  copyright  
Library  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  become  the  property  of   certificate  shall  identify  the  author  or  authors,  as  far  as  practicable,  without  
the  Government.   prejudice  to  the  provisions  of  Sections  171.2  and  179  of  the  IPC.    
   
Sec.  228.  Public  Records.  -­‐  The  section  or  division  of  the  National  Library  and  the   SECTION  3.   Non-­‐Resident  Applicant.  —  A  non-­‐resident  applicant  shall  appoint  a  
Supreme  Court  Library  charged  with  receiving  copies  and  instruments  deposited   resident  agent,  by  special  power  of  attorney  (SPA),  who  shall  be  authorized  to  
pursue  the  copyright  application  for  his/her/its  behalf  with  TNL  and/or  the  SCL   • Dramatic  or  dramatic-­‐musical  compositions,  choreographic  works  or  
and  to  receive  service  of  notice  or  other  legal  process  relating  to  the  application   entertainment  in  shows;  Photographic  works  including  works  produced  
and  the  copyright.  In  the  event  of  death,  absence  or  incapacity  of  the  resident   by  a  process  analogous  to  photography,  lantern  slides;  Audiovisual  
agent,  the  applicant  shall  appoint  a  new  resident  agent,  by  SPA  with  revocation   works  and  cinematographic  works  and  works  produced  by  a  process  
of  the  prior  SPA,  and  file  notice  and  a  copy  thereof  with  TNL  and/or  the  SCL.     analogous  to  cinematography  or  any  process  for  making  audio-­‐visual  
  recordings;    
SECTION  4.   Works  That  Shall  Be  Registered  and  Deposited.  —  Two  (2)  copies  or   • Pictorial  illustrations  and  advertisements;    
reproductions  of  the  following  classes  of  works,  and  transfers  and  assignments   • Computer  programs;    
related  thereto,  shall  be  registered  and  deposited  with  TNL  Copyright  Division   • Other  literary,  scholarly,  scientific  and  artistic  works;    
and  another  two  (2)  copies  with  the  SCL:   • Sound  recordings;    
  • Broadcast  recordings.    
• Books,  pamphlets,  articles  and  other  writings;      
• Periodicals  and  newspapers;     SECTION  7.   When  to  Register  and  Deposit.  —  The  registration  and  deposit  
• Lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  dissertations  prepared  for  oral  delivery   of  copies  or  reproductions  of  the  work  or  works,  using  the  prescribed  form,  shall  
whether  or  not  reduced  in  writing  or  other  material  form;   be  made  personally  or  by  registered  mail  within  three  (3)  weeks  after  the  first  
• Letters;   public  dissemination  or  publication  as  authorized  by  the  author.  
• Musical  compositions  with  or  without  words.      
  2.11  Infringement  
SECTION  5.   Replicas  and  Pictures.  —  For  practical  purposes,  only  replicas  and    
pictures  of  the  following  classes  of  works,  shall  be  registered  and  deposited  with   Definition  
TNL  Copyright  Division:   Remedies  
  Sections  221-­‐224,  IPC  
• Works  of  drawing,  painting,  architecture,  sculpture,  engraving,  lithography    
or  other  works  of  art,  models  or  designs  for  works  of  art;     Sec.  221.  Points  of  Attachment  for  Works  under  Sections  172  and  173.  -­‐  
• Original  ornamental  designs  or  models  for  articles  of  manufacture,    
whether  or  not  registerable  as  an  industrial  design,  and  other  works  of   221.1.  The  protection  afforded  by  this  Act  to  copyrightable  works  under  
applied  art;   Sections  172  and  173  shall  apply  to:  
• Illustrations,  maps,  plans,  sketches,  charts  and  three-­‐dimensional  works   (a)  Works  of  authors  who  are  nationals  of,  or  have  their  habitual  
relative  to  geography,  topography,  architecture  or  science;     residence  in  the  Philippines;  
• Drawings  or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific  or  technical  character.     (b)  Audio-­‐visual  works  the  producer  of  which  has  his  headquarters  
  or  habitual  residence  in  the  Philippines;  
SECTION  6.   Works  that  May  be  Registered  and  Deposited.  —  The  following   (c)  Works  of  architecture  erected  in  the  Philippines  or  other  artistic  
works  may  be  registered  and  deposited:   works  incorporated  in  a  building  or  other  structure  located  in  the  
  Philippines;  
 (d)  Works  first  published  in  the  Philippines;  and   (a)  Broadcasts  of  broadcasting  organizations  the  headquarters  of  
(e)  Works  first  published  in  another  country  but  also  published  in   which  are  situated  in  the  Philippines;  and  
the  Philippines  within  thirty  days,  irrespective  of  the  nationality  or   (b)  Broadcasts  transmitted  from  transmitters  situated  in  the  
residence  of  the  authors.   Philippines.  
   
221.2.  The  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  also  apply  to  works  that  are  to  be   224.2.  The  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  also  apply  to  performers  who,  and  to  
protected  by  virtue  of  and  in  accordance  with  any  international  convention   producers  of  sound  recordings  and  broadcasting  organizations  which,  are  to  
or  other  international  agreement  to  which  the  Philippines  is  a  party.  (n)   be  protected  by  virtue  of  and  in  accordance  with  any  international  
  convention  or  other  international  agreement  to  which  the  Philippines  is  a  
Sec.  222.  Points  of  Attachment  for  Performers.  -­‐  The  provisions  of  this  Act  on   party.  
the  protection  of  performers  shall  apply  to:    
  Sec.  3,  IPC  
222.1.  Performers  who  are  nationals  of  the  Philippines;    
  Sec.  3.  International  Conventions  and  Reciprocity.  -­‐  Any  person  who  is  a  national  
222.2.  Performers  who  are  not  nationals  of  the  Philippines  but  whose   or  who  is  domiciled  or  has  a  real  and  effective  industrial  establishment  in  a  
performances:   country  which  is  a  party  to  any  convention,  treaty  or  agreement  relating  to  
(a)  Take  place  in  the  Philippines;  or   intellectual  property  rights  or  the  repression  of  unfair  competition,  to  which  the  
(b)  Are  incorporated  in  sound  recordings  that  are  protected  under   Philippines  is  also  a  party,  or  extends  reciprocal  rights  to  nationals  of  the  
this  Act;  or   Philippines  by  law,  shall  be  entitled  to  benefits  to  the  extent  necessary  to  give  
(c)  Which  has  not  been  fixed  in  sound  recording  but  are  carried  by   effect  to  any  provision  of  such  convention,  treaty  or  reciprocal  law,  in  addition  to  
broadcast  qualifying  for  protection  under  this  Act.  (n)   the  rights  to  which  any  owner  of  an  intellectual  property  right  is  otherwise  
  entitled  by  this  Act.  (n)  
Sec.  223.  Points  of  Attachment  for  Sound  Recordings.  -­‐  The  provisions  of  this    
Act  on  the  protection  of  sound  recordings  shall  apply  to:   Sections  10.2,  IPC  
   
223.1.  sound  recordings  the  producers  of  which  are  nationals  of  the   Sec.  10.  The  Bureau  of  Legal  Affairs.  -­‐  The  Bureau  of  Legal  Affairs  shall  have  the  
Philippines;  and   following  functions:  
   
223.2.  Sound  recordings  that  were  first  published  in  the  Philippines.  (n)   10.2.    
  (a)  Exercise  original  jurisdiction  in  administrative  complaints  for  violations  of  laws  
Sec.  224.  Points  of  Attachment  for  Broadcasts.  -­‐   involving  intellectual  property  rights:  Provided,  That  its  jurisdiction  is  limited  to  
  complaints  where  the  total  damages  claimed  are  not  less  than  Two  hundred  
224.1.  The  provisions  of  this  Act  on  the  protection  of  broadcasts  shall  apply   thousand  pesos  (P200,000):  Provided,  further,  That  availment  of  the  provisional  
to:   remedies  may  be  granted  in  accordance  with  the  Rules  of  Court.  The  Director  of  
Legal  Affairs  shall  have  the  power  to  hold  and  punish  for  contempt  all  those  who   guidelines  as  he  may  provide;  
disregard  orders  or  writs  issued  in  the  course  of  the  proceedings.  (n)    
  (iv)  The  forfeiture  of  paraphernalia  and  all  real  and  personal  
(b)  After  formal  investigation,  the  Director  for  Legal  Affairs  may  impose  one  (1)   properties  which  have  been  used  in  the  commission  of  the  offense;  
or  more  of  the  following  administrative  penalties:      
(i)  The  issuance  of  a  cease  and  desist  order  which  shall  specify  the   (v)  The  imposition  of  administrative  fines  in  such  amount  as  
acts  that  the  respondent  shall  cease  and  desist  from  and  shall   deemed  reasonable  by  the  Director  of  Legal  Affairs,  which  shall  in  
require  him  to  submit  a  compliance  report  within  a  reasonable  time   no  case  be  less  than  Five  thousand  pesos  (P5,000)  nor  more  than  
which  shall  be  fixed  in  the  order;   One  hundred  fifty  thousand  pesos  (P150,000).  In  addition,  an  
  additional  fine  of  not  more  than  One  thousand  pesos  (P1,000)  shall  
(ii)  The  acceptance  of  a  voluntary  assurance  of  compliance  or   be  imposed  for  each  day  of  continuing  violation;  
discontinuance  as  may  be  imposed.  Such  voluntary  assurance  may    
include  one  or  more  of  the  following:   (vi)  The  cancellation  of  any  permit,  license,  authority,  or  registration  
(1)  An  assurance  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the   which  may  have  been  granted  by  the  Office,  or  the  suspension  of  
intellectual  property  law  violated;   the  validity  thereof  for  such  period  of  time  as  the  Director  of  Legal  
(2)  An  assurance  to  refrain  from  engaging  in  unlawful  and   Affairs  may  deem  reasonable  which  shall  not  exceed  one  (1)  year;  
unfair  acts  and  practices  subject  of  the  formal    
investigation;   (vii)  The  withholding  of  any  permit,  license,  authority,  or  
(3)  An  assurance  to  recall,  replace,  repair,  or  refund  the   registration  which  is  being  secured  by  the  respondent  from  the  
money  value  of  defective  goods  distributed  in  commerce;   Office;  
and    
(4)  An  assurance  to  reimburse  the  complainant  the   (viii)  The  assessment  of  damages;  
expenses  and  costs  incurred  in  prosecuting  the  case  in  the   (ix)  Censure;  and  
Bureau  of  Legal  Affairs.    
The  Director  of  Legal  Affairs  may  also  require  the   (x)  Other  analogous  penalties  or  sanctions.  
respondent  to  submit  periodic  compliance  reports  and  file    
a  bond  to  guarantee  compliance  of  his  undertaking;   Sections  216-­‐220,  IPC  
   
(iii)  The  condemnation  or  seizure  of  products  which  are  subject  of   Sec.  216.  Remedies  for  Infringement.  -­‐  
the  offense.  The  goods  seized  hereunder  shall  be  disposed  of  in    
such  manner  as  may  be  deemed  appropriate  by  the  Director  of   216.1.  Any  person  infringing  a  right  protected  under  this  law  shall  be  liable:  
Legal  Affairs,  such  as  by  sale,  donation  to  distressed  local   (a)  To  an  injunction  restraining  such  infringement.  The  court  may  
governments  or  to  charitable  or  relief  institutions,  exportation,   also  order  the  defendant  to  desist  from  an  infringement,  among  
recycling  into  other  goods,  or  any  combination  thereof,  under  such   others,  to  prevent  the  entry  into  the  channels  of  commerce  of  
 imported  goods  that  involve  an  infringement,  immediately  after   thousand  pesos  (P150,000)  for  the  first  offense.  
customs  clearance  of  such  goods.   (b)  Imprisonment  of  three  (3)  years  and  one  (1)  day  to  six  (6)  years  
(b)  Pay  to  the  copyright  proprietor  or  his  assigns  or  heirs  such  actual   plus  a  fine  ranging  from  One  hundred  fifty  thousand  pesos  
damages,  including  legal  costs  and  other  expenses,  as  he  may  have   (P150,000)  to  Five  hundred  thousand  pesos  (P500,000)  for  the  
incurred  due  to  the  infringement  as  well  as  the  profits  the  infringer   second  offense.  
may  have  made  due  to  such  infringement,  and  in  proving  profits  the   (c)  Imprisonment  of  six  (6)  years  and  one  (1)  day  to  nine  (9)  years  
plaintiff  shall  be  required  to  prove  sales  only  and  the  defendant   plus  a  fine  ranging  from  Five  hundred  thousand  pesos  (P500,000)  to  
shall  be  required  to  prove  every  element  of  cost  which  he  claims,   One  million  five  hundred  thousand  pesos  (P1,500,000)  for  the  third  
or,  in  lieu  of  actual  damages  and  profits,  such  damages  which  to  the   and  subsequent  offenses.  
court  shall  appear  to  be  just  and  shall  not  be  regarded  as  penalty.   (d)  In  all  cases,  subsidiary  imprisonment  in  cases  of  insolvency.  
(c)  Deliver  under  oath,  for  impounding  during  the  pendency  of  the    
action,  upon  such  terms  and  conditions  as  the  court  may  prescribe,   217.2.  In  determining  the  number  of  years  of  imprisonment  and  the  amount  
sales  invoices  and  other  documents  evidencing  sales,  all  articles  and   of  fine,  the  court  shall  consider  the  value  of  the  infringing  materials  that  the  
their  packaging  alleged  to  infringe  a  copyright  and  implements  for   defendant  has  produced  or  manufactured  and  the  damage  that  the  
making  them.   copyright  owner  has  suffered  by  reason  of  the  infringement.  
(d)  Deliver  under  oath  for  destruction  without  any  compensation  all    
infringing  copies  or  devices,  as  well  as  all  plates,  molds,  or  other   217.3.  Any  person  who  at  the  time  when  copyright  subsists  in  a  work  has  in  
means  for  making  such  infringing  copies  as  the  court  may  order.   his  possession  an  article  which  he  knows,  or  ought  to  know,  to  be  an  
(e)  Such  other  terms  and  conditions,  including  the  payment  of   infringing  copy  of  the  work  for  the  purpose  of:  
moral  and  exemplary  damages,  which  the  court  may  deem  proper,   (a)  Selling,  letting  for  hire,  or  by  way  of  trade  offering  or  exposing  
wise  and  equitable  and  the  destruction  of  infringing  copies  of  the   for  sale,  or  hire,  the  article;  
work  even  in  the  event  of  acquittal  in  a  criminal  case.   (b)  Distributing  the  article  for  purpose  of  trade,  or  for  any  other  
  purpose  to  an  extent  that  will  prejudice  the  rights  of  the  copyright  
216.  2.  In  an  infringement  action,  the  court  shall  also  have  the  power  to   owner  in  the  work;  or  
order  the  seizure  and  impounding  of  any  article  which  may  serve  as  evidence   (c)  Trade  exhibit  of  the  article  in  public,  shall  be  guilty  of  an  offense  
in  the  court  proceedings.   and  shall  be  liable  on  conviction  to  imprisonment  and  fine  as  above  
  mentioned.  
Sec.  217.  Criminal  Penalties.  -­‐    
  Sec.  218.  Affidavit  Evidence.  -­‐  
217.1.  Any  person  infringing  any  right  secured  by  provisions  of  Part  IV  of  this    
Act  or  aiding  or  abetting  such  infringement  shall  be  guilty  of  a  crime   218.1.  In  an  action  under  this  Chapter,  an  affidavit  made  before  a  notary  
punishable  by:   public  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  owner  of  the  copyright  in  any  work  or  other  
(a)  Imprisonment  of  one  (1)  year  to  three  (3)  years  plus  a  fine   subject  matter  and  stating  that:  
ranging  from  Fifty  thousand  pesos  (P50,000)  to  One  hundred  fifty   (a)  At  the  time  specified  therein,  copyright  subsisted  in  the  work  or  
 other  subject  matter;   even  if  the  name  is  a  pseudonym,  where  the  pseudonym  leaves  no  doubt  as  
(b)  He  or  the  person  named  therein  is  the  owner  of  the  copyright;   to  the  identity  of  the  author.  
and    
(c)  The  copy  of  the  work  or  other  subject  matter  annexed  thereto  is   219.2.  The  person  or  body,  corporate  whose  name  appears  on  an  audio-­‐
a  true  copy  thereof,  shall  be  admitted  in  evidence  in  any   visual  work  in  the  usual  manner  shall,  in  the  absence  of  proof  to  the  
proceedings  for  an  offense  under  this  Chapter  and  shall  be  prima   contrary,  be  presumed  to  be  the  maker  of  said  work.  (n)  
facie  proof  of  the  matters  therein  stated  until  the  contrary  is    
proved,  and  the  court  before  which  such  affidavit  is  produced  shall   Sec.  220.  International  Registration  of  Works.  -­‐  A  statement  concerning  a  
assume  that  the  affidavit  was  made  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  owner  of   work,  recorded  in  an  international  register  in  accordance  with  an  
the  copyright.   international  treaty  to  which  the  Philippines  is  or  may  become  a  party,  shall  
  be  construed  as  true  until  the  contrary  is  proved  except:  
218.2.  In  an  action  under  this  Chapter.    
(a)  Copyright  shall  be  presumed  to  subsist  in  the  work  or  other   220.1.  Where  the  statement  cannot  be  valid  under  this  Act  or  any  other  law  
subject  matter  to  which  the  action  relates  if  the  defendant  does  not   concerning  intellectual  property.  
put  in  issue  the  question  whether  copyright  subsists  in  the  work  or    
other  subject  matter;  and   220.2.  Where  the  statement  is  contradicted  by  another  statement  recorded  
(b)  Where  the  subsistence  of  the  copyright  is  established,  the   in  the  international  register.  
plaintiff  shall  be  presumed  to  be  the  owner  of  the  copyright  if  he    
claims  to  be  the  owner  of  the  copyright  and  the  defendant  does  not   Sections  225-­‐226,  IPC  
put  in  issue  the  question  of  his  ownership.    
(c)  Where  the  defendant,  without  good  faith,  puts  in  issue  the   Sec.  225.  Jurisdiction.  -­‐  Without  prejudice  to  the  provisions  of  Subsection  7.1(c),  
questions  of  whether  copyright  subsists  in  a  work  or  other  subject   actions  under  this  Act  shall  be  cognizable  by  the  courts  with  appropriate  
matter  to  which  the  action  relates,  or  the  ownership  of  copyright  in   jurisdiction  under  existing  law.    
such  work  or  subject  matter,  thereby  occasioning  unnecessary  costs    
or  delay  in  the  proceedings,  the  court  may  direct  that  any  costs  to   Sec.  226.  Damages.  -­‐  No  damages  may  be  recovered  under  this  Act  after  four  (4)  
the  defendant  in  respect  of  the  action  shall  not  be  allowed  by  him   years  from  the  time  the  cause  of  action  arose.    
and  that  any  costs  occasioned  by  the  defendant  to  other  parties    
shall  be  paid  by  him  to  such  other  parties.  (n)   Sec.  231,  IPC  
   
Sec.  219.  Presumption  of  Authorship.  -­‐   Sec.  231.  Reverse  Reciprocity  of  Foreign  Laws.  -­‐  Any  condition,  restriction,  
  limitation,  diminution,  requirement,  penalty  or  any  similar  burden  imposed  by  
219.1.  The  natural  person  whose  name  is  indicated  on  a  work  in  the  usual   the  law  of  a  foreign  country  on  a  Philippine  national  seeking  protection  of  
manner  as  the  author  shall,  in  the  absence  of  proof  to  the  contrary,  be   intellectual  property  rights  in  that  country,  shall  reciprocally  be  enforceable  upon  
presumed  to  be  the  author  of  the  work.  This  provision  shall  be  applicable   nationals  of  said  country,  within  Philippine  jurisdiction.  (n)  
   copied  or  seized  and  their  value.  It  shall  also  state  the  names  of  the  applicant,  his  
Rule  on  Search  and  Seizure  in  Civil  Actions  for  Infringement  of  Intellectual   representative,  witnesses  and  counsel  who  will  attend  the  search  in  the  event  
Property  Rights  (A.M.  No.  02-­‐1-­‐06-­‐SC)   that  the  application  is  granted.  The  application  shall  be  supported  by  affidavits  of  
  witnesses  who  personally  know  the  facts  and  by  authenticated  or  certified  
Section  1.  Coverage.  -­‐  This  Rule  shall  govern  the  provisional  seizure  and   documents.  
impounding  of  documents  and  articles  in  pending  and  intended  civil  actions  for   The  application  shall  contain  a  certification  against  forum  shopping  as  prescribed  
the  purpose  of  preventing  infringement  and  preserving  relevant  evidence  in   by  Section  5,  Rule  7  of  the  1997  Rules  of  Civil  Procedure.  
regard  to  alleged  infringement  under  Republic  Act  No.  8293,  otherwise  known  as   The  applicant  shall  undertake  in  his  application  that  he  will  not  use  any  of  the  
the  Intellectual  property  Code  of  the  Philippines,  Article  50  of  the  Agreement  on   documents,  articles  or  information  obtained  by  reason  of  the  search  and  seizure  
Trade  Related  Aspects  of  intellectual  Property  Rights,  otherwise  known  as  TRIPS   for  any  purpose  other  than  in  the  action  in  which  the  writ  is  issued.  
and  other  related  laws  and  international  conventions.    
  Section  5.  Examination  of  applicant;  record;  confidentiality  of  proceedings.  -­‐  The  
Section  2.  The  writ  of  search  and  seizure.  -­‐  Where  any  delay  is  likely  to  cause   application  shall  be  acted  upon  within  twenty-­‐four  (24)  hours  from  its  filing;  The  
irreparable  harm  to  the  intellectual  property  right  holder  or  where  there  is   judge  must,  before  issuing  the  writ,  examine  in  the  form  of  searching  questions  
demonstrable  risk  of  evidence  being  destroyed,  the  intellectual  property  right   and  answers,  in  writing  and  under  oath  or  affirmation,  the  applicant  and  the  
holder  or  his  duly  authorized  representative  in  a  pending  civil  action  for   witnesses  he  may  produce  on  facts  personally  known  to  them.  The  examination  
infringement  or  who  intends  to  commence  such  an  action  may  apply  ex  parte  for   of  the  applicant  and  his  witnesses  shall  be  recorded.  Their  sworn  statements  and  
the  issuance  of  a  writ  of  search  and  seizure  directing  the  alleged  infringing   their  affidavits  shall  form  part  of  the  record  of  the  case.  
defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  to  admit  into  his  premises  the  persons   The  hearing  on  the  application  for  the  writ  shall  be  held  in  the  chambers  of  the  
named  in  the  order  and  to  allow  the  search,  inspection,  copying,  photographing,   judge.  Court  personnel  shall  maintain  the  confidentiality  of  the  application  
audio  and  audiovisual  recording  or  seizure  of  any  document  and  article  specified   proceeding.lawphi1.net  
in  the  order.   The  court  may  require  the  applicant  to  give  other  information  necessary  for  the  
  identification  of  the  articles  and  documents  to  be  searched,  inspected,  copied  or  
Section  3.  Where  application  filed.  -­‐  The  application  shall  be  filed  with  any  of  the   seized  and  the  premises  to  be  searched.  Where  feasible,  it  may  direct  the  
Regional  Trial  Courts  of  the  judicial  region  designated  to  try  violations  of   applicant  to  submit  copies  and  photographs  of  the  documents  or  articles  to  be  
intellectual  property  rights  stationed  at  the  place  where  the  alleged  violation   seized  and  impounded.  
occurred  or  is  to  occur,  or  me  place  to  be  searched,  at  the  election  of  the    
applicant.  Provided,  however,  that  where  the  complaint  for  infringement  has   Section  6.  Grounds  for  the  issuance  of  the  order.  -­‐  Before  the  Order  can  be  
a1ready  been  filed,  the  application  shall  be  made  in  the  court  where  the  case  is   issued,  the  evidence  proffered  by  the  applicant  and  personally  evaluated  by  the  
rending.   judge  must  show  that:  
  (a)  the  applicant  is  the  right  holder  or  his  duly  authorized  representative;  
Section  4.  Verified  application  and  affidavits.  -­‐  The  applicant  shall  file  a  verified   (b)  there  is  probable  cause  to  believe  that  the  applicant's  right  is  being  infringed  
application  alleging  the  ground  upon  which  it  is  based  and  the  specific   or  that  such  infringement  is  imminent  and  there  is  a  prima  facie  case  for  final  
description  and  location  of  the  documents  and  articles  to  be  searched,  inspected,   relief  against  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party;  
(c)  damage,  potential  or  actual,  likely  to  be  caused  to  the  applicant  is  irreparable;   It  shall  also  contain  a  warning  that  violation  of  any  of  the  terms  and  conditions  of  
(d)  there  is  demonstrable  risk  of  evidence  that  the  alleged  infringing  defendant   the  writ  shall  constitute  contempt  of  court.  
or  expected  adverse  party  may  destroy,  hide  or  remove  the  documents  or    
articles  before  any  application  inter  partes  can  be  made;  and   Section  9.  Bond  and  its  conditions.  -­‐  The  applicant  shall  be  required  to  post  a  cash  
(e)  the  documents  and  articles  to  be  seized  constitute  evidence  of  the  alleged   bond,  surety  bond  or  other  equivalent  security  executed  in  favor  of  the  
infringing  defendant's  or  expected  adverse  party's  infringing  activity  or  that  they   defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  in  a  reasonable  amount  to  be  fixed  by  me  
infringe  upon  the  intellectual  property  right  of  the  applicant  or  that  they  are  used   court  in  its  order  granting  me  issuance  of  a  writ  of  search  and  seizure.  The  bond  
or  intended  to  be  used  as  means  of  infringing  the  applicant's  intellectual   shall  be  conditioned  on  the  undertaking  of  the  applicant  that  he  will  pay  all  the  
property  right.   costs  which  may  be  adjudged  to  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  and  all  
  damages  which  me  latter  may  sustain  by  reason  of  me  issuance  of  the  writ.  
Section  7.  When  writ  may  issue.  -­‐  If  the  judge  is  satisfied  with  the  proof  of  facts    
upon  which  the  application  is  based,  he  shall  issue  the  writ  requiring  the  search,   Section  10.  When  writ  shall  be  served.  -­‐  The  writ  shall  be  served  only  on  
inspection  or  copying  of  the  subject  documents  or  articles  or  commanding  the   weekdays  and  from  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  
sheriff  to  take  them  into  his  custody  subject  to  the  control  of  the  court.  The   However,  the  court  may  direct  that  the  writ  be  served  on  any  day  and  any  time  
enforcement  of  the  writ  shall  be  supervised  by  an  independent  Commissioner  to   for  compelling  reasons  stated  in  the  application  and  duly  proved.  
be  appointed  by  the  court.    
  Section  11.  To  whom  writ  shall  be  served.  -­‐  The  writ  shall  be  served  on  the  
Section  8.  Contents  of  the  writ.  -­‐  The  writ  shall  contain  the  following:   alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  in  the  place  to  be  
(a)  an  order  to  the  alleged  infringing  defendant,  expected  adverse  party  or  to  the   searched.  
person  who  appears  to  be  in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  or  residing  or   If  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  cannot  be  found  in  
working  therein  to  permit  the  persons  named  in  the  writ  to  enter  into  the   the  premises,  the  writ  shall  be  served  on  his  agent  or  representative.  In  the  
premises  for  the  purpose  of  searching,  inspecting,  copying,  or  removing  from  the   absence  of  an  agent  or  representative,  it  shall  be  served  on  the  person  in  charge  
premises  and  transferring  to  the  custody  of  the  sheriff  and  subject  to  the  control   or  in  control  of  the  premises,  or  residing  or  working  therein  who  is  of  sufficient  
of  the  court  the  subject  documents  and  articles;   age  and  discretion.  If  such  person  is  absent,  the  sheriff  or  proper  officer  shall  
(b)  an  order  to  the  alleged  infringing  defendant,  expected  adverse  party  or  to  the   post  the  papers  on  the  premises  and  proceed  with  the  enforcement  of  the  writ.  
person  in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  to  disclose  to  the  sheriff  serving    
the  writ  the  location  of  the  documents  and  articles  subject  of  the  writ;   Section  12.  Commissioner,  duties,  qualifications  and  fees.  -­‐  The  enforcement  of  
(c)  the  period  when  the  writ  shall  be  enforced  which  in  no  case  shall  be  more   the  writ  shall  be  supervised  by  the  independent  Commissioner  appointed  by  the  
than  ten  (10)  days  from  the  date  of  issuance  by  the  court;   court.  In  the  performance  of  his  duty,  the  Commissioner  shall:  
(d)  the  names  of  the  applicant  or  his  agent  or  representative  and  the   (a)  give  impartial  advise  to  the  alleged  infringing  defendant,  expected  adverse  
Commissioner  who  shall  supervise  the  enforcement  of  the  writ;  and   party  or  to  the  person  in  charge  of  the  premises  to  be  searched  as  to  the  
(e)  other  terms  and  conditions  that  will  insure  the  proper  execution  of  the  writ   meaning  and  coverage  of  the  writ;  
with  due  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected   (b)  attempt  to  achieve  agreement  on  a  suitable  search  procedure;  
adverse  party.   (c)  assess  what  documents  or  articles  come  within  the  terms  of  the  writ;  
(d)  ensure  the  accuracy  of  the  list  of  documents  and  articles  searched,  inspected,   whose  presence  the  search  and  seizure  were  made.  In  the  absence  of  the  person  
copied  or  seized  by  the  sheriff;   in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  or  residing  or  working  therein,  the  sheriff  
(e)  prepare  his  own  report  on  the  search  and  seizure  and  verify  and  sign  the   must,  in  the  presence  of  at  least  two  witnesses  of  sufficient  age  and  discretion  
return  prepared  by  the  sheriff;  and   residing  in  the  same  locality,  leave  a  copy  of  the  receipt  in  the  place  in  which  he  
(f)  generally,  assist  in  the  proper  execution  of  the  writ.   found  the  seized  property.  Where  no  witnesses  are  available  in  the  same  locality,  
The  Commissioner  shall  be  a  member  of  the  Philippine  Bar  and  of  proven   the  copy  of  the  receipt  shall  be  left  by  the  sheriff  in  the  presence  of  two  
competence,  integrity  and  probity.  He  shall  receive  such  reasonable   witnesses  residing  in  the  nearest  locality.  The  applicant  or  his  representative  and  
compensation  as  may  be  determined  by  the  court  which  can  be  charged  as  cost   the  Commissioner  shall  also  be  given  a  copy  of  the  receipt.  
of  suit.   After  the  sheriff  has  taken  possession  of  the  documents  and  articles,  he  shall  
  deliver  them  to  a  bonded  warehouse  or  government  warehouse  for  safekeeping.  
Section  13.  Search  to  be  conducted  in  the  presence  of  defendant,  his   The  applicant  or  his  representative  shall  be  allowed  access  to  said  materials  for  
representative,  person  in  charge  of  the  premises  or  witnesses.  -­‐  The  premises   the  purpose  of  examining  them.  
may  not  be  searched  except  in  the  presence  of  the  alleged  infringing  defendant,   The  applicant  shall  be  responsible  for  the  necessary  expenses  incurred  ill  the  
expected  adverse  party  or  his  representative  or  the  person  in  charge  or  in  control   seizure  and  safekeeping  of  the  documents  and  articles  in  a  bonded  warehouse  or  
of  the  premises  or  residing  or  working  m  therein  who  shall  be  given  the   government  warehouse.  
opportunity  to  read  the  writ  before  its  enforcement  and  seek  its  interpretation    
from  the  Commissioner.  In  the  absence  of  the  latter,  two  persons  of  sufficient   Section  15.  Use  of  reasonable  force  to  effect  writ.  -­‐  The  sheriff,  if  refused  
age  and  discretion  residing  in  the  same  locality  shall  be  allowed  to  witness  the   admittance  to  the  premises  after  giving  notice  of  his  purpose  and  authority  or  in  
search  or  in  the  absence  of  the  latter,  two  persons  of  sufficient  age  and   absence  of  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party,  his  agent  
discretion  residing  in  the  nearest  locality.   or  representative,  or  person  in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  or  residing  or  
  working  therein  who  is  of  sufficient  age  and  discretion,  may  use  reasonable  force  
Section  14.  Manner  of  search  and  seizure;  duties  of  the  sheriff.  -­‐  Upon  service  of   to  gain  entry  to  the  premises  or  any  part  of  the  building  or  anything  therein,  to  
the  writ  in  accordance  with  section  11  hereof,  sheriff,  under  the  supervision  of   enforce  the  writ  or  to  liberate  himself  or  any  person  lawfully  aiding  him  when  
the  Commissioner,  shall  search  for  the  documents  and  articles  specified  in  the   unlawfully  detained  therein.  
writ,  and  take  them  in  his  custody  subject  to  the  control  of  the  court.    
If  the  subject  articles  are  not  capable  of  manual  delivery,  the  sheriff  shall  attach   Section  16.  Seizure  of  computer  disks  other  storage  devices.  -­‐  The  seizure  of  a  
to  them  a  tag  or  label  stating  the  fact  of  seizure  and  warning  all  persons  from   computer  disk  or  any  storage  device  may  be  executed  in  any  of  the  following  
tampering  with  them.   manner:  
  (a)  by  the  physical  taking  thereof;  
The  sheriff  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  applicant  or  his  representative,  and  under   (b)  by  Copying  its  contents  in  a  suitable  device  or  disk  provided  by  the  applicant;  
the  supervision  of  the  Commissioner,  prepare  a  detailed  list  of  the  seized   or  
documents  and  articles.  He  shall  give  an  accurate  copy  of  the  same  to  the  alleged   (c)  by  printing  out  the  Contents  of  the  disk  or  device  with  a  the  use  of  a  printer.  
infringing  defendant,  expected  adverse  party,  his  agent  or  representative,  to  the   When  the  computer  disks  or  storage  devices  cannot  be  readily  removed  from  the  
person  in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  or  residing  or  working  therein  in   computer  to  which  they  are  fitted,  the  sheriff  may  take  the  subject  computer  
from  the  custody  of  the  alleged  infringing  defendant,  expected  adverse  party  or    
person  in  charge  or  in  control  of  the  premises  or  residing  or  working  therein.   Section  19.  Proceedings  on  return.  -­‐  Five  (5)  days  after  issuance  of  the  writ,  the  
  issuing  judge  shall  ascertain  if  the  writ  has  not  been  served  or  the  return  has  
Section  17.  Sheriff's  return.  -­‐  The  sheriff  who  executed  the  writ  shall,  within  three   been  made  by  the  sheriff.  If  the  writ  was  not  served  or  no  return  was  made,  it  
(3)  days  from  its  enforcement,  make  a  verified  return  to  the  court  which  issued   shall  summon  the  sheriff  and  the  applicant  to  whom  the  writ  was  issued  and  
the  writ.  The  return  shall  contain  a  full  statement  of  the  proceedings  under  the   require  them  to  explain  why  the  writ  was  not  served  or  why  no  return  has  been  
writ  and  a  complete  inventory  of  the  documents  and  articles  searched,  inspected   filed  as  the  case  may  be.  If  the  return  has  been  made,  the  judge  shall,  after  
or  copied  or  seized  and  impounded,  with  copies  served  on  the  applicant,  the   notice  to  the  applicant,  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  
defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  and  the  Commissioner.   party,  the  sheriff  and  the  Commissioner,  ascertain  whether  the  provisions  of  this  
If  not  all  of  the  documents  and  articles  enumerated  in  the  order  and  writ  were   Rule  and  applicable  laws  have  been  complied  with.  
seized,  the  sheriff  shall  so  report  to  the  court  and  state  is  the  reasons  therefor.    
All  objections  of  the  defendant,  expected  adverse  party  or  person  in  charge  of   Section  20.  Failure  to  file  complaint.  -­‐  The  writ  shall  also.  Upon  motion  of  the  
the  premises  on  the  manner  and  regularity  of  the  service  of  the  writ  shall  be   expected  adverse  party,  be  set  aside  and  the  seized  documents  and  articles  
included  by  the  sheriff  in  his  return.   returned  to  the  expected  adverse  party  if  no  case  is  filed  with  the  appropriate  
  court  or  authority  within  thirty-­‐one  (31)  calendar  days  from  the  date  of  issuance  
Section  18.  Discharge  of  writ  by  the  defendant  or  expected  adverse  party.  -­‐   of  the  writ.  
Without  waiting  for  return  to  be  filed  by  the  sheriff,  the  defendant,  expected    
adverse  party  or  the  party  whose  property  has  been  searched,  inspected,  copied   Section  21.  Claim  for  damages.  -­‐  Where  the  writ  is  discharged  on  any  of  die  
or  seized  may  file  a  motion  with  the  court  which  issued  the  writ  for  its  discharge   grounds  provided  in  this  Rule,  or  where  it  is  found  after  trial  that  there  has  been  
with  prayer  for  the  return  of  the  documents  and  articles  seized.   no  infringement  or  threat  of  infringement  of  an  intellectual  property  right,  the  
The  writ  may  be  discharged  on  any  of  the  following  grounds:   court.  Upon  motion  of  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  or  expected  adverse  
(a)  that  the  writ  was  improperly  or  irregularly  issued,  or  excessively  enforced;   party  and  after  due  hearing,  shall  order  the  applicant  to  compensate  the  
(b)  that  the  bond  is  insufficient;   defendant  or  expected  adverse  party  upon  the  cash  bond,  surety  bond  or  other  
(c)  that  tile  safeguards  provided  in  the  writ  have  been  violated  by  the  applicant   equivalent  security  for  any  injury  or  damage  the  latter  suffered  by  the  issuance  
or  the  sheriff;  or   and  enforcement  of  the  writ.  Should  the  damages  exceed  the  amount  of  the  
(d)  that  the  documents  and  articles  seized  are  not  infringing  copies  or  means  for   bond,  the  applicant  shall  be  liable  for  the  payment  of  the  excess.  
making  the  materials  alleged  to  infringe  the  intellectual  property  right  of  the   When  a  complaint  is  already  filed  in  court,  the  motion  shall  be  filed  with  the  
applicant.   same  court  during  the  trial  or  before  appeal  is  perfected  or  before  judgment  
The  writ  may  be  discharged  in  a  summary  hearing  by  the  court  after  notice  to  the   becomes  executory,  with  due  notice  to  the  applicant,  setting  forth  the  facts  
applicant,  the  sheriff  and  the  Commissioner.   showing  the  defendant's  right  to  damage's  and  the  amount  thereof.  The  award  
If  the  court  finds  that  the  bond  is  insufficient,  it  shall  order  a.  new  bond  to  be   of  damages  shall  be  included  in  the  judgment  in  the  main  case.  
filed  by  the  applicant  within  a  reasonable  time.  The  discharge  of  the  writ  based   Where  no  complaint  is  filed  against  the  expected  adverse  party,  the  motion  shall  
on  the  insufficiency  of  the  bond  may  only  be  made  if  the  applicant  fails  to  post   be  filed  with  the  court  which  issued  the  writ.  In  such  a  case,  the  court  shall  set  
the  new  bond  within  the  period  fixed  by  the  court.   the  motion  for  summary  hearing  and  immediately  determine  the  expected  
adverse  party's  right  to  damages.   faithfully  recorded  in  the  separate  logbook.  
A  judgment  in  favor  of  the  applicant  in  its  principal  claim,  should  not  necessarily    
bar  the  alleged  infringing  defendant  from  recovering  damages  where  he  suffered   Section  25.  Effect  of  violation.  -­‐  A  violation  of  any  of  the  terms  and  conditions  of  
losses  by  reason  of  the  wrongful  issuance  or  enforcement  of  the  writ.   the  order  and  the  writ  of  search  and  seizure  or  any  provision  of  this  Rule  shall  
The  damages  provided  for  in  this  section  shall  be  independent  from  the  damages   constitute  contempt  of  court.  
claimed  by  the  defendant  in  his  counterclaim.    
  Section  26.  Writ  not  a  bar  to  other  measures.  -­‐  The  availment  of  the  writ  of  
Section  22.  Judgment.  -­‐  If  it  appears  after  trial  that  the  seized  documents  and   search  and  seizure  under  this  Rule  shall  not  prevent  the  applicant  from  resorting  
articles  are  found  to  infringe  the  intellectual  property  right  of  the  applicant  or   to  other  provisional  measures  or  remedies  provided  in  existing  laws  and  
that  they  constitute  the  means  for  the  production  of  infringing  goods,  the  court   procedural  rules.  
shall  order  their  destruction  or  donation  to  charitable,  educational  or  religious    
institutions  with  the  prohibition  against  bringing  the  same  into  the  channels  of   Section  27.  Effectivity.  -­‐  This  Rule  shall  take  effect  on  February  15,  2002  after  its  
commerce.  In  the  latter  case,  infringing  trademarks  or  trade  names  found  on   publication  in  two  (2)  newspapers  of  general  circulation  not  later  than  January  
labels,  tags  and  other  portions  of  the  infringing  materials  shall  be  removed  or   30,  2002.  
defaced  before  the  donation.  In  no  case  shall  the  infringing  materials  be  returned    
to  the  defendant.   The  presentation  of  the  master  tapes  of  the  copyrighted  films  from  which  the  
If  the  court  finds  no  infringement,  the  seized  materials  shall  be  immediately   pirated  films  were  allegedly  copied,  was  necessary  for  the  validity  of  search  
returned  to  the  defendant.   warrant  against  those  who  have  in  their  possession  the  pirated  films.  The  court  
  cannot  presume  that  duplicate  or  copied  tapes  were  necessarily  reproduced  from  
th
Section  23.  Direct  filing,  provisional  docketing  and  deposit  of  prescribed  filing  fee.   master  tapes  that  it  owns.  (20  Century  Fox  v.  CA,  1988)  
-­‐  The  Regional  Trial  Courts  specially  designated  to  try  violations  of  intellectual    
property  rights  shall  keep  a  distinct  and  separate  logbook  for  writs  of  search  and   Infringement  of  copyright  is  a  trespass  on  a  private  domain  owned  and  occupied  
seizure.  The  application  for  a  writ  of  search  and  seizure  filed  directly  with  the   by  the  owner  of  the  copyright,  and  therefore,  protected  by  law,  and  infringement  
said  courts  shall  be  given  a  provisional  docket  number.  The  prescribed  filing  fee   of  copyright,  piracy,  which  is  a  synonymous  term  in  this  connection,  consists  in  
shall  be  deposited  with  the  branch  clerk  of  court  and  properly  receipted  for  and   doing  by  any  person,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  copyright,  of  
transmitted  to  the  Clerk  of  Court  within  twenty-­‐four  (24)  hours  from  issuance  of   anything  the  sole  right  to  do  which  is  conferred  by  statute  on  the  owner  of  the  
the  order  granting  or  denying  the  application  for  said  writ.  If  a  formal  complaint   copyright.  A  copy  of  a  piracy  s  an  infringement  of  the  original,  and  it  is  no  
is  filed  thereafter,  the  Clerk  of  Court  may  make  a.  reassessment  of  the  filing  fee.   defense  that  the  pirate,  in  such  cases,  did  not  know  what  words  he  was  indirectly  
  copying,  or  did  not  know  whether  or  not  he  was  infringing  any  copyright;  he  at  
Section  24.  Separate  logbook.  -­‐  In  every  court,  there  shall  be  a  logbook  under  the   least  knew  that  what  he  was  copying  was  not  hism  and  he  copied  at  his  peril.  In  
custody  of  the  Clerk  of  Court  wherein  shall  be  docketed  and  entered  within   determining  the  question  of  infringement,  the  amount  of  matter  copied  from  the  
twenty-­‐four  (24)  hours  after  the  issuance  or  denial  of  the  writ  of  search  and   copyrighted  work  is  an  important  consideration.  To  constitute  infringement,  it  is  
seizure,  the  filing  of  such  application  and  other  particulars  thereof.  All  the   not  necessary  that  the  whole  or  even  a  large  portion  of  the  work  shall  have  been  
subsequent  proceedings  concerning  the  writ  of  search  and  seizure  shall  be   copied.  If  so  much  is  taken  that  the  value  of  the  original  is  sensibly  diminished,  or  
the  labors  of  the  original  author  are  substantially  and  to  an  injurious  extent   what  is  prohibited.  The  copying  must  produce  an  injurious  effect.  The  SC  also  
appropriated  by  another,  that  is  sufficient  in  poinr  of  law  to  constitute  a  piracy.   said  that,  a  pirate  cannot  claim  that  copied  portions  of  copyrighted  book  are  also  
(Columbia  Pictures,  Inc.  v.  Court  of  Appeals,  1996)   found  in  foreign  books  and  other  grammar  books,  and  that  the  similarity  
  between  her  style  and  that  of  other  author  cannot  be  avoided  since  they  come  
February  28  and  29  of  a  leap  year  should  be  counted  as  separate  days  in   from  the  same  background  and  orientation.  Under  Section  184  of  RA  8293,  “the  
computing  periods  of  prescription.(People  v.  Ramos,  1978)   making  of  quotations  from  a  published  work  if  they  are  compatible  with  fair  use  
  and  only  to  the  extent  justified  for  the  purpose”  must  provide  for  the  source  and  
ARTICLE  7  OF  LAW  OF  INTELLECTUAL  PROPERTY  states  that:  “Nobody  may   the  name  of  the  author.    (Habana  v.  Robles,  1999)  
reproduce  another  person's  work  without  the  owner's  consent,  even  merely  to    
annotate  or  add  anything  to  it,  or  improve  any  edition  thereof.”THUS,  it  is  not   The  format  or  mechanics  of  a  television  show  are  not  copyrightable  under  Sec.  2  
necessary,  that  a  work  should  be  an  improper  copy  of  another  work  previously   of  PD  49,  which  enumerates  the  work  that  can  be  copyrighted,  which  is  the  same  
published.  It  is  enough  that  another's  work  has  been  reproduced  without  the   as  Sec.  172  of  the  IPC,  which  refers  to  finished  works  and  not  concepts.  The  
consent  of  the  owner,  even  though  it  be  only  to  annotate,  add  something  to  it,  or   copyright  does  not  extent  to  an  idea,  procedure,  process,  system,  method  of  
improve  any  edition  thereof.  The  protection  of  the  law  cannot  be  denied  to  the   operation,  concept,  principle,  or  discovery,  regardless  of  the  form  in  which  it  is  
author  of  a  dictionary,  for  although  words  are  not  the  property  of  anybody,  their   described,  explained,  illustrated,  or  emobodied  in  such  work.  Copyright  in  the  
definitions,  the  example  that  explain  their  sense,  and  the  manner  of  expressing   strict  sense  of  the  term,  is  purely  a  statutory  right.  It  is  a  new  or  independent  
their  different  meanings,  may  constitute  a  special  work.  On  this  point,  the   right  granted  by  the  statute,  and  not  simply  a  pre-­‐existing  right  regulated  by  the  
correctional  court  of  the  Seine  held,  on  August  16,  1864,  that  a  dictionary   statue.  Being  a  statutory  grant,  the  rights  are  only  such  as  the  statute  confers,  
constitutes  property,  although  some  of  the  words  therein  are  explained  by  mere   and  may  be  obtained  and  enjoyed  only  with  respect  to  the  subjects  and  by  the  
definitions  expressed  in  a  few  lines  and  sanctioned  by  usage,  provided  that  the   persons,  and  on  terms  and  conditions  specified  by  the  statute.  Since  copyright  in  
greater  part  of  the  other  words  contain  new  meanings;  new  meanings  which   published  works  is  purely  a  statutory  creation,  a  copyright  may  be  obtained  only  
evidently  may  only  belonged  to  the  first  person  who  published  them.(Serrano   for  a  work  falling  within  the  statutory  enumeration  or  description.  (Joaquin  v.  
Laktaw  v.  Paglinawan)   Drilon,  1999)  
   
The  Court  considered  as  an  indicia  of  guilt  or  wrongdoing  the  act  of  the  pirate  of   Copyright  is  a  mere  statutory  grant,  the  rights  are  limited  to  what  the  statute  
pulling  out  from  the  Goodwill  Bookstrores  the  questioned  book  upon  learning  of   confers.  Accordingly  it  can  cover  only  works  falling  with  the  statutory  
the  other  author’s  demand.  It  was  further  noted  that  when  the  pirated  book  was   enumeration  or  description.  By  nature  or  things,  there  can  be  no  unfair  
re-­‐issued  as  a  revised  version,  all  the  pages  cited  by  the  complaining  author  to   competition  under  the  law  on  copyrights.  (Pearl  &  Dean  v.  Shoemart,  2003)  
contain  portion  of  his  copyrighted  book  were  eliminated.  As  regards  the  question    
“when  is  there  a  substantial  reproduction  of  a  book?,”  the  court  said  that  it  does   Authors  of  compilation  works  have  copyright  up  to  the  extent  of  their  work,  
not  necessarily  require  that  the  entire  copyrighted  work,  or  even  a  large  portion   which  is  their  original  work.  (Peralta)  
of  it,  be  copied.  If  so  much  is  taken  that  the  value  of  the  original  work  is    
substantially  diminished,  there  is  an  infringement  of  copyright  and  to  an  injurious   2.12Moral  Rights  
extent,  the  work  is  appropriated.  In  cases  of  infringement,  copying  alone  is  not    
Article  6bis,  Berne  Convention  for  the  protection  of  Literary  and  Artistic  Works   publication;  
   
[Moral  Rights:  1.  To  claim  authorship;  to  object  to  certain  modifications  and   193.3.  To  object  to  any  distortion,  mutilation  or  other  modification  of,  or  other  
other  derogatory  actions;  2.  After  the  author’s  death;  3.  Means  of  redress]   derogatory  action  in  relation  to,  his  work  which  would  be  prejudicial  to  his  honor  
  or  reputation;  and  
(1)  Independently  of  the  author’s  economic  rights,  and  even  after  the  transfer  of    
the  said  rights,  the  author  shall  have  the  right  to  claim  authorship  of  the  work   193.4.  To  restrain  the  use  of  his  name  with  respect  to  any  work  not  of  his  own  
and  to  object  to  any  distortion,  mutilation  or  other  modification  of,  or  other   creation  or  in  a  distorted  version  of  his  work.  
derogatory  action  in  relation  to,  the  said  work,  which  would  be  prejudicial  to  his    
honor  or  reputation.   Sec.  194.  Breach  of  Contract.  -­‐  An  author  cannot  be  compelled  to  perform  his  
  contract  to  create  a  work  or  for  the  publication  of  his  work  already  in  existence.  
(2)  The  rights  granted  to  the  author  in  accordance  with  the  preceding  paragraph   However,  he  may  be  held  liable  for  damages  for  breach  of  such  contract.    
shall,  after  his  death,  be  maintained,  at  least  until  the  expiry  of  the  economic    
rights,  and  shall  be  exercisable  by  the  persons  or  institutions  authorized  by  the   Sec.  195.  Waiver  of  Moral  Rights.  -­‐  An  author  may  waive  his  rights  mentioned  in  
legislation  of  the  country  where  protection  is  claimed.  However,  those  countries   Section  193  by  a  written  instrument,  but  no  such  waiver  shall  be  valid  where  its  
whose  legislation,  at  the  moment  of  their  ratification  of  or  accession  to  this  Act,   effects  is  to  permit  another:  
does  not  provide  for  the  protection  after  the  death  of  the  author  of  all  the  rights    
set  out  in  the  preceding  paragraph  may  provide  that  some  of  these  rights  may,   195.1.  To  use  the  name  of  the  author,  or  the  title  of  his  work,  or  otherwise  to  
after  his  death,  cease  to  be  maintained.   make  use  of  his  reputation  with  respect  to  any  version  or  adaptation  of  his  work  
  which,  because  of  alterations  therein,  would  substantially  tend  to  injure  the  
(3)  The  means  of  redress  for  safeguarding  the  rights  granted  by  this  Article  shall   literary  or  artistic  reputation  of  another  author;  or  
be  governed  by  the  legislation  of  the  country  where  protection  is  claimed.    
  195.2.  To  use  the  name  of  the  author  with  respect  to  a  work  he  did  not  create.  
Sections  193-­‐199,  IPC    
  Sec.  196.  Contribution  to  Collective  Work.  -­‐  When  an  author  contributes  to  a  
Sec.  193.  Scope  of  Moral  Rights.  -­‐  The  author  of  a  work  shall,  independently  of   collective  work,  his  right  to  have  his  contribution  attributed  to  him  is  deemed  
the  economic  rights  in  Section  177  or  the  grant  of  an  assignment  or  license  with   waived  unless  he  expressly  reserves  it.    
respect  to  such  right,  have  the  right:    
  Sec.  197.  Editing,  Arranging  and  Adaptation  of  Work.  -­‐  In  the  absence  of  a  
193.1.  To  require  that  the  authorship  of  the  works  be  attributed  to  him,  in   contrary  stipulation  at  the  time  an  author  licenses  or  permits  another  to  use  his  
particular,  the  right  that  his  name,  as  far  as  practicable,  be  indicated  in  a   work,  the  necessary  editing,  arranging  or  adaptation  of  such  work,  for  
prominent  way  on  the  copies,  and  in  connection  with  the  public  use  of  his  work;   publication,  broadcast,  use  in  a  motion  picture,  dramatization,  or  mechanical  or  
  electrical  reproduction  in  accordance  with  the  reasonable  and  customary  
193.2.  To  make  any  alterations  of  his  work  prior  to,  or  to  withhold  it  from   standards  or  requirements  of  the  medium  in  which  the  work  is  to  be  used,  shall  
not  be  deemed  to  contravene  the  author's  rights  secured  by  this  chapter.  Nor   shall  have  an  inalienable  right  to  participate  in  the  gross  proceeds  of  the  sale  or  
shall  complete  destruction  of  a  work  unconditionally  transferred  by  the  author   lease  to  the  extent  of  five  percent  (5%).  This  right  shall  exist  during  the  lifetime  of  
be  deemed  to  violate  such  rights.   the  author  and  for  fifty  (50)  years  after  his  death.  
   
Sec.  198.  Term  of  Moral  Rights.  -­‐   Sec.  201.  Works  Not  Covered.  -­‐  The  provisions  of  this  Chapter  shall  not  apply  to  
  prints,  etchings,  engravings,  works  of  applied  art,  or  works  of  similar  kind  
198.1.  The  rights  of  an  author  under  this  chapter  shall  last  during  the  lifetime  of   wherein  the  author  primarily  derives  gain  from  the  proceeds  of  reproductions.  
the  author  and  for  fifty  (50)  years  after  his  death  and  shall  not  be  assignable  or    
subject  to  license.  The  person  or  persons  to  be  charged  with  the  posthumous   2.14 Neighboring  Rights  
enforcement  of  these  rights  shall  be  named  in  writing  to  be  filed  with  the    
National  Library.  In  default  of  such  person  or  persons,  such  enforcement  shall   Sec.  202,  IPC  
devolve  upon  either  the  author's  heirs,  and  in  default  of  the  heirs,  the  Director  of    
the  National  Library.   Sec.  202.  Definitions.-­‐  For  the  purpose  of  this  Act,  the  following  terms  shall  have  
  the  following  meanings:  
198.2.  For  purposes  of  this  Section,  "Person"  shall  mean  any  individual,    
partnership,  corporation,  association,  or  society.  The  Director  of  the  National   202.1.  "Performers"  are  actors,  singers,  musicians,  dancers,  and  other  persons  
Library  may  prescribe  reasonable  fees  to  be  charged  for  his  services  in  the   who  act,  sing,  declaim,  play  in,  interpret,  or  otherwise  perform  literary  and  
application  of  provisions  of  this  Section.   artistic  work;  
   
Sec.  199.  Enforcement  Remedies.  -­‐  Violation  of  any  of  the  rights  conferred  by  this   202.2.  "Sound  recording"  means  the  fixation  of  the  sounds  of  a  performance  or  
Chapter  shall  entitle  those  charged  with  their  enforcement  to  the  same  rights   of  other  sounds,  or  representation  of  sound,  other  than  in  the  form  of  a  fixation  
and  remedies  available  to  a  copyright  owner.  In  addition,  damages  which  may  be   incorporated  in  a  cinematographic  or  other  audiovisual  work;  
availed  of  under  the  Civil  Code  may  also  be  recovered.  Any  damage  recovered    
after  the  creator's  death  shall  be  held  in  trust  for  and  remitted  to  his  heirs,  and  in   202.3.  An  "audiovisual  work  or  fixation"  is  a  work  that  consists  of  a  series  of  
default  of  the  heirs,  shall  belong  to  the  government.   related  images  which  impart  the  impression  of  motion,  with  or  without  
  accompanying  sounds,  susceptible  of  being  made  visible  and,  where  
2.13 Right  to  Proceeds  in  Subsequent  Transfers  (Droit  De  Suite  or   accompanied  by  sounds,  susceptible  of  being  made  audible;  
Follow  Up  Rights)    
  202.4.  "Fixation"  means  the  embodiment  of  sounds,  or  of  the  representations  
Sections  200-­‐201,  IPC   thereof,  from  which  they  can  be  perceived,  reproduced  or  communicated  
  through  a  device;  
Sec.  200.  Sale  or  Lease  of  Work.  -­‐  In  every  sale  or  lease  of  an  original  work  of    
painting  or  sculpture  or  of  the  original  manuscript  of  a  writer  or  composer,   202.5.  "Producer  of  a  sound  recording"  means  the  person,  or  the  legal  entity,  
subsequent  to  the  first  disposition  thereof  by  the  author,  the  author  or  his  heirs   who  or  which  takes  the  initiative  and  has  the  responsibility  for  the  first  fixation  of  
the  sounds  of  a  performance  or  other  sounds,  or  the  representation  of  sounds;      
  a. Rights  of  Performers  
202.6.  "Publication  of  a  fixed  performance  or  a  sound  recording"  means  the    
offering  of  copies  of  the  fixed  performance  or  the  sound  recording  to  the  public,   Sections  203-­‐207,  IPC  
with  the  consent  of  the  right  holder:  Provided,  That  copies  are  offered  to  the    
public  in  reasonable  quality;       Sec.  203.  Scope  of  Performers'  Rights.  -­‐  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Section  212,  
  performers  shall  enjoy  the  following  exclusive  rights:  
202.7.  "Broadcasting"  means  the  transmission  by  wireless  means  for  the  public    
reception  of  sounds  or  of  images  or  of  representations  thereof;  such   203.1.  As  regards  their  performances,  the  right  of  authorizing:  
transmission  by  satellite  is  also  "broadcasting"  where  the  means  for  decrypting   (a)  The  broadcasting  and  other  communication  to  the  public  of  their  
are  provided  to  the  public  by  the  broadcasting  organization  or  with  its  consent;   performance;  and  
  (b)  The  fixation  of  their  unfixed  performance.  
202.8.  "Broadcasting  organization"  shall  include  a  natural  person  or  a  juridical    
entity  duly  authorized  to  engage  in  broadcasting;  and   203.2.  The  right  of  authorizing  the  direct  or  indirect  reproduction  of  their  
  performances  fixed  in  sound  recordings,  in  any  manner  or  form;  
202.9.  "Communication  to  the  public  of  a  performance  or  a  sound  recording"    
means  the  transmission  to  the  public,  by  any  medium,  otherwise  than  by   203.3.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Section  206,  the  right  of  authorizing  the  first  
broadcasting,  of  sounds  of  a  performance  or  the  representations  of  sounds  fixed   public  distribution  of  the  original  and  copies  of  their  performance  fixed  in  the  
in  a  sound  recording.  For  purposes  of  Section  209,  "communication  to  the  public"   sound  recording  through  sale  or  rental  or  other  forms  of  transfer  of  ownership;  
includes  making  the  sounds  or  representations  of  sounds  fixed  in  a  sound    
recording  audible  to  the  public.   203.4.  The  right  of  authorizing  the  commercial  rental  to  the  public  of  the  original  
  and  copies  of  their  performances  fixed  in  sound  recordings,  even  after  
Sec.  212,  IPC   distribution  of  them  by,  or  pursuant  to  the  authorization  by  the  performer;  and  
   
Sec.  212.  Limitations  on  Rights.  -­‐  Sections  203,  208  and  209  shall  not  apply  where   203.5.  The  right  of  authorizing  the  making  available  to  the  public  of  their  
the  acts  referred  to  in  those  Sections  are  related  to:   performances  fixed  in  sound  recordings,  by  wire  or  wireless  means,  in  such  a  way  
  that  members  of  the  public  may  access  them  from  a  place  and  time  individually  
212.1.  The  use  by  a  natural  person  exclusively  for  his  own  personal  purposes;   chosen  by  them.  
   
212.2.  Using  short  excerpts  for  reporting  current  events;   Sec.  204.  Moral  Rights  of  Performers.  -­‐  
   
212.3.  Use  solely  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  or  for  scientific  research;  and   204.1.  Independently  of  a  performer's  economic  rights,  the  performer,  shall,  as  
  regards  his  live  aural  performances  or  performances  fixed  in  sound  recordings,  
212.4.  Fair  use  of  the  broadcast  subject  to  the  conditions  under  section  185.     have  the  right  to  claim  to  be  identified  as  the  performer  of  his  performances,  
except  where  the  omission  is  dictated  by  the  manner  of  the  use  of  the   215.1.  The  rights  granted  to  performers  and  producers  of  sound  recordings  
performance,  and  to  object  to  any  distortion,  mutilation  or  other  modification  of   under  this  law  shall  expire:  
his  performances  that  would  be  prejudicial  to  his  reputation.   (a)  For  performances  not  incorporated  in  recordings,  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  end  
  of  the  year  in  which  the  performance  took  place;  and  
204.2.  The  rights  granted  to  a  performer  in  accordance  with  Subsection  203.1   (b)  For  sound  or  image  and  sound  recordings  and  for  performances  incorporated  
shall  be  maintained  and  exercised  fifty  (50)  years  after  his  death,  by  his  heirs,  and   therein,  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  end  of  the  year  in  which  the  recording  took  
in  default  of  heirs,  the  government,  where  protection  is  claimed.     place.  
   
Sec.  205.  Limitation  on  Right.  -­‐   215.2.  In  case  of  broadcasts,  the  term  shall  be  twenty  (20)  years  from  the  date  
  the  broadcast  took  place.  The  extended  term  shall  be  applied  only  to  old  works  
205.1.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Section  206,  once  the  performer  has   with  subsisting  protection  under  the  prior  law.    
authorized  the  broadcasting  or  fixation  of  his  performance,  the  provisions  of    
Sections  203  shall  have  no  further  application.   b. Rights  of  Procedures  of  Sound  Recording  
  Sections  208-­‐210,  IPC  
205.2.  The  provisions  of  Section  184  and  Section  185  shall  apply  mutatis    
mutandis  to  performers.     Sec.  208.  Scope  of  Right.  -­‐  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Section  212,  producers  of  
  sound  recordings  shall  enjoy  the  following  exclusive  rights:  
Sec.  206.  Additional  Remuneration  for  Subsequent  Communications  or    
Broadcasts.  -­‐  Unless  otherwise  provided  in  the  contract,  in  every  communication   208.1.  The  right  to  authorize  the  direct  or  indirect  reproduction  of  their  sound  
to  the  public  or  broadcast  of  a  performance  subsequent  to  the  first   recordings,  in  any  manner  or  form;  the  placing  of  these  reproductions  in  the  
communication  or  broadcast  thereof  by  the  broadcasting  organization,  the   market  and  the  right  of  rental  or  lending;  
performer  shall  be  entitled  to  an  additional  remuneration  equivalent  to  at  least    
five  percent  (5%)  of  the  original  compensation  he  or  she  received  for  the  first   208.2.  The  right  to  authorize  the  first  public  distribution  of  the  original  and  
communication  or  broadcast.   copies  of  their  sound  recordings  through  sale  or  rental  or  other  forms  of  
  transferring  ownership;  and  
Sec.  207.  Contract  Terms.  -­‐  Nothing  in  this  Chapter  shall  be  construed  to  deprive    
performers  of  the  right  to  agree  by  contracts  on  terms  and  conditions  more   208.3.  The  right  to  authorize  the  commercial  rental  to  the  public  of  the  original  
favorable  for  them  in  respect  of  any  use  of  their  performance.   and  copies  of  their  sound  recordings,  even  after  distribution  by  them  by  or  
  pursuant  to  authorization  by  the  producer.    
Sec.  215,  IPC    
  Sec.  209.  Communication  to  the  Public.  -­‐  If  a  sound  recording  published  for  
Sec.  215.  Term  of  Protection  for  Performers,  Producers  and  Broadcasting   commercial  purposes,  or  a  reproduction  of  such  sound  recording,  is  used  directly  
Organizations.-­‐   for  broadcasting  or  for  other  communication  to  the  public,  or  is  publicly  
  performed  with  the  intention  of  making  and  enhancing  profit,  a  single  equitable  
remuneration  for  the  performer  or  performers,  and  the  producer  of  the  sound   211.2.  The  recording  in  any  manner,  including  the  making  of  films  or  the  use  of  
recording  shall  be  paid  by  the  user  to  both  the  performers  and  the  producer,   video  tape,  of  their  broadcasts  for  the  purpose  of  communication  to  the  public  of  
who,  in  the  absence  of  any  agreement  shall  share  equally.   television  broadcasts  of  the  same;  and  
   
Sec.  210.  Limitation  of  Right.  -­‐  Sections  184  and  185  shall  apply  mutatis  mutandis   211.3.  The  use  of  such  records  for  fresh  transmissions  or  for  fresh  recording.    
to  the  producer  of  sound  recordings.    
  Sec.  215.2,  IPC  
Sec.  215,  IPC    
  215.2.  In  case  of  broadcasts,  the  term  shall  be  twenty  (20)  years  from  the  date  
Sec.  215.  Term  of  Protection  for  Performers,  Producers  and  Broadcasting   the  broadcast  took  place.  The  extended  term  shall  be  applied  only  to  old  works  
Organizations.-­‐   with  subsisting  protection  under  the  prior  law.    
   
215.1.  The  rights  granted  to  performers  and  producers  of  sound  recordings   PMSI  is  not  engaged  in  rebroadcasting.  Rebroadcasting  has  been  defined  as  “the  
under  this  law  shall  expire:   simultaneous  broadcasting  by  one  broadcasting  organization  of  the  broadcast  of  
(a)  For  performances  not  incorporated  in  recordings,  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  end   another  broadcasting  organization.”  It  is  also  “the  transmission  by  wireless  
of  the  year  in  which  the  performance  took  place;  and   means  for  the  public  reception  of  sounds  or  of  images  or  of  representations  
(b)  For  sound  or  image  and  sound  recordings  and  for  performances  incorporated   thereof;  such  transmission  by  satellite  is  also  ‘broadcasting’  where  the  means  for  
therein,  fifty  (50)  years  from  the  end  of  the  year  in  which  the  recording  took   decrypting  are  provided  to  the  public  by  the  broadcasting  organization  or  with  its  
place.   consent.”  PMSI  is  only  engaged  in  the  carrying  of  signals  of  ABS-­‐CBN  coming  from  
  ABS-­‐CBN  and  transmitting  signals.  PMSI  is  not  the  origin  nor  does  it  claim  to  be  
215.2.  In  case  of  broadcasts,  the  term  shall  be  twenty  (20)  years  from  the  date   the  origin  of  the  programs  broadcasted  by  the  ABS-­‐CBN.  PMSI  did  not  make  and  
the  broadcast  took  place.  The  extended  term  shall  be  applied  only  to  old  works   transmit  on  its  own  but  merely  carried  the  existing  signals  of  the  ABS-­‐CBN.  When  
with  subsisting  protection  under  the  prior  law.     PMSI  subscribers  view  ABS-­‐CBN’s  programs  in  Channels  2  and  23,  they  know  that  
  the  origin  thereof  was  the  ABS-­‐CBN.  The  latter  creates  and  transmits  its  own  
c. Rights  of  Broadcasting  Organizations   signals;  PMSI  merely  carries  such  signals  which  the  viewers  receive  in  their  
  unaltered  form.  PMSI  does  not  produce,  select  or  determines  the  programs  to  be  
Sections  211,  IPC   shown  over  Channels  2  and  23,  and  does  not  pass  itself  off  as  the  originator  or  
  author  of  such  programs.  Insofar  as  the  subject  Channels  are  concerned,  PMSI  
Sec.  211.  Scope  of  Right.  -­‐  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  Section  212,  broadcasting   merely  retransmits  the  same  in  accordance  with  NTC  Memo  Circular  04-­‐08-­‐08.  
organizations  shall  enjoy  the  exclusive  right  to  carry  out,  authorize  or  prevent   PMSI,  with  regard  to  its  premium  channels,  buys  the  said  channels  from  content  
any  of  the  following  acts:   providers  and  transmits  these  on  an  as-­‐is  basis  to  its  viewers.  Clearly,  PMSI  does  
  not  perform  the  functions  of  a  broadcasting  organization  and  thus,  it  cannot  be  
211.1.  The  rebroadcasting  of  their  broadcasts;   said  that  it  is  engaged  in  the  rebroadcasting  of  Channels  2  and  23.(ABS-­‐CBN  
  Broadcasting  vs.  Philippine  Multi-­‐Media  System,  2009)