ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 1 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 2

2D Stress Transformation: In-Plane Principal Stress

x y x  y x y   y 
2

 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.1) 1    x    xy2 (2.5)

2 2 2  2 
x y x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.2) Element A x y   y 
2

2 2 2    x    xy2 (2.6)
x  y 2  2 
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 (2.3)
2
Stresses on element A
inclined at θ counter-
Maximum Shear Stress
clockwise to the x-axis
Shear Stresses Sign Convention x  y 
2

 max      xy2 (2.8)

y y  2 

  xy   xy Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses

(   avg ) 2   2  R 2

x  y 
2
  y 
2
x x 1
Positive shear Negative shear  avg  ( x   y ), R      xy2 (2.10) R   x    xy2
2  2   2 

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 3 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 4

What does a point on the circumference of the circle represent? Construction of Mohr’s Circle
Sign convention for stresses when constructing and analysing Mohr’s circle:
y A point on the circumference is given by Shear stresses–if the shear stresses on opposite faces of the element produce
y its x and y coordinates i.e. it represents the forces that result in a clockwise couple, these stresses are taken as positive.
Plane B stresses on a plane in the element. Hence, shearing stresses on y faces of element is +ve, but those on x faces are -ve.
 xy
 xy  x on Plane B the shear stress direction
  xy is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
x x x stress on Mohr’s circle
 max
Plane A B
y 2
2 C
A

B 1  A
Hence the state of stress on R
Plane A or Plane B as shown on Plane A the shear stress direction
above can be represented by x y    max is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve
 ,0   y 
2
shear stress on Mohr’s circle
a point on the circumference  2  R   x    xy
2

of a Mohr’s circle.  2 
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 5 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 6

Steps to Construct Mohr’s circle: Interpretation of Mohr’s circle:

1. Set up a rectangular coordinate system, indicating   and   . Both stress scale must State of stress associated with the original x and y planes corresponds to points A and B on
be identical. the circle. Points A and B defines states of stress with respect to any other set of x and y 
2. Locate the center C of the circle on horizontal axis a distance ( x   y ) / 2 from planes rotated relative to the original set through an angle  .
the origin O. C ( x   y ) / 2, 0
3. Locate point A (  0) by coordinates ( x , xy ) . These stresses may relate to any face Radius of R of the circle: CA  CF 2  AF 2
of the stress element; however, it is usual to specify the stresses on positive x face. x y
4. Draw a circle with the center at C and with radius CA. where CF  , AF   xy and CA is magnitude of max. shearing stress  max
2
5. Draw line AB through C.
 1 = max. principal stress
Plane B
 2 = min. principal stress

Plane B
B
Plane A

Plane A

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 7 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 8

Stress components at any arbitrary plane can be determined from Mohr’s circle: Note that rotation on Mohr’s circle is twice that of element and sense of
direction of rotation of axes is the same for Mohr’s circle and element.
x y
 x   CA cos(2 p  2 )

2 B ( y , xy )
 xy  CA sin(2 p  2 ) where CA  CA R cos(2 p  2 )
  y 
2

E ( y , xy ) R   x    xy2
x y x y  2 
 x   CA(cos 2 p cos 2  sin 2 p sin 2 ) CF  , AF   xy
2 2
 xy  CA(sin 2 p cos 2  cos 2 p sin 2 )
O 2 Q E C P 1 
2 p
CA cos 2 p  CF , CA sin 2 p  AF 2  y
D ( x , xy )  xy
x y Plane E  x
y
 x   CF cos 2  AF sin 2 A( x , xy ) 
2 y x
x y x  y Plane B
 xy
  cos 2   xy sin 2 Plane D
2 2
x y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 x x x
2
x y x  y Plane A
Similarly,  y   cos 2   xy sin 2 y
2 2
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 9 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 10

IMPORTANT:
Applications of Mohr’s Circle
Do not confuse shear stress sign convention on Mohr’s circle with that of
an entire element. (a) Pure Tension: The max. shear stress is one-half the tensile stress
REMEMBER: and occurs on any plane that makes an angle of 450 with tension axis.
Shear stress sign convention for an entire element. Pure compression is identical to pure tension, except the signs are
y y reversed.

  xy   xy
1 1
 max  , 
Shear stress sign convention 2 2
Positive shear x Negative shear x for a Mohr’s circle
y B  y
on Plane B the shear stress direction
xy
y’ x’
Plane B
is anticlockwise, hence it is -ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle A B
A
x
On a Mohr’s circle we consider sign of x
on Plane A the shear stress direction Plane A
shear stress on a plane and not entire is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
element stress on Mohr’s circle

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 11 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 12

(b) Pure Torsion: This can be converted to a condition of equal tension Example 2.3 The state of plane stress at a point (in a pressure vessel) is
and compression by rotating 450 as shown in the Figure (b). The max. shear represented by the figure shown. Determine the stresses on an element
stress is twice as great as for pure tension. oriented at 300 counter-clockwise from the position shown. Illustrate
your answer on a diagram.

y
12 MPa

 1   2,  max   1 ,     max   1
300
8 MPa
x
x
y
y’ x’ 6 MPa
Plane B B

Plane A
A
ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 13 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 14

Solution: From Eqs. (2.1) to (2.3), we have y  avg  2 MPa, R  11.66 MPa Question: Where should point A be ?
  y x  y
12 MPa

 x  x  cos 2   xy sin 2 
2 2 8 MPa

x y x  y x
12  y  12 MPa
8
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 6 MPa Clockwise, B
2 2 10
+v shear y
x  y  x  8 MPa A  x  8 MPa
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2  y  12 MPa
x 8  y
2 A B’ x
 xy  6 MPa R  11.66 6 2  xy  6 MPa
Substituting   300 , we obtain 4
6
 x  ( 8  12) / 2  [( 8  12) / 2] cos 600  ( 6) sin 600  8.2 MPa Point A? 2
600
 y  ( 8  12) / 2  [( 8  12) / 2] cos 60  ( 6) sin 60  12.2 MPa
0 0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2C 4 6 8 10 12 14 
Point A?  y  xy  x
 xy  [( 8  12) / 2] sin 60  ( 6) cos 60  5.66 MPa
0 0 -2
6 B’ 300
A’ -4
To construct the Mohr’s circle B A’ x
 x -6 y
 avg  ( x   y ) / 2  ( 8  12) / 2  2 MPa (Center of circle) -8
12

-10
  y 
2
  8  12 
2

R   x    xy2     ( 6)  11.66 MPa (Radius of circle)

2
-12
 2   2 

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 15 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 16

From the Mohr’s circle,

 READING QUIZ
 x  8.2 MPa
12
 y  12.2 MPa Clockwise,
8
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?
10
 xy  5.66 MPa
+v shear 12.2
x 8
 y
 y  12 MPa
A
R  11.66 6 2
B’ a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal
4 stress at the point.
B 6
5.66
y 2
A  x  8 MPa 60 0
b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2C 4 6 8 10 12 14
x -2 shear stress will act on the element.
 xy  6 MPa 6
 x A’ -4
B
-6 y c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum in-
12
-ve shear stress at 8.22 -8 plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element.
this point -10
12.2 5.66 8.2 d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear stress
A’ 0 -12
B’ 30 usually associated with the average normal stress.
y
x x
-ve shear stress on Mohr’s circle, hence
anticlockwise direction