DC MACHINES

1.CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DC MACHINES: A DC machine, either a generator or a

motor, essentially consists of the following main parts

1. yoke:

The outer frame of dc machine is called as yoke and normally make with cast iron.yoke generally
serves two purposes;iron(i) it provides mechanical support for the poles and act as a protecting
cover for the whole machine and(ii)it provides a return path of low reluctance to magnetic flux
produced by the poles.

2.pole core and pole shoe: The pole cores which support the field windings are mounted on the
inside circumference of the yoke.The core is made of cast steel with high permeability.The pole faces
are shaped to fit the curvature of the armature and is known as pole shoe serves two purposes.

(i)They spread out the flux in the air gap and also being of large section reduce the reluctance of
magnetic path(ii)They support the field coils

3.fieldwinding: The field winding is mounted on pole core and produces poles.The field
windingsform an electromagnet which provides the main magnetic field in machine.The field winding
receive current either from an external dc source or it may be connected across the armature. When a
current flows through the coil, they establish a magnetic flux in the yoke,poles air gap and in armature
core.

4.Armature core:The armature core is mounted on a shaft and rotates in magnetic field.The armature
core in the magnetic field.The armature core is made of laminations with thickness0.4mmto0.6mm.

The outer frame of core is cylindrical in shape.The laminations are punched with slots into which the
armature conductor are secured. The ends of the armature coils are brought to comutator
segments.The purpose of using laminations is to reduce the losses due to eddy currents.

5.Armature windings:The armature windings are made of copper and they form a closed circuit.

6.Commutator:Acommutator is used for the collecting current from the armature conductors.It
consists of a number of wedge shaped segments or bars made of copper that are assembled to form a
cylinder. These segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica.Each comutator
segment is connected to the end of coils.The number of commutator segments are decided by the
no.of coils.The insulation between the segments is designed to withstand voltages lessthan 15v.

The commutator along with brush gear helps to convert the ac voltage induced in armature conductors
into Unidirectional voltage across the brushes.

7.Brushes: In a dc machine, the brushes are used to collected current from the commutator and
supply it to the external circuit.The brushes generally made to rest on the commutator. These are
usually made with carbon.

II.ARMATURE WINDINGS: The winding adopted for armature of a dc machine is closed and
double layer type.

1.Pole pitch: It is the distance between two adjacent poles and is equal to the number of armature
slots/pole.
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2.Coil-pitch: It is the distance measured in terms of armature slots(or)armature conductors between

two series of acoil. If the coil pitch is equal to the pole pitch then winding is called as full pitched
coil(.i.e. coil span is 180 degrees).If the coil span is lessthan pole pitch ,then the winding is fractional
pitched.

3.Back pitch (yB):The distance between two coils sides of a coil measured around the back of
armature(i.e.away from the commutator) is called as back pitch.The distance is usually measured in
terms of coil sides which a coil advances.The back pitch determines the size of a coil.It must be an
odd integer.it is given by

yB =2C/P+_K , where c=no.of.coils

p= no.of poles

k=constant

4.Front pitch(yf):The distance between the two coils slides measured around the front of the armature
(i.e. at the commutator end of the armature) connected to the same commutator is called and denoted
by yf..

The front pitch determines whether the armature winding is lap or wave connected .for lap connection
,the direction of front pitch is in backward direction as for wave it is forward direction.

5.Winding pitch or resultant pitch (yr):It is the distance ,between the beginning of one coil and the
beginning of the next coil to which it is connected,measured in terms of coil sides and it is denoted by
y.

yR=yb-yf for lap winding

= yb+yf for wave winding

6.Commutator pitch(yc):It is the distance measured in terms of the number of the commutator
segments between the segments to which of a coil are connected and it is denoted by yc.

7.Single and double layer winding:If only one coil side or conductor is placed in each of
armature slot,then that winding is called as single layer .In double layer, two conductors or
two coil sides are placed in each slot.

In double layer winding,the number of coils is equal to the number of slots and is also equal
to the number of commutator segments.In a single layer winding,the number of coils is equal
to half of the number of slots.

A winding is said to be singly re-entrant if on tracing through it once all armature conductors
are included on returning to starting point.It is doubly re-entrance if only half the conductors
are included in tracing through the winding once and so on..

III. Types of dc armature windings: DC armature winding can be sub divided in to

two groups depending up on the manner in which the coil ends are connected to the
commutator segments,they are i.lap winding, and ii.wave winding.
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3.1.Simplex lap winding: In lap winding the finishing end of the coil is connected to a
commutator segment and to the starting end of the adjacent coil situated under the same
pole.The details of this winding are given below.

(a) The back end and front pitches are odd integers and are not equal.They differ by 2.

(b)Both yb and yf should be nearly equal to pole pitch.

(c) The average pitch is y= yb+yf/2

(d) Commutator pitch yc=1

(e) number parallel paths is equal to the number of poles.

(g) it is used for low voltage and high current loads.

Ex. welding generators.

Calculation of different pitches.

Back pitch yb=2c/p+_k, where c is the coils

P= no.of poles

K=constant

Y=yb-yf=+_2

+ for progressive

_ for retrogressive.

yf=Yb+_2

Yc=+_1

The number of parallel paths in the armature =mp

Where m is the multiplicity of winding.

3.2 Simplex wave winding:In wave winding the finish end of the one coil is connected to the
start of another coil which is located under a similar pole to one under which the first coil is
started. The details of the winding is given below..

(a)both the pitches yb and yf are odd and are nearly equal to the pole pitch.They may be equal
or differ by 2,in which case they are respectively one more or one lessthan the average pitch.

(b)Result pitch yr=yb+yf/2

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(c)Commutator pitch yc= no.of commutator+_1/no.of pairs of holes

(d) The number of parallel paths is 2.

(e) A minimum of two brush positions are required on commutator irrespective of number of
poles.

(f) The two ends of the armature coil are connected to the two commutator segments which
are two pole pitches apart.

(g) The wave wound generators are used for supplying high voltage and low currents loads.
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(a)both the pitches yb.and yf are odd and are nearly equal to the pole pitch.They may be
equal or differ by 2,in which case they are respectively one more or one less than the average
pitch.
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