ENERGY

ENEL, ROME, ITALY

Around the Clock Solar Power

Thermal modeling enabled the optimization of a critical drainage system for Archimede, the first
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant in the world to use molten salt for heat transfer as well as storage
and to be integrated with an existing combined cycle gas facility.

BY JENNIFER HAND

S ituated on the east coast of Sicily,

this innovative industrial demonstra-
tion plant uses Parabolic Trough CSP
technology to generate electricity during
sunny hours as well as under overcast
conditions or at night. Jointly developed
Archimede incorporates 30,000 square
meters of reflective parabolic mirror sur-
face, in the shape of troughs. The sun’s
rays are concentrated onto long thin tubes,
which together make up a receiver pipeline
running along the inside of the curved sur-
(464° F) so that it melts and can pass into
the tubes. Once it is molten, it is heated
further by the sun and channeled to a
dedicated steam generator where it pro-
duces high-pressure steam that drives a
turbine in the adjacent combined-cycle
power plant.

“The annual solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency The Molten Salt Advantage

is over 15% better than other CSP plants. ”
by Italian utility ENEL and the Italian
National Agency for New Technologies
ENEA, it began operating in July 2010
and is named after the mathematician
and engineer Archimedes who lived in
the nearby town of Syracuse.
faces and stretching for 5,400 meters. This
pipeline contains a heat transfer fluid made
of 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium
nitrate, commonly used as fertilizer.
During the start-up of the power plant
this mixture is heated to at least 240° C
Mainly located in the US and Spain,
there are several CSP plants already in
operation. They all depend on pipes filled
with diathermal oil to absorb solar heat
and older CSP plants can only operate in
the daytime under direct sunlight. New-
er plants have extended their operating
hours through the use of molten salt as
a medium for storing heat in large, well-
insulated tanks.

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ENEL, ROME, ITALY

Using molten salt for heat capture as between the two storage tanks is 2.5 to maintain the salt’s liquid state. Daniele
well as storage has several advantages times higher. Consoli, Project Engineer in the Engineer-
over pressurized oil. Molten salt oper- Salt is clean and one big advantage ing and Innovation Division of ENEL, ex-
ates at 550° C (1022° F) compared with is that once it has been cooled it can be plains, “At 220° C (428° F) salt is frozen.
oil at 390° C (734° F) so power output reused. Oil degrades, is flammable and, It melts at 240° C (464° F) and in order for
goes up, maximizing energy efficiency as a toxic substance, needs to be dis- it to remain liquid it must be kept at 290°
and potentially reducing the consump- posed of carefully. In addition, molten C (554° F). When molten salt acts as the
tion of fossil fuels. The annual solar-to- salt allows the steam turbines used in heat transfer fluid circulating in the tubes
electricity conversion efficiency is over the CSP process to operate within the in which irradiation is concentrated, the
15% better than other CSP plants. standard pressure and temperature pipes must be able to withstand constant
Because no oil-to-salt heat exchang- regulations at which fossil fuel plants heat up to 300° C (572° F) degrees to pre-
ers are required, the solar field is run. This provides the potential for con- vent the salt solidifying and causing an
completely integrated with the energy ventional power plants to be integrated obstruction. An electrical trace system is
storage system and there is minimal easily with CSP plants like Archimede. therefore required to preheat the pipe-
heat loss. This means that the tanks line and to facilitate the emptying of the
are less than half the size of competing Conjugate Heat Transfer circuit which drains the solar collector.”
parabolic trough CSP technologies with Simulation Accordingly, the Research Division of
the same storage capability yet they Unfortunately the advantages of mol- ENEL chose to make the pipeline from
provide seven hours of thermal storage. ten salt also present a technical challenge: a stainless steel alloy to withstand ex-
The cold storage tank of tremely high temperatures.
both technologies works at “This is an experimental
290°C (554° F). The temper- power plant and there have
ature of the hot storage tank been some critical points
in oil-based CSP plants is throughout the project,” con-
390°C (734° F), a difference tinues Daniele Consoli. “COM-
between hot and cold tank of SOL Multiphysics has helped
100°. The temperature of the us to solve technical issues as
hot storage tank in the Archi- they arose, for example when
mede plant is 550°C (1022° we needed to analyze tempera-
F), a difference between hot ture and heat loss throughout
and cold tank of 260°C. Com- the drainage circuit and opti-
paring the Archimede plant mize both its geometry and in-
with oil-based CSP plants sulation properties.” The team
the temperature difference Figure 1. Drainage system and detail of conic shape drain created a model of the drain

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ENEL, ROME, ITALY

(Figure 1) within COMSOL “Being able to

Multiphysics and the results
(Figure 2) were quickly validat- simulate plant
ed by a physical investigation
of thermography (Figure 3) and operation related to
thermocouple measurements.
“To begin, we undertook two design choices on
kinds of simulation. Firstly we
created a stationary model and critical components
used it to determine the level
of heating power which needed was extremely
to be applied by cable to ensure
that the temperature in all important.”
areas of the drainage system Figure 2. COMSOL simulation of the conic shape drain (the temperature field
remained above the point at expressed in °C is shown).
which salt solidifies. We car- to stop one branch of the plant
ried out a 3D solid-fluid conju- from producing energy whilst
gate heat transfer simulation we undertook a repair opera-
where both the conic drain part tion. Then we would need to
and the surrounding air were follow complex procedures in
modeled. We considered heat order to reactivate the affected
transfer by conduction in the branch, a process that takes at
former, while both conduction least 2 working days. All this
and convection were taken into would result in the loss of tens
account in the latter. All the of man-hours, significant op-
material properties were tem- erational income, and above
perature dependent. We simu- all, clean energy. In addition,
lated heat loss in the remain- being aware of the thermal
ing part of the drain by using stresses that the drain and the
COMSOL’s built-in library of whole plant are subjected to,
local heat transfer coefficients. we can schedule the preven-
Thanks to such coefficients we tive maintenance in a more ef-
saved both computational time fective way.”
and resources without affecting Figure 3. IR Thermography of the conic shape drain. According to Daniele Consoli
the accuracy of the simulation.” another way to have sized the
The team then created a second, dynam- salt) and convection and radiation for the heating cables would have been via an it-
ic, model to study the transient heating of surrounding air outside the tank.” erative process based on experience and on
the drain and check the time required to monitoring the effectiveness of incremen-
achieve the desired temperature. Reliable Process Operation tal changes in an empirical way. “With
Another example of COMSOL applica- Given the over 50 million Euro ENEL COMSOL we quickly discovered the exact
tion in CSP plant analysis has been the total investment in the Archimede project, amount of thermal power required and
development of a model of the storage it was not difficult for Daniele Consoli to then validated the results directly.”
system to assess how, after validation, it propose a business case for COMSOL Mul- The Archimede project has attracted
could be optimized for plants of a larger tiphysics. “Being able to simulate plant op- great interest from utility companies with-
size. This may incorporate several ther- eration related to design choices on critical in Europe and around the globe. Daniele
mal bridges which would have to be as- components was extremely important. In Consoli again, “We were building the first
sessed in order to avoid the potential the case of the drainage circuit, simula- power plant in world to use this technol-
for significant and costly thermal power tion may significantly reduce the risk of ogy and we needed to get the first plant
losses. Daniele Consoli explains how heat potential damage to the power plant and right and then go on to improve it. There
transfer was modeled, “We considered the consequent costs in case of failures. are many potential opportunities for solar
heat transfer by conduction along the COMSOL Multiphysics represented an thermodynamic technology and the next
thickness of the wall (steel, insulation, al- appropriate tool for those analyses.” Parabolic Trough CSP may be much larg-
uminium sheet) and the foundation of the From the operating and maintenance er. As the technical challenges may also be
tank. We took both conduction and con- point of view the drain represents a single bigger we will continue to employ COM-
vection into account for the fluid (molten point of failure. “If it failed we would have SOL Multiphysics.” n

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