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POLAR COORDINATES
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8.1 Polar Coordinates System
Definition:
P( r, θ )
θ
O
Note:
(i) θ is positive in anticlockwise direction, and it
is negative in clockwise direction.
(ii) Polar coordinate of a point is not unique.
(iii) A point (− r ,θ ) is in the opposite direction of
point (r ,θ ).
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Example: Plot the following set of points in the
same diagram:
( ) ( ) (− 3,225 )
(a) 3,225 ! , 1,225 ! , !
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
(b) ⎜ 2, ⎟ , ⎜ 2,− ⎟, ⎜ − 2, ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
a)
b)
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For every point P(r,θ) in , there exist 3
more coordinates that represent the point P.
P ( 2, 450 )
Example:
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8.2 Relationship between Cartesian and Polar
Coordinates
1) Polar Cartesian
x = r cosθ y = r sinθ
2) Cartesian Polar
2 2 y
r= x +y tan θ =
x
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Example: Find the Cartesian coordinates of the
points whose polar coordinates are given as
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
(a) ⎜1, ⎟ (b) ⎜ − 4, ⎟ (
(c) 2,−30 ! )
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
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Example: Find all polar coordinates of the points
whose rectangular coordinates are given as
(a) (11,5) (b) (0,2 ) (c) (− 4,−4)
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8.3 Forming polar equations from Cartesian
equations and vice-versa.
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ r = x2 + y2
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Example: Express the following polar equations in
rectangular equations.
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(a) r = 2 sin θ (b) r =
4 cos θ + 5 sin θ
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8.4 Graph Sketching of Polar Equations
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Example 1: Sketch the graph of r = 2 sin θ
Solution: (Method 1)
Here is the complete table
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
0 1.0 1.732 2 1.732 1 0 -1.0
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Method 2
Symmetrical test for f (θ ) = 2 sin θ
Symmetry Symmetrical test
f (− θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About x-axis
f (π − θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About y-axis
f (π + θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About origin
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Since r symmetry at y-axis, consider in range
[0, 900] and [2700, 3600]
0 30 60 90 270 300 330 360
0 1.0 1.732 2 -2 -1.732 -1 0
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Example 2: Sketch the graph of r = − cos θ
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Symmetry Symmetrical test
f (− θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About x-axis
f (π − θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About y-axis
f (π + θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About origin
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Since r symmetry at x-axis, consider in range
[0, 1800] only.
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
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r = − cos θ
2
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Example 3: Sketch the graph of r = 2 sin 2 θ
Symmetry Symmetrical test
f (− θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About x-axis
f (π − θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About y-axis
f (π + θ ) = f (θ ) ?
About origin
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Since r symmetry at ____________, consider in
range ____________ only.
r = 2 sin 2 θ
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