Harvard Referencing Guide

Contents

Contents Page Number

What are references and citations? 1

1
The importance of referencing

When to cite other sources in your work 1

How to use quotation, paraphrase and summary in your text 1

Avoiding plagiarism 2

How to write in-text citations 2-4

Direct quotation
Paraphrase and summary
Secondary citation
Citing a source with multiple authors
Citing from different sources by the same author
Citing an online source

How to compile a bibliography list 5-9

A. Book
B. Books with editors
C. E-Book
D. Print Journals
E. Electronic Journals
F. Thesis or Dissertation
G. Conference Presentation or Paper
H. Interview
I. Newspaper Article
J. Online Newspaper Article
K. Television
L. Television Interview
M. Radio
N. Film, Video and DVD
O. CD-Rom / Music CD

Bibliography 10 - 11
What are references and citations?

In the course of writing an academic paper, whether to provide an in-depth analysis of a

subject or to argue your point, you need to refer to the work of others. Referencing is a
systematic way of acknowledging the work that you have referred to. This is don
e
through the use of citations in the body of your text and a reference list or a bibliography
section at the end of the paper.

An in-text citation is a brief acknowledgement given in the body of your text. Often, it is
done by providing the name(s) of the author and the year of publication, for example
(Swift, 2010).

A reference or bibliography list gives a complete list of the citations found in the text. It
gives complete publication details of each citation.

The Importance of Referencing

Citations and referencing are important to ensure that your work is of high academic
standard. They demonstrate:
 your in-depth knowledge of the subject matter through developing and cross-
referencing your ideas with those of experts in the field, and
 your acknowledgement of the influence of other people’s ideas to your own
development of ideas.

When to cite other sources in your work

You need to cite the work of others in your text when you:
 use quotations from other sources,
 paraphrase ideas or facts from other sources, and / or
 summarise ideas or facts from other sources.

Whenever you do this, you need to provide the full details in your bibliography list.

How to use quotations, paraphrase and summary in your text

When you quote, paraphrase or summarise from another source, you should ensure that:
 it is relevant to the argument or point that you are making,
 it is grammatically correct and flows with what comes before and after, and
 it is concise.

1
Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the use of words, facts, ideas, visual images and data from other sources
without properly acknowledging them. Whether it is done intentionally or otherwise, it is
still considered a serious offense. Properly documenting your sources while doing your
research and citing them in your work ensures that you reduce the possibility of
committing this offense.

How to Write In-Text Citations

1. Direct quotation
A direct quotation contains the exact words used by an author in the same order.

A short direct quotation is inserted directly into your text accompanied by closing
and ending quotation marks. The page number where the quote was extracted
from should be provided.

Example:

Troyka and Hesse (2007, p.11) point out that people who are or aim to become
professional writers “often seek comments from other writers to improve their
rough drafts”.

or

Troyka and Hesse point out that people who are or aim to become professional
writers “often seek comments from other writers to improve their rough drafts”
(2007, p.11).

A long quotation - longer than two lines - should be separated from your text and
indented at the left and the right margins. Quotation marks are not necessary but
the page number should still be provided.

Example:

There is a need to examine a communication situation in a holistic manner or we

will be guilty of becoming:

… like the proverbial blind men examining different parts of an

elephant, we may accurately describe some influential factors in a
communication situation but omit others necessary for a full
understanding of what happened (Knapp & Vangelisti, 2000, p. 86).
2
 Clearly, we should look beyond the communication situation and take into
consideration past experience and cultural beliefs that individual communicators
bring to the situation.

2. Paraphrase and Summary

Use the name of author(s) and year in bracket to show that you are paraphrasing
or summarising from another source. You do not need to include the page
number or use quotation marks.

Example:

Direct quote:
“Never assume that your instructor can’t detect plagiarism. Instructors have keen
eyes for writing styles that are different from the ones students generally produce
and from your own style in particular” (Troyka and Hesse, 2007, p. 541).

Paraphrase
Troyka and Hesse (2007) caution students against thinking that their teachers are
not able to recognise plagiarised work as their experience enables them to identify
the specific styles of writing employed by their students.

Summary
Teachers can recognise plagiarised work despite students believing otherwise
(Troyka and Hesse, 2007).

You must be careful when you paraphrase or summarise another author so that
you do not distort the original meaning.

If you do use even part of a sentence from the original source, you need to use
single quotation marks to indicate that it is a direct quote. Passing off a direct
quotation as a paraphrase or summary can be considered as plagiarism.

3. Secondary Citation

It is important to trace the original work of an author that you want to quote.
However, if this is not possible and you still need to quote the author, your in-text
citation should mention two names, i.e. the name of the author(s) whose idea you
are quoting and the author(s) who cited this idea.

Example:
Qsundare (1995) cited by Kachru and Nelson (2006, p. 203) stated clearly that
“the African writer today (like most other Africans) is not only bilingual but also
Bicultural”.

Based on the example above, it is clear that Qsundare is the owner of the idea and
he was cited by Kachru and Nelson. However, your bibliography should provide
the details for Kachru and Nelson (2006) as this is the work that you referred to.

3
4. Citing from a Source with Multiple-Authors

If you are citing from a source with two authors, both names must be given, as
shown in the example above. However, if there are more than two authors, use et
al. which means ‘and others’ in Latin. The full details must be given in your
bibliography.

Example:
Kaarthiyainy et al. (2004) argued that…

Refer to the bibliography list to find out how this source is listed.

5. Citing from Different Sources by the Same Author

For sources by the same author which are published in different years, the use of
name and year of publication in bracket is still applicable as the year indicated
will help to differentiate the sources.

Example:

Grellet (1983) believes…

Grellet (1996) explains that…

These sources should appear chronologically in your bibliography list. Refer to

the bibliography list to find out how these sources are listed.

For sources by the same author and published in the same year, use a, b, etc. to
differentiate the sources.

Example:

Anderson (2006a), Anderson (2006b) and so on.

These sources should appear alphabetically based on the title of the work in the
bibliography list.

6. Citing an Online Source

If you are citing from an online source, whether it is an on-line journal, database
or a website, do not include the URL in your text. The methods described above
should be used. The URL is only given in the bibliography entry, together with
other relevant details.

4
How to Compile a Bibliography List

A bibliography list should be compiled in alphabetical order based on the author(s)

surname or by organisation. The list should placed at the back of your assignment.
Begin your list on a new page.

The following explains how you should present the details for each source for your
bibliography list. You can then check the bibliography list that follows to see how the
sources are listed in the bibliography list.

A. Book

i. Single author

Author. (Year) Title in italics. Edition if any. City of publication: Publisher.

Coon, D. (2005) Psychology: A Journey. 2nd ed. Southbank, Victoria:

Thomas Wadsworth.

ii. Multiple authors

Author and 2nd Author. (Year) Title in italics. Edition if any. City of
publication: Publisher.

Kachru. Y. and Nelson, C.L. (2006) World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong
Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

If there are more than two authors, a comma is used to separate the names of
the author, ‘and’ is used to precede the name of the last author.

B. Books (edited)

Author. (ed). (Year) Title in italics. Edition if any. City of publication: Publisher.

Warr, P. (ed.) (1996) Psychology at Work. 4th ed. London: Penguin Books.

C. E-Book

Author. (Year) Title in italics. Edition if any. City of publication: Publisher. URL
[access date in square brackets].

5
 Caslione, J. A. (2002) Global Manifest Destiny: Growing Your Business in a
Borderless World. Chicago: http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.sunway.edu.my/
lib/sunway/Top?adv.x=true&c=all&channelName=sunway&cpage=1&d=all&doc
ID=10014626&f00=text&f01=publisher&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&l=all&lay
out=document&p00=business+management&p01=Dearborn+Trade%2C+A+Kapl
an+Professional+Company&sglayout=default&sortBy=score&sortOrder=desc.
Dearborn Trade Publishing. [accessed 08 November 2007].

D. Print Journals

Author(s) of article (Year of journal) ‘Title of article’ Title of journal in italics.

Volume, Page no(s).

Teoh Hsien-Jin (2006) ‘Temperamental and anti-social factors affecting how

primary school children make and keep friends’ Sunway Academic Journal. 3, 35
– 47.

E. Electronic Journals
(Note: This does not include journals accessed using the library online databases,
which will use the print journal format)

Author(s) of article (Year of journal) ‘Title of article’ Title of journal in italics.

Volume (Issue) Page no(s). URL [access date in square brackets].

Pitt-Catsouphes, Matz-Costa, M.C. and MacDermid, S.M (2007) ‘HRD

Responses to Work – Family Stressors’ Advances in Developing Human
Resources. 9 (11)527 - 543. http://adh.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/9/4/527 [accessed
25 November 2007].

F. Thesis or dissertation

Author. (Year) Title of thesis or dissertation in italics. Degree awarded.

University awarding the thesis or dissertation.

Schmidt, A. (2002) Ubiquitous Computing – Computing in Context. PhD Thesis.

University of Lancaster.

G. Conference Presentation / Paper

Presenter(s). (Year). ‘Title of presentation’ Title of conference in italics.

Organisers of conference, Place of conference. (Date of conference).
6
 Kaarthiyainy Supramaniam, Sheela Paramasivam and Nalini Arumugam. (2004)
‘Aspects of Designs and Decisions in Multimedia Presentations’ The 5th Malaysia
International Conference on English Language Teaching. MICELT, Malacca.
(10 -12th May 2004).

H. Interview

Name of person interviewed. (Year). [Personal communication]. Date of interview

Nayagam, J. (2007). [Personal Communication]. 12 April.

I. Newspaper Article

Author(s). (Year) ‘Title of article’ Title of newspaper in italics. Day and month,
Page no(s).

Yeow Pooi Ling. (2007) ‘Eksons HI profit jumps 28%’ The Star. 22 November,
B3.

J. Online Newspaper Article

Author(s). (Year) ‘Title of article’ Title of newspaper in italics. Page no(s) URL
[access date in square brackets].

Doyle, A. (2007) ‘Climate report revives “dangerous” change dispute’ The Star.
p. 3. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=2007/11/20worldupdates/2007-11-
20r002358z_01_nootr_rttmdnc_0_india-305823-1&sec=worldupdates [accessed
19 March 2007].

K. Television

Title of programme. Season Episode number. ‘Title of episode’ Channel. Full date
of transmission. Time of transmition based on 24-hour clock.

Ghost Whisperer. Season 2 Episode 17. ‘Children of Ghosts’ 8TV. 20 November

2007 2130hrs.

L. Television Interview

Name of person interviewed. ‘Interview’ In: Title of programme Channel. Full

date of transmission. Time of transmition based on 24-hour clock.
Lee Lam Thye. ‘Interview’ In: News at 10. TV3. 3 February 2006. 2200hrs.
7
M. Radio

Title of programme. Radio station. Full date of transmission. Time of

transmission based on 24-hour clock.

The Breakfast Show. Mix FM. 4 June 2007. 0815hrs.

N. Film, Video and DVD

Title of the film/video/DVD in italics. (Date of release) Directed by Director’s

name. Region of publication: Production company. [Medium and format].

The Sound of Music. (1965) Directed by Robert Wise. UK: Robert Wise
Productions. [Film: 35mm]

The King and I. (1990) Directed by Walter Lang. New York: Twentieth Century
Fox. [Video-recording].

The Break-Up. (2006) Directed by Peyton Reed. USA: Universal Studios [DVD].

O. CD-ROM / Music CD

Article from a full-text CD-ROM database

Author(s) ‘Title of the article’ Title of newspaper or journal in italics. [Medium].

Full date. Page no(s).

Atkinson, T. and Rogers, C. ‘Challenges in cross-cultural communication’

Communication Today. [CD-ROM] 20 September 2003. p.23.

8
 Music CD
Artist(s). (Release date) Produced by Name of Producer(s). Title of CD in italics.
Place of release: Name of record company. [Medium].

Kelly Clarkson. (2003) Produced by Clive Davis. Thankful. USA: RCA Records.
[CD].

P. Website

Organisation (Date) ‘Title of article’ Title of page or section in italics. URL

[access date in square brackets].

Coping.org (2007) ‘Watch out for these common fallacies’ Tools for Improving
Critical Thinking. http://www.coping.org/write/percept/fallacies/content.htm#
Missing [accessed 24 November 2007].

9
Bibliography

Atkinson, T. and Rogers, C. ‘Challenges in cross-cultural communication’

Communication Today. [CD-ROM] 20 September 2003. p.23.

Caslione, J.A. (2002) Global Manifest Destiny: Growing Your Business in a Borderless
World. Chicago: http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.sunway.edu.my/lib/sunway/
Top?adv.x=true&c=all&channelName=sunway&cpage=1&d=all&docID=10014626&f0
0=text&f01=publisher&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&l=all&layout=document&p00=busi
ness+management&p01=Dearborn+Trade%2C+A+Kaplan+Professional+Company&sgla
yout=default&sortBy=score&sortOrder=desc. Dearborn Trade Publishing. [accessed 08
November 2007].

nd
Coon, D. (2005) Psychology: A Journey. 2 ed. Southbank, Victoria: Thomas
Wadsworth.

Coping.org (2007) ‘Watch out for these common fallacies’ Tools for Improving Critical
Thinking. http://www.coping.org/write/percept/fallacies/content.htm# Missing [accessed
24 November 2007].

Doyle, A. (2007) ‘Climate report revives “dangerous” change dispute’ The Star. p. 3.
http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=2007/11/20worldupdates/2007-11-
20r002358z_01_nootr_rttmdnc_0_india-305823-1&sec=worldupdates [accessed 19
November 2007].

Education Atlas.com (2006) ‘Solving Math word problems’ Education Atlas.com.

http://www.educationatlas.com/solving-math-word-problems.html [accessed 24
November 2007].

Grellet, F. (1983) Developing Reading Skills: A Practical Guide to Reading

Comprehension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Grellet, F. (1996) Writing for Advanced Learners of English. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Kaarthiyainy Supramaniam, Sheela Paramasivam and Nalini Arumugam. (2004)

th
‘Aspects of Designs and Decisions in Multimedia Presentations’ The 5 Malaysia
th
International Conference on English Language Teaching. MICELT, Malacca. (10 -12
May 2004).

Kachru. Y. and Nelson, C.L. (2006) World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong:
Hong Kong University Press.

Kelly Clarkson. (2003) Produced by Clive Davis. Thankful. USA: RCA Records. [CD].

10
Knapp, M.L. and Vangelisti, A.L. (2000) Interpersonal Communication and Human
Relationships. 4th ed. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.

Nayagam, J. (2007). [Personal Communication]. 12 April.

Pitt-Catsouphes, Matz-Costa, M.C. and MacDermid, S.M (2007) ‘HRD Responses to

Work – Family Stressors’ Advances in Developing Human Resources. 9 (11)527 - 543.
http://adh.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/9/4/527 [accessed 25 November 2007].

Teoh Hsien-Jin (2006) ‘Temperamental and anti-social factors affecting how primary
school children make and keep friends’ Sunway Academic Journal. 3, 35 – 47.

The Break-Up. (2006) Directed by Peyton Reed. USA: Universal Studios [DVD].

The King and I. (1990) Directed by Walter Lang. New York: Twentieth Century Fox.
[Video-recording].

The Sound of Music. (1965) Directed by Robert Wise. UK: Robert Wise Productions.
[Film: 35mm]

Troyka, L.Q and Hesse, D. (2007) Handbook for Writers. 8th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Education Ltd.

Yeow Pooi Ling. (2007) ‘Eksons HI profit jumps 28%’ The Star. 22 November, B3.

11