Siddhartha Ray

GIS Studio Final 2007

No.13. | M.Arch (Env.) | Semester 12 | Session 2007

IEA, Academy of Architecture | Rachana Sansad

GIS Studio Final 2007

Index: A. Introduction to Bhandra:

Topic Pg State of Jharkhand

A 1. Exercise 1: 2
Introduction to Bhandra
1.1 Base Map of Bhandra 3

B 5. Exercise 5: 4
Exploratory Mapping, Terrain Analysis
5.1 TIN & Contour
5.2 Watershed 5 Lohardaga district
5.2.1 Pour Points Is one of the poorest districts of
5.2.2 Watershed Area & Delineation Jharkhand;
5.3 Terrain Analysis 6 predominantly rural, with heavy
5.3.1 Slope Percentage 7 dependence on agriculture and low
5.3.2 Slope Degree 8 industrial investments.
5.3.3 Slope Aspect 9 Around 50% of the households
5.3.4 Slope relief below poverty line of the district
5.3.5 Visibility 10 are in the sample blocks.
C Bibliography / References 11 Bhandra Taluka
Geographical area of 195.76 sq
Kms.
56 villages are part of 13 Gram
Panchayats.
According to Census 2001, male
population was 27999, female
27541, population of 0-6 ages
11247

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Exercise 1.1: Base Map of Bhandra

1. Initial bitmap image of Bhandra Taluka 2. Bhandra Taluka Map showing villages 3. Bhandra Taluka Map showing Roads,
Railways, & Amenities

4. Simple query 5. Advanced query

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B. Exercise 5.1

Exercise 5: Exploratory Mapping ECRSC.vec” from the folder A11124 used.

Terrain Analysis [30 points]
1. Generated TIN
2. Then a Contour file.
5.1. For this exercise you may create a contour file from scratch or use the file
“ECRSC.vec” for the folder A11124. Generate a contour file use

5.2. Do a watershed delineation of the DEM file. We need to understand the

pattern of flow from 1000 hectors of area. What are pour points in a
watershed analysis?

5.3. Do any one terrain analysis from the information provided to you. Describe
briefly why you choose and explain the concept for the same.

A. The points indicate spot levels or depth taken at locations/intersections on a

grid
B. TIN approximates the land surface with a series of non-overlapping
triangles.
C. Elevation values are stored as nodes that make up the triangles.
D. TINs are based on an irregular distribution of elevation points
E. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and the contour interval
represents the vertical distance between contour lines

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Exercise 5.2 : Watershed Exercise 5.2.2 : Watershed Area & Delineation

Exercise 5.2.1 : Pour Points A. Watersheds are shown in different colours

File name: Kolar B. Watershed is an area that drains water and other substance to a
common outlet. (1) A watershed is also called a basin or catchments. (2)
C. Shown below is the watershed contributing to the point indicated in
yellow (encircled)

A. Here the threshold value is 1000 hectares

B. The drainages in blue colour which carry water from 1000ha of area are
shown with points which are indicated as red dots

Application:
A. The pour points, depending upon how closely packed i.e located at
what interval (density) would indicate intensity of drainage of water
along that length of the drainage / stream Application:
B. Thereby, it can give good indication to locate check dams or bunds A. These watersheds indicate the area from where the water is drained to
water to tap maximum watershed area within the shortest length of the the drainages
drainage B. The quantum of water flowing into the drainage stream i.e run off can
C. To indicate probable spots vulnerable to erosion & thus be calculated:
Estimation of run off
Q =1 /36 C I A (or) 0.0277 C I A

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 Exercise 5.3 :Terrain analysis
Where: Q = Peak run off rate in Cumecs.
(1)
C = Run off co-efficient (C= run off/Rainfall) So C is always less • Slope measures the rate of change of elevation at a surface location.
than 1 • A DEM represents an array of elevation points.
• The quality of a DEM can influence the accuracy of terrain measures,
such as slopes and aspects.
• For terrain analysis, point-based DEMs must first be converted to
software-specific raster data.

DEM

Application:
A. Slope is a crucial parameter in several well-known predictive models
used for environmental management, including the Universal Soil Loss
Equation and agricultural non-point source pollution models. (3)

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Exercise 5.3.1 Terrain module
Interpolation
 Slope
Percentage slope

Slope Percentage
One way to express slope is as a percentage. To calculate percent slope, divide
the difference between the elevations of two points by the distance between
them, then multiply the product by 100. The difference in elevation between
points is called the rise. The distance between the points is called the run.
Thus, percent slope equals (rise / run) x 100. (2)

Calculating percent slope.

• A rise of 100m over a run
of 100m yields a 100%
slope.
• A 50m rise over a 100m
run yields a 50% slope.

Percentage slope

Application:
A. To indicate or assess the steepness of a landform and thereby its
probable soil quality or as indicator to recognise change of earth strata
of a given area (also dependent upon surrounding soil qualities &
location of vegetation as support indicators)
B. To indicate slopes /areas vulnerable to soil erosion (depending upon
soil qualities & which lack vegetation)
C. To indicate slopes /areas which are more than 50% - such will require
vegetation to counter soil erosion
D. For road mapping
E. To seek probable areas of landslides (depending upon aspect slope
also)

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Exercise 5.3.2 Terrain module
Interpolation
Slope
Degree slope

Slope Degree

Another way to express slope is as a slope angle, or degree of slope. As shown

below, if you visualize rise and run as sides of a right triangle, then the degree
of slope is the angle opposite the rise. Since degree of slope is equal to the
tangent of the fraction rise/run, it can be calculated as the arctangent of
rise/run. (2)

Calculating degree slope.

• A rise of 100m over a run of
100m yields a 45° slope
angle.
• A rise of 50m over a run of
100m yields a 26.6° slope
angle.

Degree slope

Application:
Same as that of Slope Percentage viz.
A. To indicate or assess the steepness of a landform
B. To indicate slopes /areas vulnerable to soil erosion (depending upon
soil qualities & which lack vegetation)
C. To indicate slopes /areas which are more than 50% - such will require
vegetation to counter soil erosion
D. For road mapping
E. To gauge probable areas of landslides (depending upon aspect slope
also)

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Exercise 5.3.3 Exercise 5.3.4
Slope Aspect Slope Relief

Terrain module
Interpolation
 Aspect Terrain module
Interpolation
Relief

(1)
Aspect is the directional measure of slope. A raised-relief map or terrain model is a three-dimensional representation,
usually of terrain. When representing terrain, the elevation dimension is usually
exaggerated by a factor between five and ten(3)

Application:
A. To gauge probable direction of landslides.
B. To seek direction of flow of a a particular watershed Application:
(3)
C. To locate soil pits (checking erosion of soil) A. This facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features.
D. To gauge direction of probable groundwater flow

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Exercise 5.3.5

Visibility

Terrain module
Terrain
 Visibility

To demarcate the visible area from a given point on a contour map

Visibility @2m. elevated height at the given point.

Visibility dialogue box; floating height of observer is the variable

Application:
A. To locate view towers in nature sanctuaries; and thereby to plan a safe
and non-disturbing access to it.
B. Also, to locate forest guard posts; or guard posts in a secure area or
border zone.
C. Vice versa, locations with good views are also viewed by its viewshed;
therefore to locate points/areas for which apt development regulations
could be formulated.
D. To locate communication towers

Visibility @+500m elevated height at the given point.

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C.

Bibliography / Webliography / References:

Sr. Reference Details Remarks

No.
(1) Ms. Madhulika Singh
Lecture Presentations for
Insitute of Environmental
Architecture.
Rachana Sansad, Mumbai, India
In Semester II – Session 2007

(2) ESRI Ref: (1)

(3) Wikipedia

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