National College of Engineering: Final Year Project Report ON

Structural Design For Earthquake Resistance Multi-storeyed Hospital Building
NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to Tribhuvan University)
Talchhikhel, Lalitpur
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

ON
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE
MULTISTORIED HOSPITAL BUILDING
Course code CE755
Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering
Advisor
Er. Kritam Maharjan Prepared By
Ashesh Thapa(067/BCE/407)
Hemant Raj Paudyal(067/BCE/414)
Prazwal Raj Pandey(067/BCE/429)
Bikram Upadhyaya(067/BCE/434)
Sailesh Adhikari(067/BCE/442)
Santosh Subedi(067/BCE/448)
August 18, 2014

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to Tribhuvan University)
Talchhikhel, Lalitpur
Certificate
This is to certify that this project work entitled “Structural Design for Earthquake Resistance of
Multistoried Hospital Building” has been examined and it has been declared successful for the
fulfillment of the academic requirements towards the completion of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil
Engineering.
………………………. ………………………
External Examiner Supervisor
…………………….. Er. Kritam Maharjan
…………………………………
Prof. Amrit Man Thuladhar
Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Acknowledgement
We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to Our Supervisor Er.
Kritam Maharjan, whom we respect and honour for his level of knowledge that he acquires, for his
exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this Project.
The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry us a long way in the journey of
life on which we are about to embark.
We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Er. Amrit Man Tuladhar, HOD
(Civil) National College of Engineering, for his cordial support, valuable information and guidance,
which helped us in completing this task through various stages.
We are obliged to staff members of National college of Engineering, for the valuable information
provided by them in their respective fields. We are grateful for their cooperation during the period of
our assignment.
Lastly, we thank our parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement without
which this Project would not have been possible.
PREFACE
This project as a curriculum of B.E. Civil final year has provided students' academic and professional
knowledge on various aspects under the heading "STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANCE MULTISTORIED HOSPITAL BUILDING".
During these few decades, reinforced concrete as a construction material has been used extensively
for the construction of multi-storey building particularly in urbanized area of Nepal.
There is the need of proper analysis, design and detailing of building with respect to safety, economy,
stability and strength. The assurance of Quality of design of the various structural components of a
building before construction and quality control of work during construction is important. In addition,
considerations of different types of loads that are to act during service life of structure are necessity.
This report presents all considerations made, procedure adopted and results obtained for the structural
design of building.
The report starting from introduction up to recommendations provides the idea of analysis of building,
design, sectional drawings and systematic efforts to easily implementation of project at the sites. In
the report the results of calculations are presented in tabular form and sample calculations are
provided in detail. References to the appropriate clauses of standard codes of practices(IS: 456-2000,
IS:875 Part I,II and IS: 13920-1993 for the ductility and seismic code IS:1893-2002. and for
column SP-16 have been made where ever necessary.
Every effort was made to minimize the errors in the report. However few errors might have occurred.
Project implementation team will be very much grateful to the readers, bringing such errors to their
notice.
SYMBOLS
Ac Area of concrete
Ag Gross area of section
As Area of steel in column or in a singly reinforced beam or slab
Asc Area of compressional steel
Asv Area of stirrups
b Breadth of beam or shorter side of rectangular column
D Overall depth of beam or slab of diameter of column of larger dimension in a rectangular column
or dimension of a rectangular column in the direction of bending
d Effective depth of a beam or slab
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es Modulus of elasticity of steel
ex Eccentricity with respect to major axis (xx-axis)
ey Eccentricity with respect to minor axis(yy-axis)
emin Minimum eccentricity
fcc Compressive stress in concrete at the level of centroid of compression reinforcement
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
fy Characteristic yield strength of steel
Ieff Effective moment of inertia
Ld Development length of bar
l Length of column or span of beam
lex Effective length of a column, bending about xx-axis
ley Effective length of a column, bending abouth yy-axis
M Maximum moment under service loads
Mu Design moment for Limit State Design (factored moment)
Mu,lim Limiting moment of resistance of a singly reinforced rectangular beam
Mux Design moment about xx-axis
Muy Design moment about yy-axis
Mux1 Max. uniaxial moment capacity of section with axial load, bending about xx-axis
Muy1 Max. uniaxial moment capacity of section with axial load, bending about yy-axis
P Axial load
Pu Design axial load for limit state design ( factored load )
p percentage of reinforcement
Sv Spacing of stirrups
V Shear force
Vu Shear force due to factored loads
α Angle
σcbc Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
σcc Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression
σs Stress in steel bar
σsc Permissible stress in steel in compression
σst Permissible stress in steel in tension
σsv Permissible stress in shear reinforcement
τv Nominal shear stress
τbd Design bond stress
τc Shear stress in concrete
τc,max Maximum shear stress on concrete with shear reinforcement
φ Diameter of bar
THEORY
Contents
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
As per the course of syllabus for B.E. Civil fourth year second part, we have to complete a
project on any one of the different subjects offered. We have selected ‘Multi-storey Hospital
Building’ as our project and the project is entitled “STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE MULTISTORIED HOSPITAL BUILDING”. The
building which we are going to analyse and design, as our project, is a hospital building and it
is proposed at Duwakot, Bhaktapur. There is tremendous increase in population in urban
areas resulting in less available land.
Due to the problem of land scarcity multi-storied hospital buildings are being erected to meet
the demand rather than using more area’ which is not economical as well. Earthquake is one
of the dominant factors to be considered while designing the multistory frame building in
earthquake prone zone like Kathmandu Valley.
Structural Analysis deals with analyzing these internal forces in the members of the
structures. Structural design deals with sizing various members of the structures to resist the
internal forces to which they are subjected in the course of their life cycle. Unless the proper
structural detailing method is adopted the structural design will be no more effective. The
Indian Standard Code of practice should be thoroughly implemented for proper analysis,
design and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability, strength.
The project selected by our group is a multistory frame structure Hospital building located
at Kathmandu valley. According to IS1893: 2002, Kathmandu lies on V zone, the severest
one, hence the effect of earthquake is predominant to wind load. So, the building is analyzed
for earthquake as lateral load. The seismic coefficient design method as stipulated in IS
1893:2002 is applied to analyze the building for earthquake. The 3- dimensional moment
resistance frame is considered as the main structural system of the building.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in
Indian Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456-2000, Design
Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-2000, SP-16, Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design
Structures IS 1893-2002, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces Code of Practice IS 13920-1993, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and
Detailing SP-34. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety,
economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking
and deflection in concrete structures. These codes are based on principles of Limit State of
Design.
1.2 Objectives and Scopes

1.2.1 Objectives
The specific objectives of our project are:
Structural element layout in the existing architectural plan.
Preliminary design and estimation of loads for dead, live and earthquake.
Modeling of the building for structural analysis
Detailed structural analysis using structural analysis program.
Structural design and detailing of members.
Design software development for analyzing SAP2000 output and detailed design of
the
elements.
To achieve above objectives, the following schedule of work is planned
• Identification of the building and the requirement of the space.
• Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical and
horizontal loads.
• Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
• Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
• Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis.
• Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load.
• Identification of load cases and load combination cases.
• Estimating of the building.
1.2.2 Scopes
The project work is limited to the structural analysis and design only.
a. Slab
b. Beam
c. Column
d. Staircase
e. Lift wall (Shear Wall)
The required parking facilities are assumed to be provided in the basement of the
structure.
The bearing capacity of the soil is assumed.
The project work is only related with the practical application of the studied courses
in the field.
1.3 General Description of building

1.3.1 Physical Properties
Building type : Multi-Storied Hospital Building
Structural system : RCC structure
Plinth area covered : 846.814 m2
No. of storey : 7
Floor height: 3.75m for all floors and 3.6 for basement wall.
Type of sub soil: Medium soil
Seismic zone: V
1.3.2 Structural Properties
• Total number of column : 31

• Section of Column :600 mm*600 mm
• Section of Main Beam : 350 mm*700 mm
• Section of Secondary Beam :250 mm*350 mm
• Depth of Slab :125 mm
• Depth of Foundation :900 mm
• Type of foundation: Mat Foundation
1.4 Idealization and Assumption in Analysis and Design

Various assumptions have been made in analysis and design of the structures, for
consideration of simplicity and economy, namely:
Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Shrinkage and temperature strength are negligible.
Adhesion between concrete and steel is adequate to develop bond strength.
Seismic and wind load do not occur simultaneously.
1.5 Identification of loads

Dead loads are calculated as per IS 875 (Part 1) -1987.
Imposed loads according to IS 875(Part 2)-1987 have been taken.
Seismic load according to IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002 considering job site in Kathmandu
located at Zone V.
1.6 Method of analysis

The building is modeled as space frame. SAP2000V14 is adopted as the basic tool for the
execution of analysis. SAP2000V14 program is based on finite element method. Due to
possible action in building, the stress, displacement and fundamental time period are obtained
using SAP2000V14 which are used for the design of the members. Lift wall, mat foundation,
staircase, slab are analyzed separately.
1.7 Detailing
The space frame is considered as a special moment resisting frame (SMRF) with a special
detailing to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in IS13920-
1993, limit state design of reinforced concrete- P.C. Varghese are extensively used.
PRELIMINARY
DESIGN
2.1 FLOOR PLAN

2.2 Preliminary Design

2.2.1 Design of slab
lx= 3250mm
ly= 3500mm
ly/lx=3500/3250 = 1.07 < 2 (Two way slab)
a) Deflection criteria for two way slab
d= lx/40 =3250/40 =81.25mm (IS 456:2000 Pg39 -24.1)
D= d+ clear cover
= 81.25 + 25 = 106.25 ~ 125mm
Provide D= 125 mm
b) Moment Criteria for two way slab
i. Self-Weight(load) = γc * d γc = Unit weight of concrete
= 25* 125/1000
= 3.125 KN/m2
ii. Dead load
Floor finish = 26.7 KN/m3 * 0.025 (IS 456:2000, marble)

= 0.6675 KN/m2
Plaster = 19*0.012
= 0.228 KN/m2
Partition Wall = 1 KN/m2
Total dead load = 1.8955 KN/m2
iii. Live Load = 3.0 KN/m3 For laboratories (IS 456:2000)
Total load on slab (S1) = 3+1.8955+3.125

= 8.0205 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 * 8.0205
= 12.030 KN/m2
Mu= αs * lx2 * W4 IS 456:2000
For three sides continuous and 1 side discontinuous
αx(-ve)= 0.0412
αx(+ve)= 0.0308
Moment about X-axis
For positive moment
Mx = αx* W * lx2
= 0.0308 * 12.030 * 3.252
= 3.91 KN-m
For negative moment

Mx = αx* W * lx2
= 0.0412 * 12.030 * 3.252 = 5.235 KN-m
Moment about Y-axis
αy (+ve)= 0.037
αy (-ve)= 0.028
For negative moment

My = αy* W * lx2
= 0.028*12.030*3.252
= 3.55 KN-m
For positive moment
My = αy* W * lx2
= 0.037*12.030*3.252
= 4.70KN-m
Take M= Maximum of all
= 5.235 KN-m
Now,
Mu = 0.133fck *bd2
5.235*106 =0.133*25*1000* d2
d= 39.679 mm (<100 mm) Ok
D=d+c/c
= 39.68+25
=64.68mm
Adopt depth= 125mm
Depth of Slab=125mm
2.2.2 Design of Beam (Secondary)
i. Deflection Criteria
D≥ L/10
D≥ 3500/10
D≥350mm
Take D=350mm
D/B = 1.5
350/1.5 =B
B=233.33mm
=250mm
ii. Moment Criteria
Load on beam= 2(12.030*3.25/2)
= 39.09 KN/m
Now,
Mu =Wl2/12
=(39.1*3.52)/12
= 39.91 KN-m
Mu= 0.133fck *bd2
39.91*106 = 0.133* 25*(d/2)*d2
d= 288.47mm
= 300mm
Take clear cover= 25mm
Overall depth = d+ clear cover
=300+25
=325mm
Depth of secondary beam = Max from deflection or moment criteria
= 350mm
2.2.3 For main Beam 4-D-E

Point load from secondary beam= 12.030*3.25
= 39.02*2(from two sides)
=78.195 KN
Increase it by 1.5 i.e 78.195*1.5
=117.29KN
Changing it into UDL =117.29/7
=16.75KN-m
Now,
Load on beam from slab
Load on main beam= (12.030*(3.25/2))*4
= 78.195 KN/m
Total load from slab= 16.75+78.195
=94.94 KN/m
Load from brick masonry i.e. partition wall IS456:2000
= 19*0.23*3.75
=16.38 KN/m * 1.5
= 24.57 KN/m
Deduct for opening (25%-30%)
Take 30%
= 24.57-0.3*24.57
=17.199KN/m
Total UDL over &m long span beam= 94.94+17.2

= 112.14KN/m
Now,
Mu=WL2/12
=(112.12*72)/12
=457.90KN-m
Mu= 0.133fck *bd2
457.90*106=0.133*25*(d/2)*d2
d=650.63 =660mm
Take clear cover =30mm
Overall depth of beam ,D=690 D =700mm
From deflection criteria
D≥ L/10
D≥ 7000/10
=583.33mm =600mm
D=600mm
Adopt the depth of beam = 700mm

Width of beam
D/B=2
B=690/2 =350mm approx.
Size of beam=(350*700)mm
2.2.4Design of Column
Height of Column=3.75m
B=0.5m, D=0.5m
Volume of Column =(0.5*0.5*3.75)
= 0.94m3
Weight of column on a floor = 25*0.94
=23.5 KN
Factored weight of column = 23.5*1.5
=32.25KN
Wu(Through Beam) =112.14/2
P1=56.07*(7/2) =196.245KN
P2=P3=P4=56.07*(6.5/2) =182.22 KN
Total load on column=(196.245+3*182.22)*7+6*32.25
= 5219.83KN
Considering earthquake increased load by 25% =1304.95KN

Total load=6524.79KN
For area of Steel
Pu=0.4fck *Ac*0.67fy*Ast
Ag=328412.15mm2
b=√Ag
b=573.07 =600mm
Take size of column =600*600mm
2.2.5 Preliminary Design of Staircase

Live load = 4KN/m2
Plaster=19*0.012=0.228KN/m2
Floor Finish= 26.7*0.025=0.6675KN/m2
Effective span = 150+2300+2400+1000=5850=5.85m

Let L/d =35
d=5850/35=167.14~170mm
Effective depth of slab=170mm
The landings slab also assumed to have a total depth of 200mm and effective depth =170mm
I. Loads on going(on projected plan area)
a) Self weight of waist slab =25*0.17*335.41/300=4.75KN/m2
b) Self weight of step=25*0.5*0.15=1.875KN/m2
c) Floor finishes(given)=0.6675KN/m2
d) Live load =4KN/m2
Total =11.2925KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5*11.2925=16.93875KN/m2
II. Landing slab A

a) Self-weight of slab=25*0.17=4.25KN/m2
b) Floor finish=0.6675KN/m2
c) Live load =4KN/m2
Total = 8.9175KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5*8.9175 = 13.376KN/m2
III. Landing slab B
=50%of loads of landing slab A =6.688KN/m2
Total loads of I, II, III are

Total load I going = 16.938*2.4*2.05=83.334KN
Total load ii landing slab A = 13.376*2.45*2.05=67.180KN
Total loads iii landing slab B=6.688*1*2.05=13.375KN
Vp ={67.376(5.55-1.075)+83.33*(5.55-3.35)+13.375*0.5}/5.55 =88.56KN
Vj = 163.885-88.56=75.325KN
The distance X, Where the shear force is zero.
88.56-67.180-16.93*2*(x-2.15)=0
X=2.78m
Maximum bending moment x= 2.781m(width=2m)
=88.56*2.78-67.18*(2.78-1.075)-16.93*2*0.632*0.5
=124.93KN
Checking of Depth
d= ((124.93*103)/(2.76*2))2 =150.49mm <170mm
2.3 Loading Pattern

Basic objective of constructing building or any structure is to support loads. There are
different types of loads, which come across and have to be dealt during analysis and design of
any structure.
2.3.1 Design Loads
The buildings and structures are subjected to number of loads, forces and effects during their
service life such as those listed in IS: 456-17 and IS: 875-8.1. The following loads usually
determine the size of structural element:
• Dead load (DL)
• Imposed load (IL)
• Earthquake load (EL)
The following are the cause which generally causes internally-equilibrated stresses forming
cracks in structure, but not collapse.
• Foundation movement
• Axial elastic shortening
• Shrinkage
• Temperature changes, etc.
2.3.2 Load Assessment
The proposed hospital building is a RCC framed structure, located in the Kathmandu valley.
Thus wind loads, snow loads, and other special types of loads described by IS: 875 (part
5):1987 can be taken as negligible as compared to the dead, live and seismic loads.
a. Dead Loads : According to the IS 875:1987(Part I),the dead load in a building shall
comprise the weights of all walls, partitions, beam, column, floors and roofs and shall include
the weights of all other permanent features in the building.
b. Live Loads : It means the load assumed or known resulting from the occupancy or use of a
building and includes the load on balustrades and loads from movable goods, machinery and
plant that are not an integral part of the building. These are to be chosen from codes as
IS:875: 1987(Part 2) for various occupancies where required.
c. Seismic or earthquake loads:
Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass, and is reversible.
IS 1893-2002 was followed for the calculation of earthquake loads, which specifies two
methods viz.
a. Seismic coefficient method
b. Response spectrum method
The seismic coefficient method or static method is generally applicable to building up to 40

meter in height and those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
2.4 Seismic Load Calculation

The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system
having certain period of vibration and damping during given earthquake is referred to as
response spectrum. The maximum response, that is, maximum absolute acceleration,
maximum relative velocity or maximum relative displacement of single degree of freedom
system is plotted against the damped natural period and for various damping values. The
seismic analysis can be performed using design spectrum given in below figure; which is
based on strong motion records of eight earthquakes in India.
An elastic response spectra has been proposed for Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE),
which is divided by factor 2 to get Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and again by factor R to
get inelastic response spectra.
MCE is a very rare event which has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 100 years. DBE
is that earthquake which has reasonably be expected to occur at least once during design life
of structure and has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The intention is to let
the designer know about the whole scenario of elastic and inelastic response spectra and also
to know the need of providing ductility in structure. The seismic analysis can be performed
using design spectrum. Response spectrum method is dynamic analysis used for the analysis
of seismic loads for unsymmetrical buildings.
Base shear (Vb)= Ah* W
where, Ah=Design horizontal acceleration spectrum.
W= seismic weight of building
Where,
Z = Zone factor, From Table clause 6.4.2

I = Importance factor, Table 6, s1 No. 1(i), clause 6.4.2
R = Response reduction factor
The fundamental time period of the vibration, Clause 7.6.1, IS 1893:2000
Ta=0.075 h0.75 (assuming no brick infill faces) Clause 7.6.2 ,IS 1893:2000
.
√
Where,
Ta= Fundamental natural time period
h= height of building, in meter
d= base dimensions of the building at the plinth level, in meter, along considered direction of
the lateral force
2.5 Base Shear Calculation

According to IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah
for a structure shall be determine by the following expression:
Ah = * *
Where ,
Z= Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Table 2 , Here for zone v, Z = 0.36
I= Importance Factor, I = 1.5 for multi-storey hospital building
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Table 7 , R = 5.0
= Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Fundamental natural

period of vibration (Ta).
According to IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2
. ∗
Ta = seconds (For brick infill)
√
Where ,
h = total height of building in m = 25.5m
dx = 31.1m
dy = 37.1m
. ∗
Tax = = 0.411sec
√
. ∗
Ta y= = 0.376sec
√
= 2.5
Ah = * * = 0.135
According to IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Cl. No.7.5.3 thr total design lateral force or design
seismic base shear (VB) along any Principle direction is given by
VB = Ah* W
Where W is seismic weight of building.
According to IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Cl. No.7.7.1 the design base shear (VB) computed above
shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:
∗
Q i = V B *∑ (for relatively flexible structure)
∗ ^
Where, Qi = design lateral force at floor i.

Wi = Seismic weight of floor i.
hi = Height of floor i measured from base.
Therefore,
Base Shear (VB) = Ah*W
= 0.135 * 83794.404
= 11312.24 KN
Base Shear calculation Table

Floor Wi (KN) hi (m) Wi * hi2 Qi (KN)
Ground 12105.39 3.6 156885.86 76.63
1st 11969.28 7.35 646610.88 315.86
2nd 11917.53 11.1 1468359.91 717.28
3rd 11945.10 14.85 2634165.29 1286.77
4th 11945.10 18.6 4132529.91 2018.71
5th 11945.10 22.35 5966854.71 2914.77
6th 11966.85 26.1 8151944.01 3982.18
Total 83749.4 23157346.61 11312.29
2.6 Centre of mass and centre of stiffness
Floor Dead Live C.M C.M C.R C.R ex (m) ey(m)

Load(KN) Load(KN) (X) (Y) (X) (Y) (m)
(m) (m) (m)
Basement 7429.05 1935.25 18.65 14.22 18.76 15.096 -0.14 -0.876
Ground 7429.05 1941.75 18.71 14.23 18.76 15.096 -0.05 -0.866
1st 7429.05 1766.25 18.71 14.3 18.76 15.096 -0.05 -0.796
2nd 7429.05 1850.75 18.68 14.14 18.76 15.096 -0.08 -0.956
3rd 7429.05 1850.75 18.68 14.14 18.76 15.096 -0.08 -0.956
4th 7429.05 1850.75 18.68 14.14 18.76 15.096 -0.08 -0.956
5th 6612.23 1123.125 18.46 13.96 18.76 15.096 -0.3 -1.136
Total 51186.53 12318.625
Where,
C.M (X) = Centre of mass in X- direction
C.M (Y) = Centre of mass in Y-direction
C.R (X) = Centre of rigidity in X- direction
C.R (Y) = Centre of mass in Y- direction
ex = eccentricity in X- direction = C.M (X) - C.R (X)
ey = eccentricity in Y- direction = C.M (Y) - C.R (Y)
2.7 TERMINOLOGIES
Response Reduction Factor:
The response reduction factor assigned to different types of structural systems reflects design
and construction experience, as well as evaluation of performance of structure in major and
moderate earthquakes.
It endeavours to account for the energy absorption capacity of the structural system by
damping (which is normally taken as 5% of critical damping for RCC structures) and in-
elastic action through several load reversals.
The R values reflect the degree of continuity and ductility provided for the structural systems.
A building with a value R equal to 1.0 corresponds to a structural system exhibiting little or
no ductility and value greater than 1.0 is presumed to be capable of undergoing in-elastic
cyclic deformation.
The value of R is taken as 5 for RCC moment resisting frame specially designed to provide
ductile behaviour and comply with requirements given in IS:13920-1993.
Number of modes: The number of modes to be considered in the response spectrum
analysis should be such that at least 90% of the seismic mass of the structure gets excited in
each of the principal horizontal directions.
Closely spaced modes : Closely spaced modes of structure are those of its natural modes of
vibration whose natural frequencies differ from each other by 10 percent or less of the lower
frequency i.e.
is less than or equals to 0.1
Where,
ωj= any frequency of modes
ωi= lower frequency of the mode.
Modes failing to fulfil above criteria are widely spaced modes.
Storey drift: The relative inter-storey horizontal displacement is referred to as storey drift.
A limitation on storey drift is necessary to avoid discomfort to occupants of the building and
to save non-structural elements from damage. A drift limitation of 0.004 times (0.04%) the
storey height in the elastic range is imposed by IS: 1893-2002, Clause 7.11.1
Regularity: The regularity of a building can significantly affect its performance during a
strong earthquake. Past earthquakes have repeatedly shown that buildings having irregular
configurations suffer greater damage than buildings having regular configuration. Regular
structure have no significant physical discontinuities in plan, vertical configuration or in their
lateral force resisting system whereas, irregular structure have significant physical
discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral force resisting system. They may have;
either plan irregularity or vertical irregularity or mass irregularity.
Dynamic analysis shall be performed in accordance to IS: 1893-2002, Clause 7.8
2.8 Load Combinations

The analysis was performed for various 13 combinations and time history separately.
Following are those 13 combinations as suggested by IS: 1893-2002, Clause 6.3.1.2
1) 1.5(DL + LL)
2) 1.2 (DL + LL + EQx)
3) 1.2 (DL + LL- EQx)
4) 1.2 (DL + LL + EQy)
5) 1.2 (DL + LL - EQy)
6) 1.5 (DL + EQx)
7) 1.5 (DL - EQx)
8) 1.5 (DL + EQy)
9) 1.5 (DL + EQy)
10) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQx
11) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQx
12) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQy
13) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQy
3. METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

The building is modelled as a space frame. SAP is adopted as the basic tool for the execution
of analysis. SAP program is based on finite Element Method. Due to possible action in the
building, the stresses, Displacement and fundamental time periods are obtain using SAP
which is used for the design of the members. Mat foundation, staircase, slabs are analized
separately.
3.1 Salient features of SAP
SAP2000 represent the most sophisticated and user friendly release of SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and the modification of the model, Execution of the analysis
and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this single interface.
Graphical display as of the results, including real time display of time history displacement is
easily produced.
The Finite Element library consists of different elements out of which the three dimensional
Frame elements was used in this analysis. The frame Element uses a general, Three
Dimensional, beam column formulation which includes the effects of biaxial bending,
torsion, axial deformation and biaxial shear deformations.
Structures that can be modelled with this element include:

• Three Dimensional frames
• Three Dimensional Trusses
• Planar frames
• Planar grillages
• Planar trusses
A frame element is modelled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each elements has its
own local coordinates system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting
output.
Each frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads and multiple
distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite size of beam and column
intersection. End releases are also available to model different fixity condition at the ends of
the elements. Elements internal forces are produced at the ends of each elements and at a user
specified numbers of equally spaced output stations along the length of the elements.
Loading options allows for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in additions to the usual
nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the
form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.
3.2 Inputs and outputs

The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic and
structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design
Earthquake. The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures
being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With and appropriate
degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformation of normal constructions
and used and have adequate durability.
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program
SAP. SAP has special options for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system.
A floor diaphragm is modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane,
So that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modelling is very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base
shear and earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893:2002 part I and are
applied at each master joint located on every storey of the building.
3.3 Load Combination
Different load cases and load combinations cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structures in the course of analysis.
There are together four laod cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as
below:
i. Dead load(DL)
ii. Live load (LL)
iii. Earthquake load in X-direction(E.Qx)
iv. Earthquake load in Y-direction(E.Qy)
Following load combination are adopted as per IS: 1893-2002 part I cl.6.3.1.2
1) 1.5(DL + LL)
2) 1.2 (DL + LL + EQx)
3) 1.2 (DL + LL- EQx)
4) 1.2 (DL + LL + EQy)
5) 1.2 (DL + LL - EQy)
6) 1.5 (DL + EQx)
7) 1.5 (DL - EQx)
8) 1.5 (DL + EQy)
9) 1.5 (DL + EQy)
10) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQx

11) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQx
12) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQy
13) 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQy
After checking the results it was found that the stresses developed are most critical for the
following load combinations.
• 1.5(DL+LL)
• 1.2(DL+LL+EQx)
• 1.2(DL+LL-EQx)
• 1.2(DL+LL+EQy)
• 1.2(DL+LL-EQy)
The characteristics loads considered in the design of foundation are
i. Dead load + live load
ii. Dead load +earthquake load
iii. Dead load – earthquake load
To find the stress at the various points of the foundation, depth of footing and reinforcements
must critical factored loads are taken into account.
4 SECTION DESIGN
Design Philosophy
There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete viz.
• Working Stress Method
• Ultimate Load Method
• Limit State Method
Among above, the Limit state method has been adopted for the design of the structural
elements.
4.1 The Limit State Method
Limit state design has originated from ultimate or plastic design. The object of design based
on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability that a structure will not
become unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it is intended, i.e. it will not reach
a limit state. A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability should be able to withstand
safely all the loads that are liable to act on it through-out its life and it should satisfy the
serviceability requirements. All relevant limit states must be considered in design to ensure
an adequate degree of safety and serviceability.
Assumptions for the limit state of collapse in flexure:
• The plane section normal to the axis of member remains plane after bending.
• The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
• The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain
in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape.
• For design purpose, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be
assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor γm =1.5
shall be applied.
• The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
• The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used. For design purpose the partial safety factor γm =1.15
shall be applied.
• The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be
less than:
!"
+0.002
#.#$%&
Where, fy = characteristic strength of steel.

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Assumptions for the limit state of collapse in compression

• In addition to the assumptions for limit state of collapse in flexure from 1 to 5, the
following shall be assumed:
• The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
• The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the
section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at least compressed extreme fiber.
The most important of these limit states which must be examined in design are as follows:
4.1.1 Limit State of Collapse
This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse limit
state implies failure in sense that a clearly defined limit state of structural usefulness has been
exceeded. However, it does not mean a complete collapse. This limit state may correspond to:
Flexure
• Compression
• Shear, and
• Torsion
4.1.2 Limit State of Serviceability
This state corresponds to development of the excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its
components. This state may correspond to:
• Deflection
• Cracking, and
• Vibration
1. Control of Deflection
The deflection of a structure or part there of shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. Two methods are given in code for
checking the deflections. These are:
a. Limiting the span/effective depth ratio given in clause 23.2, IS: 456-2000 which
should be used in all normal cases, and
b. Calculation of deflection given in Appendix C of code to be followed in special cases.
2. Control of Cracking
Cracking is a very complex phenomenon. Design considerations for crack control would
require the following.
Expression for crack width and spacing, and (Annex F of IS: 456-2000).
Allowable crack widths under different service conditions with due considerations to
corrosion and durability of concrete (Clause no 35.3.2 of IS: 456-2000).
Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a greater spacing is acceptable, for the
flexural members in normal internal or external conditions of exposure, the maximum
distance between bars in tension shall not exceed the value as given in IS: 456-2000, Clause
no 26.3.3.
Cracks due to bending in compression member subjected to design axial load >0.2fck*Ac,
need not be checked. For flexural members (A member which is subjected to design load
<0.2fck*Ac) if greater spacing of reinforcements as given in Clause 26.3.2, IS456-2000 is
required, the expected crack width should be checked by formula given in Annex F of IS
456-2000.
4.2 Design of Element

The structure should be designed in such a way that it fulfills the targeted requirement
throughout its life. The objective of structural design is to design such kind of building that
gives complete resonance with safety (in terms of strength ,stability and structural
integrity),adequate serviceability (in terms of stiffness ,durability etc .) and economy . It is
necessary that reinforced concrete structure should satisfy the serviceability limit state, i.e. if
a section is of sufficient strength to support the design loads, there should not be excessive
deformation, deflection, cracking etc, which may affect its appearance. Safety implies that the
likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is acceptably low not only under the
normal expected loads (service load) but also under abnormal but probable overloads (such as
earthquake or extreme wind). The objective here is to minimize the likelihood of progressive
collapse. But through the increment of design margins we can resist the problem regarding
structural failure but at the same time cost also increases with the increase in design margins
for safety and serviceability. So, considering overall economy the cost associated with
increased safety and serviceability should be weighed against the potential losses and the best
cost is selected.
Altogether, detailed designs have been done for five structural elements, namely slab, beam,
column, foundation and staircase.
4.2.1 Design Procedure
Slab: Slab panels are to be designed for the limit state of bending moment and deflection.
The thickness of slab is governed by deflection, while the steel areas at mid span and support
sections depend on the bending moments. The slab is designed for one meter wide strip. As
per IS 456: 2000
Beam: The design of beam is governed by limit state of moment, shear and deflection.
Shear stirrups will be provided to address excess shear beyond shear capacity and
longitudinal bars for moments in the concrete section of the beam. Dimensions are adopted
from pre-design and beam is designed as rectangular beam. As per IS 456: 2000
Column: The design of column is governed by limit state of axial compression and bending
moments about two axes. Shear in column is small and shear stress work out to be safe. There
are two kinds of reinforcement in column; longitudinal & transverse reinforcement. The
purpose of transverse reinforcement is to hold vertical bars in position providing lateral
support so that individual bars cannot buckle outwards and split the concrete. They are
provided for confinement of concrete and lateral resistance. It should be noted that transverse
reinforcement doesn’t contribute to the strength of a column. Moment in column change sign
in each storey due to reversal of loads so that we generally provide symmetrical bar
arrangement in a column section and steel area is kept constant through-out a given storey.
As per IS 456: 2000
Staircase: Moments was calculated on the basis of load exerted by loads on slab and steel
was provided to justify seen moment. Check for shear& development length is must on
staircase design. As per IS 456: 2000
Foundation: Foundations are the structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings
or individual columns to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations
must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential
settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.
Most foundations may be classified as:

• Isolated footings
• Strip foundation and wall footings
• Combined footings
• Raft foundation
• Pile foundation
The choice of type of foundations to be used in any given situation depends on a number of
factors, such as:
• Soil strata
• Type of structure
• Type of loads
• Economy
• Bearing capacity and standard penetration test value N of soil.
• Permissible differential settlement, etc.
The choice is usually made from experience but it is advisable to carry out a comparative
study of different designs to determine the most economical. As per IS 456: 2000
Depth of foundation
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:
to secure safe bearing capacity, to penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes
are likely to cause significant movement due to swelling and shrinkage of soils, and to
penetrate below the zone which may be affected by frost.
For footings with moments or eccentricity about both axes, the soil pressure at any point is
given by the equation:
( +" +-
' ± ,± .
) " -
where,
Ix=M.O.I. of footing about X-axis
Iy=M.O.I .of footing about X-axis x= distance from Y-axis to the point of considerations
y= distance from X-axis to the point of considerations
There are situations where a footing must be built with a hole or notch and is, thus,
unsymmetrical in plan about both axes. The soil pressure distribution in such rigid footings
can be obtained from the principles of mechanics assuming linear distribution. The desired
equation is as follows:
( +" - +- -" +" - +" -"

' ± ,± .
) - " -"^ -" -"^
Where, Ix= M.O.I. of footing about X-axis

Iy= M.O.I. of footing about X-axis
x= distance from Y-axis to the point of considerations
y= distance from X-axis to the point of considerations

Mx= moment about X-axis
My= moment about Y-axis
Ixy= product of inertia, may be +ve or -ve
Raft Foundation
If the loads transmitted by the column in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
pressure so small that individual footings would cover more than about one-half of the area, it
may be better to provide continuous footings under all columns and walls. Such footing is
called mat or raft foundation.. When earthquake forces are considered along with other
normal design force, the permissible stress in material and allowable bearing pressure of
foundation soil can be increased by 33% &50% resp. in the elastic method of design of mat
foundation (Clause no.6.3.5, IS: 1893-2002).
If the columns are equally spaced and their loads are equal, the pressure on the soil will be
uniform, otherwise moments of the loads may be taken about the same centre of the base and
pressure distribution is determined using above formula. Since these equations were derived
from rigid member, and a raft is not a rigid member, the pressure and resulting internal
stresses may be seriously in error if the eccentricity is very large. The weight of the raft is not
considered in the structural design because it is assumed to be carried directly by the sub-soil.
While designing the footing of building, preference should be given to the isolated footing
because of its simplicity & ease in construction, proper dealing of each column load. But in
our building, we design the mat foundation because each individual footing would cover
more than 50% of plinth area. Also the basement floor can be conveniently used as parking
area for proposed apartment complex. The depth of footing is ascertained by considering
bending moment, one-way shear &two-way shear. The depth required by one-way shear is
too excess. So considering the economy, depth satisfying the B.M. & two-way shear is
adopted and the deficiency in capacity to resist one-way shear is designed by providing shear
reinforcement to mat design.
The raft is designed by conventional method by dividing mat into a series of continuous strips
centred on the appropriate column rows in both directions. The shear and B.M. are calculated
as continuous beam analysis by moment distribution method. Considering the reversal of
seismic force, the maximum value of B.M. & shear force is taken for all strips and uniform
thickness of raft is taken and reinforcement is provided uniformly throughout the entire mat.
DESIGN
SAMPLE
5.1 SAMPLE DESIGN OF SLAB

Taking sample as: Ground floor slab (interior panel)
Ly = 3.25, Lx= 3.25, Live Load= 3 KN
Designed Factored Load (Wu) = 12.04KN/m2
Reference Step Calculation Output
1. Checking one way or two way slab; Ly/ Lx=1

Ly/ Lx=1 which is <2
Hence two way slab.
2. Calculation of maximum bending moment:
IS 456-2000 Moment for short span,(Mux) Mx(-ve) =
Annex D-1.1 4.07KN-m
Mx=αx Wulx2
Mx(+ve)=
Coefficient for –ve moment(αx)=0.032
3.05KN-m
Coefficient for +ve moment(αx)=0.0240
Design –ve moment=0.032*12.04*3.252
=4.07KN-m
My(-ve) =
2 4.07KN-m
Design +ve moment= 0.0240*12.04*3.25
= 3.05KN-m My(+ve)=
3.05KN-m
Moment for long span, (Muy)
My=αy Wulx2
IS 456-2000
Coefficient for –ve moment(αy)=0.032
Annex D-1.1
Coefficient for +ve moment(αy)=0.024
Design –ve moment=0.032*12.04*3.252
=4.07KN-m
Design +ve moment=0.024*12.04*3.252
=3.05KN-m
3. Calculation of reinforcement
3.1 Reinforcement in short direction
IS 456-2000
Annex D-1.1 Mux=0.87fyAstd(1-(Astfy)/(bdfck))
4.07*106=0.87*500*Ast*100*(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*100*25)
Ast required(-ve)=95.86mm2
Minimun requirement of steel=0.12%*bd
=150mm2
Provide Ast=150 mm2 Ast(-ve)=
200.96mm2
IS 456 2000 Using 8mm ф bars
Sv=250mm
Spacing= (Aф*1000)/Ast
=558.07mm
Provide spacing=250mm
Ast provided=200.96 mm2
Hence, Ast provided>Ast required, OK
Ast(+ve)=
3.05*106=0.87*500*Ast*100*(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*100*25)
200.96mm2
Ast required(+ve)=71.39 mm2
Sv=250mm
=150mm2
Provide Ast=150 mm2
Using 8mm ф bars
=704.096mm
3.2 Reinforcement in long direction

Mux=0.87fyAstd(1-(Astfy)/(bdfck))
Ast(-ve)=
6 2
4.07*10 =0.87*500*Ast*100*(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*100*25) 200.96mm
Ast required(-ve)=95.86mm2 Sv=250mm

=150mm2
Provide Ast=150 mm2
Using 8mm ф bars

=558.07mm Ast(+ve)=
200.96mm2
Sv=250mm
Hence, Ast provided>Ast required, OK
3.05*106=0.87*500*Ast*100*(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*100*25)
Ast required(+ve)=71.39 mm2
=150mm2
Provide Ast=150 mm2
Using 8mm ф bars
=704.096mm
4. Calculation of shear force:

Vu=18.36 KN
Shear force,Vu=( WuLx /2)*(Lx/2-d)*2*1/Lx
=(12.04*3.25 /2)*(3.25/2-0.1)*2*1/3.25
=18.36KN
5. Check for Shear
Τv=0.16
Τv= Vu/bd
N/mm2
IS 456-2000 =18.36/1000*100
Cl. 40.1
=0.16 N/mm2
Pt= (100*Ast)/bd
Pt=0.20
=100*200.96/(1000*100) =0.20
Interpolating from the values of Pt and M25 table
Tc=0.34 Tc=0.34
IS 456-2000 Tc’ =1.3*0.34 =0.442 Tc’ =0.442
Table 19 Tc max=3.1
Here, Tc max> Tc’> Τv
Hence the shear is satisfactory.
6. Check for deflection

L/d provided =3.25*1000/100
=32.5 L/d provided=
32.5
IS 456 - L/dbasic =26

L/d max=L/dbasic*K1*K2*K3
=26*1.8*1*1
L/d max= 46.8
=46.8
Hence L/d max> L/d provided, the deflection check is
satisfactory.
One Way Slab Design:

Reference Steps Calculation Output
1. Lx = 2.5 m
Ly = 7.5 m 7500mm
Live Load = 2.5 KN/m²
For M25 and Fe500,
L/d = 25
Or, d = 2500/25 2500mm
Effective depth = 100 mm
Overall Depth = 100 + 20 + 5
= 125 mm
2. Leffective = Lx +d
= 2500 +100
= 2600 mm Leff = 2600mm
3. Load Calculation
Self load = ƳbD
= 25*1*0.125
=3.125 KN/m²
Floor finish = 0.6675KN/m²
Partation wall = 1KN/m²
Total Dead load = 3.125+0.6675+1.228
=5.0205 KN/m²
Factored Design Load = (5.0205+2.5)*1.5 Factored Load
=11.28075KN/m²
= 11.28075KN/m²
4. Bending Moment & Shear Force:
IS 456 2000 Mu = 0.125wlx²
Annex D D-2.1
=0.125*11.28*2.6²
Mu =9.532KNm
= 9.532 KNm
Vu=wlx/2
= (11.28*2.6)/2
= 14.664 KN
5. Check:
IS 456 2000 Mu = RbD²
Annex G G-1.1c
9.532*10^6 = 3.34*1000*d²
d = 53.42mm
d provided > drequired
Area of steel
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*(1-(Ast*fy)/(b*d*fck))
IS 456 2000
9.532*10^6 = 43500*Ast*(1-(Ast/5000))
Annex G G-1.1
b Ast = 229.677 mm² Ast
=229.677mm2
Provided 8ɸ @ 200 mm c/c
Check spacing 200 < 3d or 300
OK
6. Distribution steel = 0.12% of bD
= (0.12*1000*125)/100
= 150 mm²
Provided 8ɸ @ 300 mm
Distribution steel
Check spacing 330 < 5d or 450
Ast= 150mm2
OK
IS 456 2000 7. Shear check :
Cl.40.1
Ԏv = Vu/bd
= 14.664/100
= 0.14664 N/mm²
Pt = 100* Ast/bd
= 0.2
From table for one way slab
Ԏc = 0.325*1.3
= 0.4225 N/mm²
Hence Ԏc > Ԏv OK
5.2 SAMPLE DESIGN OF BEAM

Beam ID=Group 2
Beam Size(b*D)=350*700
Effective Depth(d)=640
Grade of concrete(fck)=M25
Grade of steel (fy)=Fe500
Span(l)=6.50m
Reference Steps Calculations Output
1 Design Forces:
Design Moment(Mu)= 875.745 KN-m
(Group 2)
Design Shear force(Vu)= 491.96 KN
Moment and shear calculation
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
IS 456-200
=0.133*25*350*640^2
(G 1.1) Mlim=476.672
=476.672KN-m KN-m
2.
Check for axial stress
i. Factored axial stress
=0.07N/mm2 < 0.1fck
IS 456-200 Hence design as a flexural
member
(G 1.1) ii. Check for member size:
a. Width of the
beam,b=350>200mm
b. Depth of the beam,D=700
IS 456-2000 b/D = 0.50>0.3
Hence Ok
(G 1.2) c. L/D =9.2857143 >4 Ok
IS 456-2000 iii. Check for limiting longitudinal
reinforcement: Ast min =
(G 1.2)
580.16mm2
IS 456-2000 Minimum reinforcement
√456
a. /0 0.24 4"
(G 1.2)
=0.240%
IS 456-2000 =580.16mm2 Ast max=5600
(G 1.2) b. Maximium reinforcement mm2
Ast max=0.025bd
=5600mm2
3 Design for flexure
Beam ID: Group 2
a. At left end
For hogging moment(-ve moment)
Mu = 634.15KNm
IS 456-2000 Mu>Mulim So a doubly
reinforced section
(Cl. 26.2.1) Mu / (bd2) = 4.42
pt = 1.22%
Ast= 2732.8 mm2
pc = 0.304 %
Asc must be at least 50% of Ast
IS 456-2000 50 % of Ast = 0.610 % > 0.304 %

(Cl.40.4) Therefore, Asc = 1366.4
mm2
For Sagging Moment(+ve Moment)

Mu = 413.64 kNm
Mu < Mulim So a singly
Ast = 2732.8
reinforced section
IS 456-2000 mm2
Mu / (bd²) = 2.89
(Cl.26.5.1.1) (top
pt = 0.945 %
reinforcement)
Ast = 2116.8 mm²
Asc = 2116.8
mm2
At left end
(bottom
reinforcement)
Ast = 2732.8 mm2 (top
reinforcement)
Asc = 2116.8 mm2 (bottom
IS 1390 reinforcement)
(Cl.6.3.5)
b. At Mid Span
For sagging moment(+ve moment)
Mu = 166.0895 kNm
Mu<Mulim So a singly
reinforced section
Mu / (bd2) = 1.16
pt = 0.945 %
IS 456-2000 Ast = 2116.8 mm2 >Ast

minimum, hence ok
(cl.23.2.1)
pc = 0.001 %
Asc must be atleast 50% of Ast
50%of Ast = 0.473 % >

0.001 %
Therefore, Asc = At mid span
1058.4 mm^2 Ast =2116.8
mm2
At mid span Asc = 1058.4

mm2
Ast = 2116.8 mm2
Asc = 1058.4 mm2
c. At Right End
For hogging moment (-ve moment)
Mu = 658.046 kNm
Mu>Mulim So a doubly
reinforced section
Mu / (bd2) = 4.59
pt = 1.267 %
Ast = 2838.08 mm2
pc = 0.35 %
Asc must be atleast 50% of Ast At Right End

Ast
50%of Ast = 0.634 % > =2838.08mm2
0.35 % (top
Therefore, Asc = 1419 reinforcement)
mm2
For Sagging Moment(+ve Moment) Asc
=2116.8mm2
Mu = 427.9875 kNm (bottom
reinforcement)
Mu<Mulim So a singly
reinforced section
Mu / (bd2) = 2.99
pt = 0.945 %
Ast = 2116.8 mm2
At Right End
Ast = 2838.08 mm2 (top

reinforcement)
Asc = 2116.8 mm2 (bottom
reinforcement)
Anchorage Length
Development
4
length(Ld)=0.87*fy*ᶲ/(4*Tbd)
=1213.728mm
Anchorage Length= Ld+10*ᶲ =1463mm
Shear Checking:
Percentage of tension steel(Pst)=2.84%
5
Critical shear stress(Tc)=0.907
Max. shear stress(Tmax)=3.1N/mm2
Provide dia 8mm 2 legged vertical stirrup
Sv=(0.87×fy×Asv×d)/(Vu-Vc)
=(0.87×500×100×640)/(491.96-203.168)
=98.65mm
Adopt 160 mm spacing.

From ductile consideration,
Upto distance=2*d =2*640 =1280
Adopt= 0.25*640 = 160mm
For remaining adopt = 0.5*640 = 320mm
Deflection Check
Permitted L/d = F1*F2*26
6 Fs=0.58*fy*area required/area provided
F1=0.8
Psc=1.1997%
F2=1.25
Permitted L/d=0.8*1.25*26=26
Provided L/d=4.775/0.350=13.592
5.3 SAMPLE DESIGN OF COLUMN
Design of Rectangular Column
Design of column was carried out with a special consideration. Design was based on bi-axial
bending of column. For consideration of bi-axial bending, maximum moment calculated as
per the envelope of load combination was taken about one axis while the moment about
other axis was calculated by the different load combinations.
Concrete Grade = M25 Steel Grade = Fe500
Reference St Calculations Output

ep
Column X
559.47KNm
600mm Y
507.740KNm
mmmmm
600mm
mm
1. Known data
Overall Depth of Column, D = 600mm
Width of Column, B = 600mm D =600 mm
Unsupported length=3600mm B = 600 mm
Effective length=0.65x 3600 = 2340 mm L = 3.6 m
Assume following data: Le=2.4 m
Clear cover, d= 60mm
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, ø =

25mm effective
So, cover
effective cover, d’= 60+25/2+10 = 82.5mm d’= 82.5mm

le/D = (2.4x1000)/600 = 4<12,(short

column),ok
2. Design for section
Design of column for Max. Moment
Pu= 4092.02 KN
Mux=507.74 KNm
Muy=559.47 KNm
Min. eccentricity:
IS
emin= l/500 + D/30 ≥ 20mm
456:2000
cl.25.4 where, l= unsupported length of the column
D= lateral dimension in plane of bending
eminx=
3.6 x1000 600

+ = 27.2mm > 20mm
500 30
eminy=
3.6 x1000 600

+ = 27.2mm > 20mm
500 30
Pu * ex=Mux
ex=124.08mm
Pu * ey=Muy
ey=136.72mm
Mux,corrected = Pu* ex = 4092.02*0.124
= 507.41 KN M
Muy,corrected = Pu* ey = 4092.02*0.136

=559.47 KN M
Mu = 1.15 √ (Mux,corrected2 + Muy,corrected2)
=868.6 KN M
3.
Determination of uniaxial moment capacity
of the section about x-x and y-y section
Pu 4092.02x103
= = 0.454
f ck BD 25 x600 x600 Mu=868.6 KN
m
d' 60
= = 0.1
D 600
SP16 Mu
= 0.161
f ck BD 2
chart 48
p
= 0.125
f ck
p = 3.125
Assume reinforcement is uniformly distributed

Mux1=Muyl=
on four sides,
868.844 KNm
Mux1= Muy1 =868.844 KNm
Puz=0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
=8142.188KN
Pu
= 0.503
Puz
αn=1.505
4.
Check for bi-axial bending
1.505 1.505
 507.7383   559.4076  Asc(Act.)=
  +  = 0.961, ok
 868.844   868.844  13069.02 mm2
Asc=3.125% of 600*600=11250 mm2
Provide
4-32mmø corner bars

& 16-28mmø non corner bars
5. Design of lateral ties
Diameter of lateral bars: Dia= 8mm
ф tr=max(фlong max/4,6mm)=8mm
Provide 8mm ф lateral ties 8mm dia @

6. 300mm c/c in
Spacing of the ties:
central part
IS Sv≤half the least lateral dimension of the
13920:199 compression member =600/2 =300mm
3 cl.7.4.8 Thus, provide 8mm dia lateral ties @ 300c/c in
central part.
Area of cross-section of bar forming rectangular

hoop to be used as confining links
f ck  Ag 
A sh = 0.18 S h  
fy  A − 1
 k 
Ak=(600-2*60+2*8)2 =246016mm2
(600 − 40 − 40) = 86.67 mm

 6  Ak=246016
h= Max of  
(550 − 40 − 40) = 86.67mm  mm2
 6 
where 6 is no. of bars in each face of column
section
= 86.67mm
Area of 8 mm dia bars =100mm2
Therefore,
100= 0.18 *S*86.67* (25/500)
*((600*600)/246016-1)
S=276.67mm
7. Spacing of hoop should be least of

IS
13920:199  1 of minimumLateralDimension= 600 = 100
 4 6 
3 cl.7.4.6 100mm 
but need not be less than 75 mm
Provide 8 mm ø links @ 100 mm c/c for a

distance Lo which shall not be less than
IS
 L arg er Lateral Dimension = 600 mm
13920:199 1 
 6 of Clear Span = 3750 6 = 625mm 
3 cl.7.4.1  
450 mm 
Lo = 600 mm
Hence, Provide 8 mm ø links @ 100 mm c/c for
a distance 8 mm ø links
@ 100 mm c/c
Lo = 600 mm on either side from the joint.
5.4 SAMPLE DESIGN OF BASEMENT WAL

Unit weight of soil: 19kN/m²
Height of wall = 3.6m
Height of soil = 3.6m 3.6m
Design moment = 29.47811 kNm
Design Shear force = 49.819217 kN
Provided wall thickness = 150 mm 29.47811kNm
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of rebar = Fe500
Angle of friction = 30 degree
Reference Step Calculation Output
1 Check for Depth: Thickness safe

IS 456 2000 Mu = 0.133xfckxbxd2
Cl. G 1.1 c Solving, d= 95mm < 150 mm
Hence safe.
2 Calculation of area of reinforcement:

IS 456 2000 Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1-Ast x fy/b x Ast = 874.22
Cl G 1.1 b d x fck)
Solving , Ast = 874.22 mm²
Provide dia. 12 mm rebar @ spacing
125 mm for both in horizontal and
vertical direction on both side.
3 Check for shear

IS 456 2000 Tv=V/bd
Cl 40.1 = 49.819217*1000 / (1000 x 150) Tv=0.332 N/mm2
= 0.332 N/mm2 Tc=0.517 N /mm2
Percentage of steel = 0.583 %
IS 456 2000
Tc = 0.517 N/mm² Safe in shear
Table 19
4 Temperature and shrinkage

reinforcement:
Ast for front face = 0.12% of bD x 2/3
= 0.0012 x 1000 x
150 x 2 /3
= 120mm²
Provide dia. 10mm bar @ 400mm
spacing
Ast for rear face = 0.12% of bd x 1/3
= 0.0012 x 1000 x 150
x1/3
= 60mm²
Provide dia 8mm bar @ 450mm spacing
5.5 SAMPLE DESIGN OF LIFT WALL

Reference Steps Calculation Output
Design of lift wall
Concrete grade = M25

Steel grade =Fe500
Known Data
Perimeter of lift wall =10.6m

Floor height = 3.75m
Assume wall thickness, t = 100mm
Is:13920
9.1 1. Check for slenderness ratio
Effective height of the wall, Hwe =0.75H =0.75*3.75 H=3.75m

Is 456-2000 =2.81m t=100mm
cl.32.2.4a Slenderness ratio, Hwe/t = 2.81/.1
cl.32.2.3 =28.1(<30)
2. Minimum eccentricity
emin = 0.05t =0.05*100 =5mm

Is 456-2000
cl.32.2.2 3. Additional eccentricity
ea = Hwe2/(2500t) =2.812/(2500*0.100)
Is 456-2000 =3.158mm
cl.32.2.5 emin=5mm
4. Ultimate load carrying capacity
Is 456-2000 Ultimate load carrying capacity per unit length of
cl.32.2.5 the wall is, ea=3.158mm
Puw = 0.3(t-1.2e-2ea)fck
= 0.3(100-1.2*5-2*3.158)*25
=657.6N/mm
‫ ؞‬Total capacity of the wall = Puw * Perimeter

=657.6*10.6
=6970.878KN
Puw=675.6
5. Calculation for main vertical reinforcement N/mm
Assume, clear cover = 15mm

d'/D = 0.15
Mu/fck*b*d2 = 0.0052
Pu/fck*b*d =0.21
p/ fck = not found in chart
Considering unit length
Min Ast = 0.25% of bd

=250mm2
Is:13920- P=0.25%
9.1
Area of 8mmɸ = 50.26mm2

Spacing of Bars S v= 1000/(250/50.26)
=201.04mm
Hence reinforcement is provided in two layers.
Hence 8mmɸ reinforcement is provided @ 200mm
c/c
a. Check for spacing 8 mmɸ @

Spacing of vertical steel reinforcement should be 200mm in 2
least of 3t=3*100=100mm layers
450mm
To take account of the reversal effect
b. Calculation of distribution bar

Distribution bar = 0.25% of b*d
= 250 mm2
Provide 8mmɸ bars @ 150mm c/c on all faces of

the wall in both direction (longitudinal and
transverse)
c. Check for Shear

Tv = Vu/(d*0.8*Lwall)
=0.41
Tc,allowable = 0.17* fck

= 4.25 > Tv OK
Height of wall/Length of wall = 2.12 > 1
Tcw = 0.45*√fck * ((H/L+1)/(H/L-1))
6.26
Tcw > Tv (safe)

5.5.1.DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Live load=4KN/m2
Plaster=19*0.012 =0.228KN/m2
Floor finish=26.7 KN/m2*0.025 =0.6675KN/m2
Effective span =150+2300+2400+1000 =5850
=5.85m
Let, d=150mm =0.15m
Effective depth of slab= 150+25 =175
The landing slab also assumed to have a total depth of 175mm
Effective depth=175mm
Reference Steps Calculations Output
IS:875 part II- 1. Load on going(on projected plan area)

1987
a. Self wt of waist slab =25*0.175*335.41/300
= 4.75KN/m2
b. Self-weight of step= 25*0.5*0.16 =1.875KN/m2
c. Floor finish(given)=0.6675 KN/m2
Live load=4 KN/m2
Total=11.2925 KN/m2
Factored load =1.5*11.2925 =16.93875
Factored load of
KN/m2
IS 456:2000 going = 16.93875
2.
Cl 33.2 Fig 19 Landing slab A KN/m2
a.
Self-weight of slab=25*0.17 =4.25 KN/m2
b.
IS 875 Part II- Floor finish = 0.6675 KN/m2
1987 c.
Live load =4 KN/m2
Total=8.9175 KN/m2
Factored loads= 1.5*8.9175 =13.376 KN/m2
Factored load of
3. Landing slab B = 50% of loads of landing slab A landing slab=
13.376 KN/m2
= 6.688 KN/m2
4. Total loads of (1),(2) and (3) are,

Total loads (1) going =16.938*2.4*2.05 =83.334KN
Total loads (2) landing slab A =13.376*2.45*2.05
=67.180KN
Total loads (3) landing slab B =6.688*1*2.04 =13.575KN

Vp= {67.376(5.55-1.075)+83.33*(5.55-
3.35)+13.375*(0.5)}/5.55
Vp=88.56KN
= 88.56KN
Vj= 163.885-88.56 =75.325KN
Vj=75.32KN
5.
Reinforcement
IS 456:2000
/0 ;.
ANNEX G- 78 0.87 ;. /0 <(1 − )
1.1 (c) @ < ;AB
124.93 10F 0.87 500 /0
)&H $
170(1 − # #I $
)
Ast=2325.75mm2
Using 16mm dia bar, Ast=2325.75mm2
J ∗ 12^2
4 ∗ 1000
2325.75
=86.72
=75mm c/c
Provide 16mm dia bars @ 75mm c/c Provide 16mm dia
Ast provided = 2680.8233 mm 2 bars @ 75mm c/c
Ast provided =
2680.8233 mm2
6. Distribution steel
Ast=204mm2
Ast=0.12%bd
=(0.12*1000*170)/100
= 204mm2
Using 10mm dia bar

Spacing = {(π*10^2)/4*1000}/204
Provide 10mm
=384.99 bars @ 350mm
c/c
Provide 10mm bars @ 350mm c/c
Ast provided =
Ast provided = 224.40mm2 224.40mm2
7. Check for deflection

Fs=0.58fy*(Ast/Ast provided)
= 0.58*500*(2325.75/2680.82)
=251.58N/mm2
Percentage of
steel used =1.57%
Percentage of steel used = (Ast provided *100%)/b*D
=1.57%
From Graph , K= 0.84
(L/D)basic =0.84*26 = 21.84
(L/D)Provided = 26 > (L/D)basic
IS 456-2000 8. Check for shear
Cl.40.1 Maximum shear force= 88.79KN
Shear stress(Tv)=Vu/(b*D)
=0.52N/mm2
IS 456-2000 Percentage of steel used =1.57%
Table 19 Shear strength of M25 at 1.57% steel
Tc=0.71N/mm2
For overall depth 175mm
Tv<Tc’<Tc max
K=1.25
So Tc’=K*Tc
=1.25*0.71 =0.88
Maximum shear stress for M25 concrete =3.1N/mm2
So Tv<Tc’<Tc max Ok
9. Development length
IS 456-2000 Ld=0.87*(Fy*ф)/4*Tbd
Cl.26.2.1 =0.87*(500*16)/4*2.24
=776.786mm
Moment of resistance of 10ф bar =
M=0.87*fy*Ast(provided)(d-(fckAst(provided)/fck*b)
=135.72KNm
Shear Force(V) =88.79KN

Ld =776.786mm
Lo = effective depth or 12ф whichever is greater
= 192mm
Ld<=1.3*(M/V)+Lo
=1.3*(135.72/88.79)*1000+192
=2179.115>776.786mm OK
5.5.2 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

RA=45094.92
RC=76710
R=150mm
T=300mm
L.L=4 KN/m2
Plaster= 0.228 KN/m2
Floor finish = 0.6675 KN/m2
For waist slab & landing, let
Overall depth(D)=200mm
Effective depth(d)=175mm
References Steps Calculations Output
IS:875 part II- 1 Load calculation:

1987
Loads on going
a. Self-weight of slab =4.75 KN/m2
b. Floor finish =0.6675 KN/m2
c. Self-weight of steps =1.875 KN/m2
d. Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load =11.2925 KN/m2
Factored load = 16.93875 KN/m2
Loads on landing slab A = Load on
IS 456:2000 Cl landing slab B
33.2 Fig 19
a. Self-weight = 4.25 KN/m2
b. Floor finish =0.6675 KN/m2
IS 875 Part II- c. Live load =4 KN/m2
1987 Total load =8.9175 KN/m2
Factored load= 13.376 KN/m2
RB=76.735
RA=45.1
Total load on going = 16.93875*3.9*3.94/2
=130.140KN
Total load on Slab A = 13.376*2.6*3.94/2
=68.512KN
Total load on Slab B = 13.376*1.57*3.94/2
=41.371KN
The distance x, where shear force is zero,
45.1-13.376*2.6-16.93875*x=0
X=0.60
Shear force is zero at 2.6+0.6 = 3.2m from
the left corner.
MU= 45.1*x-13.376*2.6*(x-2.6/2)-
16.93875*((x-2.6)^2/2)
MU=115.85KN-m
MU lim=0.36*fck*b*xu lim(d-0.42xu lim)
Where xu lim =0.46*d
MU lim=0.36*25*1000*80.5(100-0.42*80.5)
=138KN-m
MU<MU lim
OK
Hence the section can be designed.
2
Reinforcement:
MU=0.87*fy*Ast*d(1-Ast*fy/b*d*fck)
115.85*10^6=0.87*500*Ast*200(1-
Ast*500/1000*200*25)
Ast=1581.83mm2
Using 16 mm dia bars,
J ∗ 16^2
∗ 1000
4
1581.83
S= 127.04mm
S= 125mm (adopt)
Distribution of steel
Ast=0.12%*b*d
=0.0012*1000*200
=240mm2
Using 8mm dia bars.
S=209.440mm
S=150mm(adopt)
3 Check for deflection
Fs=0.58fy*(Ast/Ast provided)
= 0.58*500*(1581.83/1608.49)
=285.19N/mm2
Percentage of steel used = (Ast provided

*100%)/b*D
=0.8%
From Graph , K= 0.96
(L/D)basic =0.96*26 = 24.96
(L/D)Provided = 26 > (L/D)basic
4 Check for shear
IS 456-2000 Maximum shear force= 76.73KN
Cl.40.1 Shear stress(Tv)=Vu/(b*D)
=0.38N/mm2
Percentage of steel used =0.8%
IS 456-2000 Shear strength of M25 at 80% steel
Table 19 Tc=0.44N/mm2
For overall depth 200mm
K=1.2
So Tc’=K*Tc
=1.2*0.44 =0.528
Maximum shear stress for M25 concrete
=3.1N/mm2
So Tv<Tc’<Tc max Ok
4 Development length
IS 456-2000 Ld=0.87*(Fy*ф)/4*Tbd
Cl.26.2.1 =0.87*(500*16)/4*2.24
=776.786mm
Moment of resistance of 8ф bar =
M=0.87*fy*Ast(provided)(d-
(fckAst(provided)/fck*b)
=99.92KNm
Shear Force(V) =76.73KN

Lo = effective depth or 12ф whichever is greater
= 192mm
Ld<=1.3*(M/V)+Lo
=1.3*(99.92/76.73)*1000+192
=1884.89>776.786mm OK
5.6 DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION

It is necessary to provide a continuous footing under all the column and walls if the load
transmitted by the column in a structure is so heavy or the allowable soil bearing pressure is
small. Such a footing is called a raft or mat foundation. The raft is divided into series of
continuous strips centred on the appropriate column, rows in the both direction as shown in
figure below. The shear and bending moment diagram may be drawn using continuous beam
analysis of coefficients for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements. The
steel requirements will vary from strips. This method generally gives a conservative design
since the interaction of adjacent strip is neglected.
Required data
Case considered=Case I 1.5*(DL+LL)
Total design load (factored) =77466.733KN
Safe soil bearing capacity=200KN/m2
Grade of concrete=Fe-500
Calculation of center of gravity of plan area
Pu=77466.733KN
[(M∗F$ ∗F$ )∗#N OP$∗F$ ∗( ∗F$ OI )Q∗#F $ O $ ∗# $ ∗I ]
x= =15.1m
SMFS#M
x1=13000mm,x2=16250mm,x3=1250mm
M∗F$ ∗F$ ∗N O#F$ ∗($∗F$ ∗( ∗F$ OI )O $ ∗I ∗ N
ȳ= =13.79m
$MFS#M
y1=3250, y2=16500,y3=13000
X=15.1m
ȳ=13.79m
Geometric center of mat foundation
X=17.76m
Y=14.08m
ex=x-x =17.76-15.1=2.66m
ey=y-ȳ=14.08-13.79=0.29m
Calculation of moment of Inertia
About X-X axis
Ixx=22333.14m4
Iyy=66742.98m4
Area coverage of mat:

A= 846.814m2
Mxx= Pu*ey = 77466.733*0.29=22465.35KNm
Myy= Pu*ex=77466.733*2.66=206061.51KNm
Pu/A= 77466.733/846.814=91.48KN/m2
Mxx/Ixx=1.005, Myy/Iyy=3.087
Soil pressure calculation at different points

∑( +-- +""
σ = )
±
--
∗.± ""
∗,
σ = 91.48+1.005*y + 3.087*x
In x-direction, the raft is divided into five strips i.e. five equivalent beams
Beam A-A with soil pressure of 179.4595KN/m2
Beam B-B with soil pressure of 192.7585KN/m2
Beam C-C with soil pressure of 209.32375KN/m2
Beam D-D with soil pressure of 215.85625 KN/m2
Beam E-E with soil pressure of 222.64 KN/m2
In y-direction,
Beam 1-1 with pressure of 118.1125 KN/m2
Beam 2-2 with soil pressure of 118.1125 KN/m2
Beam 3-3 with soil pressure of 135.85975KN/m2
Beam 7-7 with width and soil pressure of 216.12475 KN/m2
Note :- Here the maximum upward soil pressure (222.64 KN/m2) is greater then the safe
bearing capacity (200 KN/m2) of foundation soil so it is necessary to increase its strength of
the foundation soil by using geotechnical soil stabilizing process like certain depth of
granular material packing.
Bending moment,
MA=w l2/10 = 758.21639 KNm
MB = 814.40466 KNm
MC= 884.39284 KNm

MD = 884.39284 KNm
ME = 940.654 KNm
And,
M1= 499.02531 KNm
M2= 515.32853 KNm
M3= 574.00744 KNm
M4= 801.08007 KNm
M5 = 843.48111KNm
M6= 785.96196
M7= 913.12707
Calculation of depth of foundation
Shear strength of concrete Tc’ =Tc *Ks
KS= 0.5 + βC ≤ 1
βC=600/600=1
hence, Ks= 1
Tc’ =Tc*1=0.25√fck=1.25
For corner column say A-2
Column load=1849.63KN
Perimeter, Po=2( + 900) =d+1800
Tv=Vu/pod
#SM .FN∗#.$∗#
1.25=
( O#S )∗
d=850mm
For internal column, say C3
Column load =3099.828KN
Po=2(d/2+900)+(d+600)= 2d+2400
Tv= Vu/pod
N .S S∗#.$∗#
1.25=
( UO M )
d=900 mm
Calculation of Reinforcement in long direction

BM=0.87 σ yAst(d- σyAt/ σck*b)
$ ∗VWX
Or, 940.654*106 =0.87*500*Ast*(900 - )
$∗#
Ast= 2546.833 mm2

Minimum reinforcement in slabs=0.12% of bD =1080 mm2
Minimum steel will govern in the remaining raft.
Provide 28mm bars @200mm c/c at bottom along longitudinal direction
Ast provided = 3078.76mm2
Calculation for distribution steel
BM=0.87 σ yAst(d- σyAt/ σck*b)
$ ∗VWX
Or, 913.127*106 =0.87*500*Ast*(900 - )
$∗#
Ast= 2467.704 mm2

Provide 28mm bars @200mm c/c at bottom along longitudinal direction
Ast provided = 3078.76mm2
CONCLUSION
Seismic analysis was done during the project by taking lateral/ earthquake load which makes
our building earthquake resistance. Earthquake force in a building was determined by using
seismic co-efficient method. While calculating lateral load, the base shear obtained by mass
lumped at floor level. The value of base shear was …..and total mass of the building was -----
.
The net bearing capacity of soil was assumed to 200KN/m2 for particular site.
Conclusion on Beam Design:

In case of design of beam section, following conclusion can be extracted:
• For the analysis of beam, the envelope is taken as governing combinations.
• Negative moments is higher in support sides rather than in mid of the beam. So at
support sides we provide sufficient reinforcement.
• For tension reinforcement, curtailment was made at specified distance from edge of
the support as per IS 13920.
• For compression reinforcement, curtailment was mid part of beam.
• Spacing of stirrups are also designed as prescribed by ductility code i.e IS
13920:1993.
Conclusion on Column design
• With increase in load with time, steel will attain yield strain before concrete attains its
full strength. The column will carry further load because steel will sustain yield stress
while concrete will carry additional load until it attains its full strength.
• The maximum axial load and moments acting along the length of the column was
considered for the design of the column by Limit State Method. The design required
determination of area of longitudinal steel (load carrying capacity) and its distribution.
And transverse steel (lateral supporting against buckling to every longitudinal bar and
confine concrete).
• The section of floor was same.
Conclusion on slab design:

• Most of the slab panel were found to be two way.
• The entire slab panel are safe in deflection and shear check.
Conclusion on stair case design
• Both geometrical design as well as structural design was done by conservative
methods and not in SAP analysis.

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Structural Design For Earthquake Resistance Multi-storeyed Hospital Building

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

August 18, 2014

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1.2 Objectives and Scopes

1.3 General Description of building

1.3.2 Structural Properties

• Total number of column : 31

1.4 Idealization and Assumption in Analysis and Design

1.5 Identification of loads

1.6 Method of analysis

2.1 FLOOR PLAN

2.2 Preliminary Design

ii. Dead load

Floor finish = 26.7 KN/m3 * 0.025 (IS 456:2000, marble)

iii. Live Load = 3.0 KN/m3 For laboratories (IS 456:2000)

Total load on slab (S1) = 3+1.8955+3.125

For negative moment

For negative moment

2.2.2 Design of Beam (Secondary)

2.2.3 For main Beam 4-D-E

Total UDL over &m long span beam= 94.94+17.2

Adopt the depth of beam = 700mm

Considering earthquake increased load by 25% =1304.95KN

2.2.5 Preliminary Design of Staircase

Effective span = 150+2300+2400+1000=5850=5.85m

II. Landing slab A

=50%of loads of landing slab A =6.688KN/m2

Total loads of I, II, III are

2.3 Loading Pattern

The seismic coefficient method or static method is generally applicable to building up to 40

2.4 Seismic Load Calculation

Z = Zone factor, From Table clause 6.4.2

2.5 Base Shear Calculation

= Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Fundamental natural

Where, Qi = design lateral force at floor i.

Base Shear calculation Table

2.6 Centre of mass and centre of stiffness

Floor Dead Live C.M C.M C.R C.R ex (m) ey(m)

is less than or equals to 0.1

2.8 Load Combinations

3. METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structures that can be modelled with this element include:

3.2 Inputs and outputs

10) 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQx

Where, fy = characteristic strength of steel.

Assumptions for the limit state of collapse in compression

4.2 Design of Element

Most foundations may be classified as:

( +" - +- -" +" - +" -"

Where, Ix= M.O.I. of footing about X-axis

y= distance from X-axis to the point of considerations

5.1 SAMPLE DESIGN OF SLAB

1. Checking one way or two way slab; Ly/ Lx=1

3.2 Reinforcement in long direction

Ast required(-ve)=95.86mm2 Sv=250mm

Minimun requirement of steel=0.12%*bd

Using 8mm ф bars

4. Calculation of shear force:

6. Check for deflection

IS 456 - L/dbasic =26