CHAPTER 1

1.1 Background of the study

Mobile or cellular phones are now a days an integral part of modern

telecommunications in every individual life. In many countries, over half
of the population use cellular phones and the cellular phone market is
growing rapidly. Saudi Arabia rank first among the countries of the gulf
region with highest proportion of mobile user conducted by United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).(1)

• Mobile phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-

ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by
tissues close to the phone. The amount of radiofrequency energy a
mobile phone user is exposed depend on many factors as the
technology of the phone, the distance between the phone and the
user, the extent and type of cellular phone use and the user’s
distance from cell phone towers.(1)
• Daily cellular telephone use of >25 minutes over years may lead to
reduced melatonin production. When availability of melatonin is
impaired, a whole range of disorders including sleep disturbance,
chronic fatigue, depression, cardiac, reproductive and neurological
diseases and mortality can occur. Reduced melatonin is also
associated with increased DNA damage and increased risk of cancer,
arthritis, schizophrenia, renal impairment, Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s disease, miscarriage, SIDS, and increased risk of
childhood leukemia. Tinnitus, and it has been reported among
millions of cell phone users in the world (2)

• Brain tumors have now taken over leukemia as the biggest cause
of death amongst adolescents. Due to many such reasons countries
like Belgium, France, Finland, Germany, Russia and Israel have
publicly discouraged use of cell phones by adolescents. Adolescents,
before the age of 20 are five times more likely to get brain cancer, as
their brain is not fully developed and radiation penetration is much
deeper. It is possible that today’s young people may suffer an
epidemic of the disease in later life.(2)

Cont….
It is said that adolescents are more vulnerable to risk of brain cancer as their
•
skull and cells are in growing phase and hence can easily absorb more radiation.

Also cases of explosive burns were reported in various parts around the world

where low qualities of batteries were delivered which had consequences of

physical injury, fear & loss of property of user. (3)

• The intensity of online world is thought to be a factor that may

trigger depression in some adolescents. As with depression, pre-
adolescents and adolescents who suffer from Facebook depression
are at risk for social isolation and sometimes turn to risky internet
sites and blogs for help that may promote substance abuse, unsafe
sexual practices or aggressive self- destructive behaviors. Cyber-
bullying is quite common, can occur to any young person online, and
cause profound psychosocial outcomes including depression, anxiety,
severe isolation and tragically suicide. (4)

• In 2014, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine reported

that use of cell phones by men is associated with decrease in semen
quality, sperm count, motility, viability and normal morphology and is
related to the duration of cell phone use and leads to infertility. (5)

• The Nepal adolescent and youth survey 2010/11 has shown 70%
of adolescents in Nepal use mobile phones. Mobile phones are very
popular with adolescents. Girls tend to use mobile more than boys.
Among them, 22% use their mobile phones to take their photos, 16%
for playing games, 10% to listen to radio, 7% to record video footage
and 3 % to TV shows or clips.(6)
• A research was conducted on ill effects reported and associated
with use of mobile phone and its influence on health and
development of students in India. It was indicated that 76.92% of
the students carried one mobile and 23.08% more than one. The
respondents complained the problems like headache (16.08%),
fatigue (24.48%), impaired concentration (34.27%), memory
disturbances (40.56%), sleeplessness (38.8%), hearing problems
(23.67%), facial dermatitis (16.78%) and sensation of warmth within
the auricle (28.32%) and behind/around the ear was reported. (7).

• In a report in 2011, WHO stated that there is a risk of

electromagnetic radiation from cell phones & they can lead to
serious health problems, particularly cancer. Now, WHO lists cell
phones in the category of carcinogenic hazard same as lead and
engine exhaust (8).

• Research has shown an increased risk of traffic accidents, about

3–4 times greater chance of an accident, when mobile phones
(either handheld or with a “hands-free” kit) are used while driving
due to distraction. (9)

• Though adolescents are given cellular phones and are using it,
many don’t know the right way of using it due to which many
complications has been aroused regarding social problem i.e.
 isolation, addiction, behavioral changes etc. and as well as health
problems i.e. sleep disorders, radiation hazards, eye & ear problem,
headache, memory disturbances etc. And also many are not aware
about their origin of problem which may be their own cellular
phones. They are using cellular phones for multi purposes i.e.
communication, education, entertainment, emergency, disaster
management, occupation and so on but many don’t know that it also
can be used for the welfare of themselves and as well as for other
people.

1.2 Need for the study

• Cell phone is one of the recent advancements that influenced and

captured the minds of people irrespective of all age groups. Back in
1980, the number of cell phones in the world was a 11.2 million or 2
cell phones/1000 people. Over last few years 61% of global
population now using cell phones i.e., around the world, there are
more than 2.4 billion cell phone users and more than 1000 new
customers are added every minute.(11)

• According to Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2016 , The

research study on Saptagandaki Multiple College, Bharatpur10,
Chitwan. The study showed that more than half (51.4%) of the
students had a poor level of knowledge on harmful effects of cell
phone use, 45.7% had average level of knowledge and only 2.9% of
the students had good level of knowledge. (11)
 • According to searched literature, though rate of using cellular
phones is increasing due to its easy accessibility and multifunctional
purpose, many adolescents don’t know its advantages and
disadvantages. It has been found that government has not effectively
participated for its activities. In Nepal, no any effective studies have
been conducted. There are no written records about the facts and
figures on positive and negative effects of using mobile phones. Only
few random surveys has been done regarding the population using
cellular phones but not done the studies that can reveal the
knowledge on effects of cellular phones among late adolescents.
Hence, in this study late adolescents are taken as sample to identify
the information on level of knowledge on effects of mobile phones.

1.3 General objective:

• To assess the level of knowledge regarding effects of cellular

phones among bachelor level student.

Specific objectives:
 • To assess the level of knowledge on effects of cellular phones.

• To measure the association of knowledge with sociodemographic

variables.

1.4 Significance of the study:

There could be educational benefits from this study. This study may be
helpful to the adolescents, teachers, parents and educational
administrators to identify knowledge related to the effect of cellular
phones.

• This study result might be helps in making local level policy maker
and other related agencies to formulate the policies and plan
program for increasing knowledge on effects of mobile phones
among people.

• This study will provide some baseline information for further

study on effect of cellular phone.
1.5 study variable

• Dependent variables
Knowledge on effects of cellular phone.

• Independent variable;
- Age
- Sex
- Educational status
- Occupation
- Type of family
- Socio economic status level of family
- Number of mobile phone used
- majority of information obtained

1. 6 Conceptual framework

• The demographic variables considered for the present study are

age, sex, educational status, occupation, socio-economic status,
majority of information obtained, on knowledge regarding effects of
cellular phones.

• It is conceptualized that demographic variables may influence or

 affect directly or indirectly the knowledge on effects of cellular
phones among bachelor level student.

• The knowledge of the bachelor level student on effects of cellular

phones will vary from good to poor.

Conceptual Framework

1.7 Research questions:

• What is the existing knowledge on effect of use cellular phones?

1.8 Operational Definition

• Knowledge:
Correct responses from adolescents on knowledge items
regarding effects of mobile phone.

• It will be measured as follows:

• Good knowledge= if respondents score > 75% giving answer to

 question.

• Average knowledge= if respondents score > 50% giving the

answer to the question.

• Poor knowledge= if the respondent score < 50% giving the answer
to the question.

• Bachelor level student: The student who are studying bachelor

degree at kathford international college lalitpur balkumari.

1.9 Delimitation of the Study

• The study will be conducted on bachelor level student only.

• Setting: data will be collected from a college of lalitpur.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 • A review of literature is a body of text that aims to review the
critical points of current knowledge and methodological approaches
on a particular topic, the role of the literature review is to formulate
and clarify the research problems, to ascertain what is already
known in relation to problem of interest, for developing a broad
conceptual context, facilitate cumulating knowledge for interpreting
the result of the study. A review of literature collect from various
source like as, PubMed, hinari, google scholar etc.

The literature review is classified under following headings:

• Literature review on knowledge on effects of mobile phones

• Literature review on positive and negative effects of mobile

phones

• Literature review on emerging health problems on effects of

mobile phones

• Literature review on preventive measures on effects of mobile

phones

2.1.1 literature review on knowledge on effects of

using mobile phones.

• Mamatha, et.al, (2014) a descriptive study was conducted on the

knowledge on ill effects of mobile phone use & prevention among
100 adolescent in Mangalore. Assessment of knowledge of
adolescents had shown that 65% had average knowledge, 29% had
poor knowledge, and 6 % had good knowledge.(12)

• S. Divya, et.al, (2014) the cross sectional descriptive study was

conducted to assess knowledge on ill effects of cell phones usage
among adolescents at Mangalore, Karnataka. A total of 50 students
were included in the study. Analysis of the data revealed that 46% of
adolescents had poor knowledge, 48% had average and 6% had good
knowledge, none of them possessed very good level of knowledge.
So, researcher felt that various awareness program regarding ill
effects of cell phone usage should be emphasized. (13)

• Pendse Nilesh, et.al, (2014) a study was conducted on knowledge

regarding health hazards of mobile phone users among the junior
college students in Maharashtra, India. There were total 120 samples
studying in 11th standard & 12th standard. The results were 66% are
having average knowledge, 33% are having poor knowledge while
only 1% having good knowledge regarding health hazards. According
to their knowledge score regarding psychological health hazards of
mobile phone use 67% are having poor knowledge, 30% are having
average knowledge, while only 3% are having good knowledge. (14)
• Islam Shariful M. S., (2014) the pilot study was conducted on
awareness and self-reported health hazards of electromagnetic
waves from mobile phone towers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. There were
total 220 respondents. The findings of the result revealed that 74.5%
had no knowledge about the electromagnetic waves of mobile
phones. (15)

• Dr. Awadalla Hala, (2013) the descriptive study was conducted on

knowledge on health effects of mobile phone among adolescents at
Egypt. The findings of the study revealed that the present knowledge
concerning the biological and medical effects of exposure to cellular
phone was poor. However, this knowledge contains certain gaps
which should be filled. (16)

• Shaikh Ali Masood, Iqbal Gulshan, Azam Q., (2011) the cross-
sectional survey was conducted on knowledge regarding cell phone
use while driving among adolescents in Pakistan. The results were
62.5 % respondents had used a cell phone in the past 30 days while
driving, despite 69.2 % and 72.3% of them knowing that it is unsafe
to do so during the daytime or night-time respectively. 34.9%
respondents were involved in the roadside traffic accidents in the
past one year, with those who had used cell phone in the past 30
days while driving. It was concluded that many were having poor
knowledge and if some were having knowledge then also they are
doing negligence of using phone while driving. (17)
 • National Academies Press Amazon, (2011) an article was
published on topic “research on knowledge on effects of mobile
phones”. It was summarized that the knowledge base of health
effects other than cancer is inadequate. Due to lack of knowledge on
possible mechanisms and the wide range of potential effects,
assessments of research needs cannot be very specific. (18)

• Khan MM, (2010) the research was conducted on knowledge on

adverse effects of excessive use of mobile phone use among medial
students at Riyadh. There were total 286 respondents. Finally, it was
concluded that majority of respondents had only few knowledge
regarding effects of using mobile phones. (19)

• Children and Youth, (2010) The research was conducted on

knowledge of internet safety issues and habits of modern technology
usage of children, adolescents, their parents and teachers in Latvia
using quantitative research method. There were 2017 respondents.
By the age of 15 more than 40% of children and adolescents
acknowledge that they have come across on unpleasant
pornographic materials, which have been accessible without any
warnings. 39% say that they have come across violent materials. 31%
claim that they have been bullied online. 19% say that they have
received unpleasant calls and SMS via mobile phones; 9% say that
they have received threatening SMS or materials via mobile phones
and 5% claim that they have received unpleasant sexual materials or
SMS in their mobile phones. (20)

2.1.2 Literature review on positive and negative

effects of using mobile phones:

• Ravidchandran, (2015) an article was posted on topic “Mobile

telephony”. Mobile phone has been using by numerous
professionals, civilians, government agencies i.e. law enforcement &
disaster response. The concerns over terrorism and terrorist use of
technology prompted an enquiry of evidence from mobile phone
devices, prompting leading mobile telephone forensic specialists to
identify forensic techniques. In the event of an emergency, disaster
response crews can locate trapped or injured people using the
signals from their mobile phones. Although mobile phone has many
benefits it is banned for children in some countries, such as North
Korea and Burma. Mobile phone use can be an important matter of
social discourtesy: phones ringing during funerals or weddings; in
toilets, cinemas and theatres. Some book shops, libraries,
bathrooms, cinemas, doctors' offices and places of worship prohibit
their use, so that other patrons will not be disturbed by
conversations. (21)

• News, (2015) a study was conducted on teen’s sleep affected by

use of mobile phones among nearly 10,000 people aged 16 to 19 in
Hordaland county, western Norway. The study confirmed of delayed
or shortened sleep were observed among youngsters who used an
MP3 player, tablet, game in the final hour before bedtime and it was
recommended that parents and adolescents need updating, and age-
specific guidelines regarding the quantity and timing of electronic
media use. (22)
Literature review on emerging health problems on
effects of using mobile phones:

• Islam Shariful M. S., (2014) the pilot study was conducted on

awareness and self-reported health hazards of electromagnetic
waves from mobile phone towers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. There were
total 220 respondents. 49% respondents experienced sleeping
disturbances while recent episodes of headache or dizziness were
reported by 47% and mood change or anxiety or depression by 41%.
About 22% complained about other physical or mental symptoms.
Awareness about the possible health hazards from mobile phones is
low among the inhabitants of Dhaka city. (23)

• Zagade Tikaram, et.al., (2014) A study was conducted to identify

health symptoms associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields
among university students at Rafsanjani University of Medical
Sciences, Iran. The result found that the symptoms of headache,
fatigue, difficulties in concentration, vertigo/dizziness, attention
disorders, nervousness, palpitation, low back pain, myalgia and
tinnitus. A significant association was found between cordless phone
use and difficulties in concentration and attention disorders. (24)

• Burrell Lloyd, (2014) An article was published on topic “44 reasons

to believe cell phones can cause cancer” which includes many types
of cancer caused by cell phones including other health problem.
Microwave radio-frequency radiation exposures of the type emitted
by cell phones are also linked to many other diseases and potentially
life threatening illnesses, including sperm damage & male infertility,
miscarriages, vaginal discharge, vascular system disease, tinnitus,
childhood cancer, sleep problems, depression, irritability, memory
loss, concentration difficulties, headaches, dizziness and fatigue,
suicidal tendencies, arrhythmia, heart attacks, bone marrow
interference, altered calcium level in cells, ADHD, reduction in night-
time melatonin, suppression of the immune system, arthritis,
rheumatism, skin symptoms, lymphatic diseases, autism and hearing
problems. American researchers had conducted a study on four
young women with breast cancer. The results found that all patients
regularly carried their smart phones directly against their breasts in
their brassieres for up to 10 hours a day, for several years, and
developed tumors in areas of their breasts immediately underlying
the phone.(25)

• Waghrev, et.al, (2013) the descriptive study was conducted on

some of the common health effects of cell phones among college
students at Hyderabad, India. Headache was found to be the
commonest symptom i.e. 51.47% followed by50.79%
irritability/anger. Other common mental symptoms included lack of
concentration and poor academic performance, insomnia, anxiety
etc. Among physical symptoms 32.19%body aches, 36.51%eye strain,
13.8% digital thumb were found to be frequent followed by
irritability/anger. (26)
• Latha R.K., et.al, (2011) the cross sectional study was conducted
on awareness of mobile phone hazards among university students in
a Malaysian medical school. There were total 124 respondents. The
overall perception of mobile phone hazard in students was found to
be increased and most respondents agreed that mobile phone usage
can cause headache, loss of mental attention and sleeping
disturbances. (27)

• Dr. Tagoe N. Daniel, Vincent K Gyande, Evans O Ansah, (2011) A

sudy was conducted on bacterial contamination of mob phones
among the students with mobile phones of University of Cape Coast
at Ghana. A total of 100 Mobile phones were randomly sampled
from students aseptically swabbing the entire phone using dry sterile
cotton. Finally, it was concluded that all sampled mobile phones
were highly contaminated with various types of bacteria with high
resistances to commonly used antibiotics. It was suggested the
potential of the mobile phone as a fomite, which could result in
community-acquired infections with possible public health
implications. Periodic cleaning of mobile phones with disinfectants or
hand cleaning detergents as well as frequent hand-washing should
be encouraged as a means of curtailing any potential disease
transmission. (28)

• Environment and Human Health, (2011) an article was published

on topic “Cell Phones: Technology, Exposures, Health Effects”. The
 majority of studies examining biological and health effects of cell
phone radiation have focused on the potential of cell technologies to
cause cancer, nervous system disorders, and adverse reproductive
effects. Thermal effects from microwave radiation have been
reported to cause cataracts and effects on the retina, cornea and
other ocular systems. Pregnant women exposed to EMF emitted by
mobile phones on telephone-dialing mode for 10 minutes a day
during pregnancy and after birth had babies with statistically
significant increases in fetal and neonatal heart rate. It was
recommended to avoid cell phone use during early weeks of
gestation, and also recommended for further studies. (29)

2.1.3 Literature review on preventive measures &

management of effects of using mobile phones:

• Food and Drug Administration, (2014) an article was published on

topic “Radiation Emitting Products”. The FDA has urged the cell
phone industry to take a number of steps, including support
additional research on possible biological effects of radiofrequency
fields for the type of signal emitted by cell phones, improve cell
phone design by minimizing radiofrequency exposure to the user;
and cooperate in providing cell phone users with the latest scientific
information on health concerns caused by radiofrequency exposure.
(30)
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Design:

Descriptive cross-sectional design will be used in order to assess the
knowledge on effects of mobile phones among adolescents.
3.2 Research setting:
This study will be conducted at kathford international college at
balkumari, lalitpur.
3.3 Study Population:
The sample population will be bachelor level student, studying in
kathford international college.
3.4 Sampling Technique
Non-probability purposive sampling technique will be used for the
present study.
 • 3.4.1 Sample Size

220 sample will be taken

N= 220
Z=1.96 (normal score)
Q=0.5 (1- p)
E= 0.05 (error)

• Here, no=[(1.96)2×0.5×0.5]÷(0.05)2
= (3.846×0.25) ÷ (0.0025)
=0.9645÷0.0025
=384.16
= (385)

• We have,
N1= (no ×N )÷ (n+no- 1)
=385×220÷220+384
=84700÷604
=140.23
Total Study sample wii be =140.

3.4.2 Inclusive criteria

 • Bachelor level students willing to participate in the study .

• Those who will be present at the time of data collection.

3.5 Instrumentation

• Semi structured self-administered questionnaire will developed by

researcher herself researcher will be used to assess the level of
knowledge on effect of cellular phone.

• The questionnaire had 2 major sections:

• Section A: questions related to demographic data

• Section B: questions related to knowledge on effects of cellular

phones.

3.6 Validity And Pretesting

• The content validity of the tools will be established in consultation

with guide and experts from various field.

• After the content validity the instrument and the data collection
process were applied in a pretest including 10 % of the respondents
 and they will not included in the main study. Questionnaire was
modified as per the pretest and by consulting with the researcher
advisor.

3.7 Plan for data collection Procedure

• A formal permission will be taken from Norvic Institute of Nursing

Education.

• A formal permission will be taken from kathford international

college to conduct research.

• The written informed consent will be taken from subject after

explaining the purpose and relevancy of the study .

• Data will be collected by questionnaire method by the researcher

herself using research questionnaire on socio-demographic, effect of
cellular use on health.

• The data will be collected from the bachelor level student to fulfil
the inclusive criteria of the study .

• The data will be collected duration of 20-30 minutes.

• It will be transparently described that the information provided

 will be only for researcher purpose and would strictly to deal with
anonymity and encouraging for accurate responses for question.

• Respondent will not be force for participation.

• Participants will not be harmed by the research study.

• All the consideration will be maintained and precaution will be

taken to provide safety and right of all participants.
3.8 Ethical Consideration

• Study will be implemented after getting approval from the Norvic

institude of nursing education.

• A formal permission will be taken from kathford international

college, balkumari, lalitpur to conduct research. After conducting
meeting between researcher, administration and college teacher.

• Privacy and confidentiality of the information will be assured and

maintained and verbal permission will be taken from the respondent
before collecting the data.

• Purpose and objectives of the study will be explained

• The right of the respondent will be highly respected and they will
not be forced to participate in the research study.

3.9 Plan For Data Analysis

• After the completion of data collection, collected data will be

 checked for completeness and accuracy on the spot.

• Collected data will be entered ,editing ,coding, tabulating and

analyzed.

• The data will be analyzed and presented using frequency and

percentage mean, and standard deviation.

References

1. Zahid Naeem 2014 available from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350886/

2. By G.Kumar- 2010 – cited by 43- related articles

https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~mwave/GK-cell-tower-rad-report-DOT-
Dec2010.pdf

3. Islam Shariful M. Sheikh. Awareness and Self-Reported

Health Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phone Towers
in Dhaka, Bangladesh. [Internet]. 20th August 2014 [Cited: 11 Aug,
2014]. Available from: www.hindawi.com/journals/aph/2014/952832

4). Cited by 1187- related articles , available from:

http://research3.fit.edu/sealevelriselibrary/documents/doc_mgr/1006/
O'Keeffe_and_Pearson._2011._The_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_Childr
en,_Adolescents,_and_Families.pdf
5). Cell phone and male infertility: An update , Mohammed Abu El-
Hamad, soha Aboeldahab. Available from:
http://www.journal-ina.com/article.asp?issn=2394-
2916;year=2018;volume=5;issue=1;spage=1;epage=5;aulast=El-Hamd
6). The Kathmandu Post. [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2011 Dec 28]. Available
from:
http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2011-12-
28/70-pc-youth-use-mobiles-survey.html

7).Adverse effects of excessive mobile phone use –NCBI by MM Khan-

2008-cited by 105 related articles :available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228576
8).WHO:cell phones may cause cancer-CNET,May 31 2011, Available
from:
https://www.cnet.com/news/who-cell-phones-may-cause-cancer/
9).Health risks associated with mobile phones use-NCBI-NIH by
Z.Naeem-2014, available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350886/
10)Wilska T A. Mobile Phone Use as a Part of Young People’s
Consumption Styles.[internet] Journal of consumer policy. 2003 Dec 26
(4) 441-463. Available
from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA
%3A1026331016172
11).(PDF)original research article –NepJOL by S.Gautam, available from:
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JCMC/article/viewFile/16715/1359
0

12). Mamatha, Mary, Minnu, Minta, Mishal, Shilpa Gs. International

Journal of Recent Scientific Research. September, 2014;5(9):1678-1681:
http://www.recentscientific.com/sites/default/files/download_140.pdf

13). Divya S., Abu Mathew, Philip Edween Monis, K.V. Vineesh.
Assessment of knowledge on Ill Effects of Cellphones usage among
Adolescents with a View to Develop Information Booklet: An urban
Community Based Study. IJOR [Internet]. 2014 [cited: 5th Feb
2014];3(3). Available from: http://ajner.com/HTMLPaper.aspx?
Journal=Asian%20Journal%20of%20Nursing%20Education%20and
%20Research;PID=2013-3-4-22

14). Pendse Nilesh, Zagade Tikaram. Hazards of Mobile Phone Users

among the Junior College Students. [Internet]. 2014 [cited: May, 2014].
Available from:
https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i5/MDIwMTMxODU2.pdf

15).Islam Shariful M. Sheikh. Awareness and Self-Reported Health

Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phone Towers in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. [Internet]. 20th August 2014 [Cited: 11 Aug, 2014].
Available from: www.hindawi.com/journals/aph/2014/952832
16).Dr. Awadalla Hala. Health effects of Mobile Phone. [Internet]. 2013
[cited: 11 Jan 2013]. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235256719_Health_effects_
of_Mobile_Phone_WebmedCentral_PUBLIC_HEALTH_201341WMC003
946
17).Shaikh Ali Masood, Iqbal Gulshan, Azam Quadi, Knowledge and
practices regarding cell phone use while driving. [Internet]. 2011 [cited:
Jan-April, 2011]. Available from:
http://www.jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/4313.pdf

18).National Academies Press Amazon. Research on knowledge on

effects of mobile phones. [Internet]. 2011. Available from:
https://books.google.com.np/books?
id=DdcB3fZPuTcC&pg=PT34&Ipg=PT34&dq=research+on+effects+of+m
obile+phone
19).Khan MM. Adverse effects of excessive mobile phone use.
[Internet]. 2010 [cited: 2010]. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228576
20).Children and Youth. [Internet]. 2010 [cited: May-June, 2010].
Available from: www.drossinternets/v/page.php?id=258
21).Ravidchandran. Mobile Telephony [Internet]. 2015 [cited: 2015
Feb]. Available from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mobile-telephony
22).News. Teens sleep affected by the use of mobile phones and
computers. [Internet]. 2015 [cited: 2 Feb 2015]. Available from:
www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-03/doctors-confirm-screen-time-
affects-teens-sleep/6066078
23).Islam Shariful M. Sheikh. Awareness and Self-Reported Health
Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phone Towers in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. [Internet]. 20th August 2014 [Cited: 11 Aug, 2014].
Available from: www.hindawi.com/journals/aph/2014/952832
24).Pendse Nilesh, Zagade Tikaram. Hazards of Mobile Phone Users
among the Junior College Students. [Internet]. 2014 [cited: May, 2014].
Available from:
https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i5/MDIwMTMxODU2.pdf

25).44 reasond cell phones causes cancer by Lloyd Burrell, Dec

13,2014:available from:
http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/44-reasons-cell-phones-can-
cause-cancer
26).Acharya JP, Acharya I, Waghrev. Community medicine and health
education. [Internet]. 2013 [cited: 2013]. Available from:
omics.online,org/a-study-on-some-of-the-common-health-effects-of-
cell-phones-amongst-college-students-2161-0711.1000214.pdf
27).Latha R.K., Kiu D.C., Lye C.W., Yogeeta J. Scientific Research an
Academic Publisher. [Internet]. 2011 [cited: July 2011]. Available from:
http://file.scirp.org/pdf/Health20110700002_28370656.pdf

28).Webmed central.com:Bacterial contamination of mobiles phone by

DN Tagoe -2011-cited by article 47 : available from:
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2294
29). ( PDF) The cell phones problem- The collaborative on Health and
the….www.ehhi.org:available from:
https://www.healthandenvironment.org/docs/cell_phone_report_EHHI
_Feb2012_1.pdf
30). Cell phones > current research result- FDA:available from:
https://www.fda.gov/radiation-
emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/homebusin
essandentertainment/cellphones/ucm116335.htm

Study on Knowledge regarding effect of using

mobile phone among selected area

छननोट गररिएकनो कक्षेत्रमम ममबबइल फमनकनो पपरयमगलक्षे हहनक्षे प्रभमव सम्बन्धध गररिनक्षे
अध्ययन
 PART-A
( खण्ड –क )
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
 जनससंख्यम वववरिण

• Tick the correct answer.

1 Age: …………..?

परिप म उमम र

2 Gender
ललङपग
a. Male पप रष
b. Female मलहलब
c. Transgender तम सरप म ललङपगग

3. Type of family
पलरवबरकम लकलसम
a. Nuclear family सबनम पलरवबर
b. Joint family सस यपकत पलरवबर
 c. Extended लवसतबलरत पलरवबर

4. How much is your family's financial

income per month?
तपमइकनो पररिवमरिकनो आररर्थिक आम्दमनध प्रततमहहनम कतत हहन्छ

a. <Rs. 10,000 per month

<रु। 10,000 प्रतत महहनम

b. Rs. 10,001 - Rs. 20,000 per month

र । 10,001 - र। 20,000 पपरलत मलहनब

c. Rs. 20,001 –Rs. 30,000 per month

र । 20,001 --रपप यब। 30,000 पपरलत मलहनब

d. Rs. 30,001 – Rs. 40,000 per month

र । 30,001 - र। 40,000 पपरलत मलहनब

e. >Rs. 40,001 per month

> र। 40,001 पपरलत मलहनब

 PART-B
(खण्ड –ख)
KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE

(जबन पपरशनबवलग)

5. Do you have mobile phone?

 कम तपबईससँग ममबबइल फमन छ?

a. Yes छ
b. No छप न

6) If yes, do you know the effect of mobile phone?

यहद छ भनक्षे, तपमईलमई मनोबमइल फनोनलक्षे गदमर्थि हहनक्षे असरि बमरिक्षे रमहम छ?

a) yes छ
b) no छछै न

If yes, where did you obtained information about

the effect of mobile phone usage (more than one)

 यहद छ भनक्षे, मनोबमइल फनोन प्रयनोगलक्षे हहनक्षे प्रभमवकनो बमरिक्षे मम

जमनकमरिरी कहमहाँबमट प्रमप्त गनभ
हर्थि यनो (एक वम एकभन्दम बढरी मम
रचिन्ह लगमउन सक्नह
ह ह नक्षेछ):
a. Parents/ teacher/ neighbor/ friends

आमबबप बब/ लशकक-लशलककब /छरलछमम कग/ सबथग

b. Mass media/ TV / radio

मबस लमलडयब / लटलभ / रम लडयम

c. Newspaper/ Magazine
 अखबबर / पतत्रकम

d. No information
सप चनब छप न

7. In your opinion , Approximately how much is your monthly

expenditure for mobile phone ?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम, तपमइहाँकनो मनोबमइल फनोनकनो लमरग ममससक खचिर्थि लगभग

कतत हहन्छ?

a. <Rs. 500 per month

<र। 500 पपरलत मलहनब

b. Rs. 501 – Rs. 1,000 per month

र । 501 - रपप यब। 1,000 पपरलत मलहनब

c. Rs. 1,001- Rs. 1,500 per month

र । 1,001- र। 1500 पपरलत मलहनब

d. Rs. 1,501 – Rs. 2,000 per month

र । 1,501 - रपप यब। 2,000 पपरलत मलहनब

e. >Rs. 2,001 per month

> र। 2,001 पपरलत मलहनब

 8. In your opinion ,What is mobile phone?
तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम, ममबबइल फमन कम हम?

a) Device having function of incoming calls but not outgoing

calls.
यनतपरमब आगत कलहरकम पपरकबयर छ तर बबलहर जबनम कलहर छप ननप।
b) Device which helps in communication and in which internet
can be used.

यनतपर जसलम सस चबरमब मदत गररछ र जप न इन्टरिनक्षेटमम पपरयमग गनर

सलकनछ।
c) Device in which sim-card cannot be used

यनतपर जसमब लसमकबडर पपरयमग गनर नसकनम

d) Device through which text cannot be sent.

यनतपर जसबबट सनरम श पठबउन नसलकनम
e) Do not know

रमहम छछै न

PART-C
(खण्ड – ग)

9. Do you know,the positive impact of using

a mobile phone?
 कक्षे तपमईलमई मनोबमइल फनोनकम प्रयनोग गदमर्थि हहनक्षे सकमरिमत्मक प्रभमव बमरिक्षे
तपमईलमई रमहम छ?

a. yes छ

b. No छछै न

.If yes, what are the positive feature of using mobile phone?

यलर छ भनम , ममबबइल फमन पपरयमग गरर्नुक

र को सकबरबतमक पपरभबव कम हनोलम?
a) Exposure to inappropriate and potentially dangerous
contact
अनप लचत र समभबलवत खतरनबक समपकर कम लबलग एकसपमजर
b) Invasion of privacy and online fraud
गमपनगयतब र अनलबइन धमखबकम आकप रमण
c) Keeping update information of the world
सस सबरकम अत्यधधिक जबनकबरग रबखन

d) Harassing people through inappropriate pictures and rumors

अनप लचत तसवगरहर र अफवबहहर मबफर त वयलकतमबलथ लहस सब गनर

10.In your opinion ,Do quality education can be improved by

a mobile phone?
कक्षे ,मनोबमइल फनोनकनो प्रयनोग द्वमरिम गण
ह स्तरिरीय सशिकममम सध
ह मरि ल्यमउन
सककन्छ?

a. yes सककन्छ

b. No सककहाँदछै न

 If yes, How can improve your quality education through

mobile phone?

यहद सककन्छ भनक्षे , तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम ममबबइल फमनमबफर त कसरर गप णसतरगय

धशिकक्षामक्षा सप धबर कसरग गनर सकनप हपनछ?
a. Hiring good coach for your difficult subject आफनम
कलठन लवषयकब लबलग रबमपरम पपरलशकक खमज गरम र
b. Conducing weekly oral and written test

सबपतबलहक ममलखक र लललखत पपरलशकण सञचबलन गरम र

c. Eating healthy diet to study well

रबमपरम सवबसथय अधययन गनर सवसथ आहबर

d. Multiple online and pdf book references

अलधक अनलबइन र pdf पप सतकहर पढम र

12.In your opinion, Do mobile phones can be used in the
welfare activity of the society?

तपमईंकनो ववचिमरिमम ,कक्षे मनोबमइललमई सममजकनो सफल कल्यमणकमरिरी कमयर्थिमम

प्रयनोग गनर्थि सककन्छ?

a.Yes सलकनछ

b.No सककहाँदछै न

. if yes, Which social welfare activity can be perform through mobile

phone?

यहद सककन्छ भनक्षे, कस्तनो समममजजक कमयर्थिमम प्रयनोग गनर्थि सककन्छ ?

a.Distribution of foods and cloths to orphan and old age.

अनबथ र बप ढढमलग लबई खबनम कपरब र कपडबकम लवतरण दक्षारक्षा

b. Awareness campaign to end gender based violence,
exploitation and abuse.

ललङपग लहस सब, शमषण र रपरपयमग अनतयकको लक्षाधग चचेतरक्षामल

म क अधभियक्षार दक्षारक्षा
c. Charity show for poor people who cannot afford treatment.

उपचबर गरबउन नसकनम गरग मबलनसहरकम लनलमत रबन कबयरकपरम दक्षारक्षा

d.Blood donation program.

 रकत रबन कबयरकपरम दक्षारक्षा

13. In your opinion, Why mobile phone is banned to

adolescents in many other countries?

तपमईंकनो ववचिमरिमम, लकन धम रप रम शहरमब लकशमरहरलबई ममबबइलमब चलबउन

पपरलतबनध गलरएकम छ?
a. To reduce the high risk of cancer

कयबनसरकम उचच जमलखम घटबउन

b. To limit the use of mobile phone.

ममबबइल फमनकम पपरयमग सगलमत गनर

c. To decrease the logical thinking

तमककर्थिक सनोचि घटमउन

d. Adolescent cannot afford mobile phone

ममबबइल फमनकम खचर धबनन नसकमकमलम

e. Do not know
रमहम छछै न
14. Do you know, the risk of using a mobile phone for a
long-term?
कक्षे तपमईलमई लममनो समयसम्म मनोबमइल फनोन प्रयनोग गदमर्थि दक्षे खखनक्षे जनोखखम
बमरिक्षे रमहम छ?

a. Yes छ

b. No छछै न

.If yes ,What kind of health problems that can occur due to
prolonged use of mobile phone?

यहद रमहम छ भनक्षे, लबमम समयसमम ममबबइल फमन पपरयमग गनबरलम कसतम
सवबसथयसमबनधग समसयब रम लखनछ?

a. Hyperactive disorders.

अतयलधक सलकप रय हपनम लवकबर

b. Headache and chronic fatigue.

टबउकम रपखनम र लगक्षारतक्षा थकबनकम समभबवनब

c. Isolation from friends and family.

पलरवबर तथब सबथगबबट छपटप लटनप

a. Altered mental status.

मबनलसक अवसथब पररवतर्नुर

 e) Do not know
रमहम छछै न

15.In your opinion, Why prolonged use of mobile phone is considered

as risk factor for causing cancer?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम, लबममसमयसमम ममबबइल फमनकम पपरयमग गरर्नुल

र क्षाई लकन
कयबनसरकम जमलखम मबलननछ?

a. Mobile phone leads to infertility

बबबझमपन गरबउनम समभबवनब भएकमलम

b. Mobile phone emits electromagnetic radiation.

ममबबइल फमनलम लवदप त चप मबकगय लवलकरण उतसजरन गररछ

c. Mobile phone causes psychological disorders

ममबबइल फमनलम मनमवप जबलनक लवकबरहरकम कबरण बनबउब छ

d. Mobile phone increases stress on eye

मनोबमइल फनोनलक्षे आहाँखममम तनमव बढमउहाँ छ

e) Do not know

रमहम छछै न
 16. Do you know,The long-term use of mobile phone
can affect the reproductive health?
कक्षे तपमईंलमई, लममनो समयसम्म मनोबमइलकनो प्रयनोगलक्षे प्रजनन
स्वमस्थ्यमम पनर असरि बमरिक्षे रमहम छ

a) yes छ
b) no छछै न

. if yes, What is the sign that indicates infertility in men that occurred
due to prolonged use of mobile phone?

यहद रमहम छ भनक्षे, ममबबइल फमन कम लबमम समय समम पपरयमग गरक्षार्नुलचे प्रजरर
स्वक्षास्थ्यमक्षा दचेधखिरचे सस कमत कम कम हपनसकछ?
a. Infertility problems.

बक्षासँझकोपर कको समसयबहर

b. Decrease in semen quality and sperm count.

वगयर गप णसतरमब कमग र शप कपरबणप मबतपरब घटप नप

c. Lack of interest in opposite partner.

ववपररित पमटर्थि नरिमम रुरचिकनो कमध

 d.Infection of genitals.

गप पतबस गकम सस कपरमण

17.In your opinion, Pregnancy mothers are considered fair

to use mobile phones?
कक्षे तपमईँकनो ववचिमरिमम, गभमर्थिवस्रमकम आममहरुलक्षे मनोबमइल फनोन प्रयनोग गनहर्थि
उरचित ममतनन्छ?
a. Yes ममतनन्छ

b. No मबलनब रपन

.If no, What is the reason for avoiding the long term use of mobile
phone during pregnancy period?

यहद उरचित ममतनहाँदछैन भनक्षे, ककन गभमर्थिवस्रमकम आममहरुलक्षे लममनो समयसम्म

मनोबमइल फनोन प्रयनोग गनर्थि हहहाँदछैन?

a. To give more attention to mother’s health

आमबकम सवबसथयमब बढग धयबन लरन
b. To reduce the risk of abortion and congenital in baby
गभरपतन र लशशप कम जनमजबत समसयब कमग गनर
c. To increase the rest period for mother
आमबकम आरबम गनर समय बढबउन
d. To reduce the stress from incoming calls
आगमन कलहरकम तनबव घटबउन
18. In your opinion, Which part of our body is affected directly after the
exposure of mobile phones for longer duration of time?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम ,लबममसमयसमम ममबबइल फमनकम प्रयकोगलचे शलररकम कपन भबग

लबई धम रप असर पबररछ?

a. Nose and Mouth

नबक र मप ख
b. Eye and Ear
आब खब र कबन
c. Stomach
पम ट
d. Chest
छबतग
e.Do not know

रमहम छछै न
19.In your opinion, Which is the most common psychological problem
that occurred due to prolonged use of mobile phone?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम,मनोबमइल फनोन लममनो समय सम्म प्रयनोग गदमर्थि सबप भनरब बढर
दचेधखिरचे मनमवप जबलनक समसयब करर हम?

a. Loss of memory

स्मरणकको कमर
b. Hallucination of ringing phone

फमनकम घनटग बजम कम भपरम हपनप

c. Decreased learning ability

धसक्रचे कमतक्षा घटटरर

d. Poor concentration

ध्यक्षार धदरचे कमतक्षा घटटरर

e.Do not know
रमहम छछै न

20.Do you know about mobile phone addiction?

कक्षे तपमईलमई मनोबमईल फनोनकनो लत बमरिक्षे रमहम छ

a. Yes छ

b. No छछै न

. If yes ,What is mobile phone addiction?

यहद छ भनक्षे, ममबबइल फमनकम लत भनम कम कम हम?( एक वम एकभन्दम बढरी मम

रचिन्ह लगमउन सक्नहहहनक्षेछ)

a) Playing games for more than 1 hour

खम लहर एक घनटबभनरब बढग खम लनप

b) Checking phone first thing in morning before even getting up

from bed and avoiding important work

लबहबन उठप नम लबलतकप अर कबम नगरम पलन फमन चम क गनप र

c) Receiving many calls from friends

सबथगहरबबट धम रप कलहर पपरबपत गनप र
 .In your opinion ,what is the main cause of mobile phone
addiction?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम , ममबबइल फमनकम लत लक्षाग्रक

र को मप खय कबरण कम हम?
a) Limited use of mobile phone
ममबबइल फमनकम सगलमत पपरयमग
b) Busy schedule of parents
आमबबबबप कम वयसत कबयरकपरम
c) Mobile phone advertisement
ममबबइल फमनकम पपरचबरपपरसबर
d) No other games to play
अनय खम लहरकम खम लन नपबएकबलम

. In your opinion , what kind of problem can mobile phone

addiction lead to?

तपमईंकनो तबचिमरिमम ,मनोबमइल फनोनकनो लतलक्षे कस्तनो ककससमकनो समस्यमहरु

तनम्त्यमउन सक्छ?
 a) Increased intellectual activities

बमरपलधक गलतलवलध बढबउन

b) Sleeping for longer period at night

लबमम समयसमम सप तनम

C) Getting involved in meditation and exercises

धयबन र अभयबसमब सस लगन हपनम

d) Nomophobia i.e. fear of having no mobile phone

फमन हपनन लक भनम र डर हपनम