139
Durability of FRP reinforcements for
concrete
HR Hamilton III and CW Dolan
University of Wyoming, USA
Summary
This paper covers the use of FRP reinforcements in
concrete structures. In particular, the focus of this
paper will be on the state of knowledge of the
durability of FRP systems as they may be applied to
concrete for the purpose of strengthening or repair.
The commonly available materials for repair and
strengthening are glass (GFRP), aramid (AFRP), and
carbon (CFRP). These materials are applied to the
Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139d145
Introduction
There is a tremendous need worldwide for a cost-
effective and durable method of repairing and
strengthening concrete structures. This is apparent in
the deteriorating buildings, bridges and other
structures due to corrosion of the steel reinforcing. In
addition, there are many instances where concrete
structures are in need of strengthening. These may
include increases in seismic, wind or snow loads due
to revisions in the building code. Changes in
ownership or use of a structure may trigger the need
for strengthening to handle the changes in occupancy
loads. Conventional strengthening/repair techniques
often used in these cases include section enlargement,
polymer concrete overlays, post-tensioning, and
bonded steel plates[1]. However, within the past
6 years FRP materials have been introduced and are
becoming an increasingly popular choice for many
repair/strengthening projects[2].
Composite materials
Advanced composites are made up of a matrix
reinforced by a high-strength fiber material (most
commonly glass, aramid, or carbon fiber)[3]. The
polymer matrix serves as both an adhesive and binder.
The primary function of the reinforcing fibers is to
carry the majority of the structural load imposed on
the composite, and to improve the stiffness
characteristics of the resin. Glass, aramid, and carbon
are used for this purpose primarily because of their
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
surface of the concrete to provide additional
flexural and shear strength as well as confinement
for concrete columns. Many times the repair acts as
a barrier to road salts to prevent further corrosion
of the underlying reinforcing steel. The application
of FRP systems is discussed along with durability
issues that are of particular importance and past
and current research.
high strength-to-weight ratio, with strengths
developed comparable to steel at a fraction of the
weights as shown in Table 1.
Of the three advanced materials, glass has
traditionally been the most widely used in such
applications as glass-fiber-reinforced concrete or as
a reinforcing material in exterior insulation and finish
systems. Glass is available in the form of chopped
fibers and in woven sheets. Carbon and aramid fibers
have not had the same popularity within the
construction industry, primarily due to higher cost.
Carbon fibers are manufactured by oxidizing organic
polymer fibers, usually polycrylonitrile or liquid
crystalline pitches obtained from coal distillation
process[3,4]. This process leaves only a carbonaceous
material where the carbon atoms have aligned
themselves along the length of the original fiber.
Carbon is available as chopped fibers, in woven
sheets, or as long tows. Aramid is the generic name for
an aromatic polyamide polymer that is derived from
petroleum. The product is produced under the trade
name of Kevlar in the US, Arapree in Europe and
Technora in Japan. Aramids are commonly available
as long tows and woven sheets.
Applications
INFRASTRUCTURE
Thousands of reinforced concrete bridge decks,
girders, pier caps, and substructures are in a serious
state of deterioration. In addition, parking structures,
many times not designed under the same strict
requirements and control as highway bridges,
Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139}145
140 NEW MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

Table 1 Representative FRP properties (Christiansen et al. [3])

Fiber tensile Composite tensile Composite
strength Fiber modulus strength modulus
Fiber (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) (GPa) Strain to failure
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Aramid 3.66 125 1.54 84 0.024
Carbon 3.50 181 1.75 132 0.012
E-glass 2.10 75 0.83 49 0.03
Steel:
Rebar 0.04 200 0.04 200 0.12
Strand 1.86 190 1.86 190 0.07
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Note: The fiber properties vary with the manufacturer’s quality control. The foregoing values are representative of industry products; however, specific properties should be ascertained prior to initiation of
design. The composite values assume a fiber volume fraction of approximately 0.65

Fig. 1 Examples of FRP strengthening of highway bridges Fig. 2 Application of FRP fibers to concrete surface

3. Design errors.
experience severe corrosion environments from roads
4. Code changes.
salts carried in by automobiles. This deterioration is
due to the corrosion of the reinforcing from exposure FRP has been used to increase the floor capacity for
to one or a combination of coastal salt environments, converting parking structure to office space[2]. It has
applications of deicing salts, or industrial pollutants. also been used to increase floor capacity for industrial
FRP strengthening of bridge components (and parking facilities due to added equipment loads. Other uses
structures as well) can take many forms involve the strengthening of slabs where holes are cut
(Fig. 1). These bridges are in dire need of evaluation and in construction errors where reinforcing has been
and repair for which FRP materials provide a viable incorrectly placed or where precast units have been
repair and strengthening method. improperly manufactured. CFRP has been tested as
External application of FRP strengthening must a strengthening application for concrete masonry
consider the behavior of the total structural system. basement walls[5].
The system consists of substrate preparation, adhesive
bonding, FRP materials, and a surface treatment STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
(Fig. 2). While this review deals with the durability of Bonded repair systems can generally be divided into
the FRP and adhesive, the engineer must be aware that two classes: continuously stressed (active) and
failure can occur in the substrate, especially in cases of intermittently stressed (passive). An example of an
deterioration caused by corrosion of the steel active system is the repair of impact damage of
reinforcement. a bridge girder (in flexure) or of corrosion-damaged
parking garage joists. Active systems require that the
COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION bond between the FRP and underlying material
Commercial construction and structures is another provide a stiff connection with little movement over
area that strengthening options are needed. time. Excessive creep of the resin connection between
Applications in this area can include: the fabric and substrate can lead to excessive cracking
and deflections. Excessive cracking can then lead to
1. Changes in structure use. further degradation of the bond, eventually leading to
2. Construction mistakes. complete failure of the repair system.

Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139}145

Passive systems will generally be mobilized when
the structure experiences an extreme loading event
such as earthquake, extreme wind, or blast. These
include column wrapping systems, wall
strengthening, and blast strengthening. While the
degradation of the FRP bond will become visually
obvious in active systems, passive systems, because
they are not continuously stressed, may not show
visible signs of degradation until loaded by the design
event. There must then be a high level of confidence
that the bonded system has been applied properly and
that the bond will not degrade with time.
FRP strengthening can be used to strengthen
concrete for flexure, shear and axial stresses[6]. In
flexure and shear strengthening of beams and joists
the FRP provides the additional tensile capacity that
the existing reinforcing lacks under the new loads. In
general, flexural strengthening is applied to the
bottom and/or sides of flexural members with the
filaments in the weave oriented in the direction of the
flexural tensile stresses. Shear strengthening requires
that the FRP be well bonded to the surface of the
concrete member in the direction of the maximum
tensile stresses.
FRP strengthening examples
Fyfe et al indicate that there has been a number of field
applications of the column-wrapping FRP
strengthening applications conducted in the US[7].
California, Nevada, Washington, Pennsylvania, and
Wisconsin DOTs all have field installations on bridge
columns for either seismic strengthening or repair
purposes. Other applications include complete
wrapping of a prestressed concrete water tank, and the
repair of a cracked light pole foundation.
Nanni and Gold report of the deterioration of steel-
reinforced gunite beams that had been installed to
correct problems with existing steel tendons[8]. Over
time, the bond deteriorated between the slab and the
gunite beams, causing delamination and decreasing
strength of the slab. The gunite beams were
demolished and replaced with two double-ply CFRP
(carbon FRP) strips to strengthen the slab. In situ tests
determined that the CFRP strips increased the strength
of the slab. The slab was loaded to a level over two
times its service load requirements.
A project in Sherbrooke, Canada was completed in
which various FRP materials were used to strengthen
and repair structural elements in a parking structure.
Beams that did not conform to current standards
concerning bending or shear capacities were
reinforced with composite wraps. Improvements in
strength of 15% in bending and 20% in shear were
noted. It is not clear if these are calculated strengths or
measured. Glass and carbon FRP sheets were also
used to repair and strengthen columns with corroded
reinforcing and provide protection from exposure to
deicing salts during the winter[6].
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DURABILITY OF FRP REINFORCEMENTS FOR CONCRETE 141
Corrosion damage of overpass columns located on
Highway 10 in Quebec was repaired with CFRP and
GFRP composites[6]. The corrosion damage was
caused by road salt splash. Nine of the columns were
repaired with composites (five with GFRP sheets and
four with CFRP sheets) while the other three were
repaired with conventional methods. One of the goals
of the project was to test the durability of the
composites and to monitor the reinforcing
degradation in the severe climatic conditions in
Quebec. This will provide a comparison of the
durability of FRP and conventional repair systems.
Note that while the column-wrapping strengthening
scheme for seismic rehabilitation is popular in
California, there has not been extensive use of column
wrapping in the repair of corrosion damaged columns.
Articles discussing corrosion repair generally focus on
the FRP systems and provide little information
regarding actions taken to mitigate existing corrosion
or removal of corrosive chemicals.
CFRP sheets were applied to the deteriorating
beams of the box-beam Foulk Road Bridge
(Wilmington, DE) in mid-October 1994[9]. The beams
‘exhibited the typical longitudinal cracks resulting
from a lack of transverse reinforcement’. The beams
are 0.9 m wide and 0.7 m deep. The concrete surfaces
were prepared by grinding rough sections,
sandblasting all surfaces, injecting epoxy into all
cracks, and applying a surface primer. The CFRP
sheets were applied to the adherend surfaces with
epoxy. The authors concluded that at the time of
writing the paper, the ‘bridge rehabilitation has
performed quite well. None of the composite which
was effectively bonded initially has shown signs of
deterioration’.
In 1995, the LaSalle Street bridge (Chicago, IL) under
went its most recent renovation[10]. The original bridge
was constructed in 1928. Two composite panels were
used for the cantilevered walkway, and the rest were
constructed of steel. The walkway had been used for
heavy pedestrian traffic and light vehicle traffic while
being subject to winter conditions and occasional
raising and lowering of the bridge. The composite
panels consisted of E-glass fiber grating covered with
E-glass fiber-reinforced vinylester composite sheet. At
the time of writing the paper, the authors concluded
that the composite sections appeared to have been in
‘excellent condition’ while 13 out of 118 steel panels
had shown ‘noticeable corrosion’.
Durability testing
A review of the literature available on the durability of
FRP repair/strengthening systems indicates that the
following environments have been examined for FRP
durability:
1. Freeze}thaw.
2. Extreme temperatures.
Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139}145
142
3. Salt water.
4. Water absorption.
5. Alkaline environment (concrete and soil).
6. Ozone.
7. Ultraviolet light (UV).
The following discussion summarizes recent research
that has covered one or more aspects of FRP durability
when applied to concrete for strengthening. Note that
the literature reviewed is limited to work that has
involved the testing of composites applied to or
embedded in concrete for the purpose of
strengthening and not a general review of all FRP
materials.
FREEZE`THAW
Durability of CFRP externally attached to concrete
beams was tested by exposure to cycles of freezing and
thawing while a different group of beams were
subjected to wetting and drying cycles[11]. Flexural
strength of the beams was lost due to failure of the
bond and not degradation of the composite.
Six test beams were subjected to 100 freeze/cycles of
203C to !253C. The beam was then brought back to
room temperature and tested in four-point bending.
Three beams were cracked before applying the FRP
laminate. The frozen beams were thawed by
immersing them in water at a temperature 203C. The
investigators expected that water would enter the
cracks and expand with subsequent freezing, causing
bond failure and peeling of the composite from the
substrate. When compared to the control beams kept
at room temperature, the thermal cycles had no
negative effect on the ultimate loads applied to the
beam[12].
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
The incompatibility of thermal coefficients for FRP
and concrete is one danger in the extreme temperature
performance of FRP strengthened concrete. The
thermal coefficient for concrete is 10E6/3C. Carbon,
aramid and glass thermal coefficients are near zero.
Assuming that the FRP is applied during normal
temperatures then significant stresses can develop at
the bond line during large swings in temperature,
possible causing premature failure.
Baumert et al reviewed available information and
tests conducted on the low-temperature behavior of
FRP externally reinforced concrete and found that
very little research has been done in this area[12].
Baumert et al cite only two previous works. One is
a single test on an unreinforced concrete beam
strengthened with CFRP laminate. Adhesive was
thinly applied to the smooth concrete surface. The
beam was subjected to a temperature of !603C. The
investigators were concerned that the adhesive bond
would be damaged and the laminate would peel after
being subjected to the low temperature; however, the
laminate remained intact.
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEW MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
The other work was on unreinforced and reinforced
concrete beams that were strengthened with CFRP
sheets and tested until failure at temperatures of 21
and !273C. At low temperature, the CFRP sheets
increased the flexural capacity of the beam up to shear
peeling failure of the sheets indicating a premature
failure of the bond.
Bavarian et al report on the effects of elevated
temperatures on the S-glass embedded in polyester
resin and Kevlar-29 embedded in epoxy resin[13].
These repairs were applied to standard concrete
cylinders and exposed to elevated temperatures (and
salt fog application) of 493C for a period of 28 days
with no significant loss of strengthening capability
(see the next section for further details).
WATER AND SALT WATER
Bavarian et al investigated the effect of salt spray
exposure on the durability of concrete cylinders
wrapped with 2 in wide S-glass and Kevlar fiber
tape[13]. The glass strips were applied with isophthallic
polyester resin and the Kevlar strips were applied
with epoxy resin. Cylinders were wrapped at an angle
of 153 relative to the cylinder axis with either two,
three, or four layers of tape with an overlap of 10%.
The concrete cylinder surfaces were prepared by
wiping with acetone. Four cylinders 4 in;8 in and
6 in;12 in were subjected to a 5% NaCl spray for 28
days in a salt spray chamber, according to ASTM
B-117, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog)
Apparatus. The chamber provided a corrosive, high-
humidity, and high-temperature environment.
Compression tests on the conditioned cylinders did
not show damage or loss of strength.
Soudki and Green tested 42 circular concrete
columns (152;305 mm), 28 columns were wrapped
with CFRP sheets in either one or two layers[14]. Pre-
impregnated carbon sheets were applied to the
concrete columns, further impregnated with epoxy,
and allowed to cure for one week at room temperature
before testing. Six columns were submerged under
water for 200 days, six columns were kept at
a temperature of !183C for 200 days, 15 columns
were kept at a temperature of 203C for 200 days, and
15 columns were subjected to 200 freeze/thaw cycles.
The columns subjected to thermal cycling were kept at
!183C for 16 h and then put in a water bath at
a temperature of 183C to thaw for 8 h. All specimens
were tested for axial strength after being exposed to
each of the environments. It was concluded that the
carbon wraps provided more strength, stiffness, and
ductility than for control columns subjected to the
same environment. At room temperature, CFRP sheets
increased strength by 20% for one layer and 30% for
two layers. With thermal cycling, one layer of CFRP
tripled the strength of the unwrapped column
exposed to the same environment, while a second
layer caused the column to fail at the same load as an
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 DURABILITY OF FRP REINFORCEMENTS FOR CONCRETE 143

unwrapped column kept at room temperature. The in creep-rupture failure include the applied stress and
axial strength of an unwrapped column kept at room the time necessary for failure to occur. In general, the
temperature was 65% more than an unwrapped lower the applied stress is the longer the time to
column put through thermal cycling. failure. Environmental effects can substantially alter
the creep-rupture behavior[16,17].
Investigators at the University of Wyoming tested
ALKALI ATTACK
the creep rupture time of glass, aramid, and carbon
When FRP systems are used with concrete, whether
fibers[16]. Short-term tests stressed each tendon type 10
internal or external reinforcing, the fibers and matrix
times at a level of 90–100% of their short-term strength;
will be exposed to the high alkaline environment
long-term tests stressed the tendons in a reaction
present in the concrete. This environment is known to
frame at a level of 60–80% of their short-term strength.
attack some FRP composites such as glass and aramid
The tendons were 3 mm in diameter and had a length
fibers [3].
of 100 mm. Results from the short-term tests showed
Katsuki and Uomoto tested glass, aramid, and
that there was substantial decay in the glass tendons
carbon FRP exposed to NaOH solution [15]. Circular
while there was no decay in the aramid and carbon
AFRP, CFRP, and GFRP rods 6 mm in diameter and
tendons. The long-term tests used springs to apply
40 mm long were immersed in a solution of NaOH
a constant load. Concrete was cast around the tendons
and then tested until a tensile failure was reached. The
after placement in the frame and, after curing, an
GFRP rods were subjected to a solution with half the
environmental chamber was placed around the
concentration of NaOH because of poor resistance of
specimens. The environmental chamber is then
glass fibers to alkali. The NaOH solutions were kept at
partially filled with salt solution. This allows the same
a temperature of 403C. The rods were tested at 203C
tendon to be exposed to three different environments,
after exposure times of 7–120 days. It was found that
air, salt bath, and concrete/salt solution. These
the alkali penetrated the GFRP rods radially with time
tendons were subjected to wetting and drying which
while the CFRP and AFRP rods had no penetration of
caused the level of sodium chloride to vary. Results
alkali. In addition, tensile tests showed that only the
from this test will determine which environmental had
GFRP rods lost strength with time after exposure to
a greater impact on the service life of the tendon.
alkali. The area of the GFRP rods penetrated by alkali
Other creep-rupture tests have been conducted
failed at a lower load than the areas not penetrated by
using AFRP bars 7.5 mm in diameter[17]. The bars were
the solution.
tested in both air at 203C and in alkaline solution at
Dolan et al found in environmental creep rupture
203C. It was determined that the alkaline solution
tests that a reduction in the time to failure was noted in
significantly increased the damage to the tendons. The
the glass specimens[16]. These were specimens encased
cations present in the alkaline solution diffuse through
in concrete to provide a more realistic environment for
the matrix or are carried by capillary transport into
the FRP. Rostasy and Scheibe found that aramid fibers
cracks, causing deterioration. Tests also showed that
do not suffer increased time to failure when exposed
time to failure decreased as the temperature of the
to actual concrete during creep rupture tests[17].
alkaline solution increased. To determine realistic
Further information on these tests is located in the
long-term stress-rupture behavior AFRP bars were
creep-rupture section.
embedded in pre-tensioned concrete slabs. The slab
There is some question concerning the use of high
were exposed to indoor conditions at 203C and
alkaline solutions (NaOH) to simulate the
outdoor conditions of high humidity, but protected
environment in concrete. In general, the alkali is
from rain and sun. Some of the slabs exposed to
limited to that available from the surrounding
outdoor conditions were further subjected to a saline
concrete[16]. This is particularly true for surface-
solution. The slabs were tested to failure after one
applied fibers in which there is a significant thickness
year. None of the specimens failed due to natural
of adhesive/matrix between the fibers and concrete
exposure. There was an increased deflection noted in
surface. However, testing in solution provides
the slabs exposed to the outdoor and saline
a continuous supply of alkali ions. Such a supply
environments. The slab failure modes were nearly
may not be available in a concrete structure and
identical, caused by crushing of concrete. The AFRP
therefore, test may provide accelerated but erroneous
bars did not appear to slip in the anchorage zone. After
results.
one year, the load-bearing capacity of the exposed
slabs did not decrease significantly.
CREEP-RUPTURE Scott et al reviewed literature on time-dependent
Prestressed strengthening schemes using aramid FRP behavior of FRP materials; the research was used to
has been proposed. One additional durability issue develop accelerated test methods to predict the long-
that prestressing FRP introduces is creep-rupture. term performance for highway applications[18]. The
Creep-rupture is a time-related failure phenomenon in authors found that the axial tension test was the most
which the failure can occur suddenly after sustaining common creep test performed on glass, carbon, and
a tension stress over a finite time period. The variables aramid fibers. Most of the tests were conducted under

Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139}145
144
isothermal conditions. The FRP composites were
reinforced with continuous unidirectional or multi-
directional fibers or randomly oriented mat. The
authors noted that researchers conducted static fatigue
(creep-rupture) tests on unidirectional glass/polyester
coupons measuring 225;15;2 mm for up to 10 min.
It was found that exposure to water reduced the
strength of the coupons by 90% as compared to
coupons exposed to air. Based on literature resources,
the authors concluded that both Findley’s power law
and Shapery’s single integral representation work well
to predict the creep behavior of FRP materials. It was
also concluded that creep behavior of composites is
dependent on the fiber orientation, and temperature
and moisture conditions of the environment.
OZONE
Fyfe reports on a series of tests conducted at Hexel
Corporation to evaluate the durability of the Tyfo
S system, which is a proprietary FRP Column
wrapping system. The tests were accelerated in nature
and focused on small-scale concrete systems onto
which the composite was applied prior to testing. The
ozone tests were reportedly conducted in accordance
with ASTM D1149 at 1 ppm and 433C. There was no
apparent effect on the panel strength from the ozone
exposure.
UV
In general, FRP systems (both fibers and matrix) are
sensitive to ultraviolet light and require some type of
coating protection. As a result there has been very little
research conducted into the resistance because some
type of coating is required.
Fig. 3 Potential corrosion problems in FRP repair
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEW MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
Durability concerns
The use of FRP in repair and strengthening of concrete
is gaining acceptance and recognition with engineers
as well as the construction industry[2]. Much of the
research involving the use of FRP systems has focused
on the strength and constructability of these systems
as well as the development of performance
specifications and design guidelines; all practical
issues related to the implementation of the repair
systems. However, basic corrosion principles indicate
that, in some cases, the application of a barrier (to
moisture and oxygen) can significantly change the
corrosion mechanism of the underlying concrete
(Fig. 3). As a result, the application of bonded FRP
systems may, in some cases, do more damage than
good.
Emmons et al[4] acknowledge this potential problem
with strengthening/repair of structures that already
have severe reinforcing corrosion problems due to
chloride contamination. Emmons also suggest that
strengthening systems do not arrest corrosion in
already contaminated concrete and that strengthening
may accelerate the corrosion of the reinforcing. It is
further stated that strengthening is intended only as
a supplement to the strength of the existing
reinforcement and that the corrosion problem should
be investigated and addressed before that application
of the strengthening system.
It is imperative that the long-term impact of the FRP
systems be understood before extensive use of FRP
repair systems are made on actual structures in the
field. As mentioned previously there have been
several full-scale installations of FRP strengthening
systems that will provide valuable data concerning the
long-term behavior under harsh conditions.
Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:139}145

First international conference on durability
The first international conference on durability of
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
construction was held in Sherbrooke, Quebec on 5–7
August 1998 and was dedicated to the subject of
durability of FRP reinforcements for concrete. There
were 57 papers submitted with many of the papers
covering topics discussed in this paper. Due to
publication deadlines the authors were unable to
review the proceedings for inclusion in this paper.
However, this reference should be an excellent
resource for those who are looking for further
information on the topic of durability.
Closing
FRP materials have been promoted to be a corrosion-
free alternative to traditional steel reinforcement. As
the use of FRP strengthening systems and
reinforcement grows, the research community is
aggressively attempting to validate this assumption.
Based on the available research the following
conclusions may be drawn:
䊉 The normal environmental temperature domains of
civil engineering structures, including freeze-thaw
exposure, do not appear to affect the bonded FRP
response.
䊉 Short-term exposure to salt water does not appear
to affect the FRP systems.
䊉 Glass fibers in a stressed environment are highly
sensitive to alkali attack. At low stress levels, such
as passive bonded rehabilitation, alkali attack does
not appear to significantly degrade the glass fibers.
䊉 Creep-rupture remains a concern for highly
stressed FRP systems. Complete creep-rupture
design data on all common FRP materials is not yet
available.
䊉 Coatings or fillers are used to limit UV and ozone
attack.
䊉 Rehabilitation for corrosion damage must consider
the corrosive elements in the substrate. Little or no
guidance on correcting this condition is yet
reported in the literature.
HR Hamilton III PE PhD
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering,
University of Wyoming,
P.O. Box 3295, Laramie,
WY 82071, USA
E-mail: treyham@uwyo.edu
CW Dolan PE PhD
Professor of Civil Engineering,
University of Wyoming,
P.O. Box 3295, Laramie,
WY 82071, USA
E-mail: cdolan@uwyo.edu
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DURABILITY OF FRP REINFORCEMENTS FOR CONCRETE 145
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* Special interest
** Exceptional interest
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Concrete International 1998: 20(6): 57d58
* [3] Christensen JB, Gilstrap J & Dolan CW. Composite materials
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20(4): 56d60.
** [4] Emmons PH, Vaysburd AM & Thomas J. Strengthening concrete
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