Wheel track:

Reaction at the foundation of wheel per unit length is given by:

𝑞 = −𝑘𝑦

Where, y is beam deflection and k is the modulus of the foundation

Method to find the modulus of the foundation

3 𝐸𝑐 𝑏 4
𝑘 = 0.28 𝐸𝑐 √
𝐸𝑎 𝐼

Where,

Ec = modulus of elasticity of the foundation

Ea = modulus of elasticity of the beam

b = support width

I = moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam

1 𝐸𝑐 𝑏 4 0.11 𝐸𝑐
𝑘 = 0.91[ 2
]
𝐶(1 − 𝑣 ) 𝐸𝑎 𝐼 𝐶(1 − 𝑣 2 )

Where, C is a coefficient varying from 1 for uniform pressure distribution to 1.13 for uniform

deflection; and v is the poisson ratio of the foundation taken equal to 0.20 for concrete

Approximating the values as the foundation width on one side is slightly greater than that of the

beam base results in the modification of the above formula as;l

 3 𝐸 𝑏4
𝑐
𝑘 = 0.4 𝐸𝑐 √
𝐸𝑎 𝐼

According to Hetenyi,

Deflection curve equation:

𝑃 𝛽 −𝛽𝑥
𝑦= 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
2𝑘

Angular deflection:

𝑃𝛽 2 −𝛽𝑥
𝜃= − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥
𝑘

Bending moment:

𝑃 −𝛽𝑥
𝑀= 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
4𝛽

Shearing force:

𝑃
𝑄 = − 𝑒 −𝛽𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥
2

Where,

P = concentrated load

x = distance between the load P and the point considered

β = coefficient of the foundation

 4 𝑘
𝛽= √
4𝐸𝑎 𝐼

Bending stress of the wheel track is:

𝑀 𝑃 −𝛽𝑥
𝜎𝑓 = =± 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝑊 4𝑊𝛽

Similarly, Shear stress

𝑄 𝑃 −𝛽𝑥
𝜏= =− 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥
𝐴𝑎 2𝐴𝑎

Aa is the area of the wheel track subjected to shearing

Assuming a uniform pressure distribution under beam base, the concrete bearing pressure will be

given by

𝑞 𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑃𝛽 −𝛽𝑥
𝑝𝑜 = =− =− 𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝑏 𝑏 2𝑏𝑘

The bearing pressure shall not exceed the comparative stress determined

Dimensioning by the ANDREE-FRICKE THEORY

The maximum value of longitudinal bending stress of the wheel track

𝑀 𝑃 3 𝐸𝑎 𝐼
𝜎𝑓 = =± √
𝑊 2𝑊 𝐸𝑐 𝑏

Where,

Ec = modulus of elasticity of the foundation

Ea = modulus of elasticity of the beam

b = width of the wheel track

P = load transmitted by the wheel

W = Section modulus

I = moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam

The bearing pressure between wheel track base and the concrete is determined by the formula

𝑃
𝑝𝑜 =
𝑏𝑑

Where,

b = width of the wheel track

d = minimum value between L1 and L2

L1 = spacing between two consecutive wheels

L2 = fictitious length of the concrete area under compression, given by

3 𝐸𝑎 𝐼
𝐿2 = 3.55 √
𝐸𝑐 𝑏
Slide tracks:

a) Concentrated force at the middle

Deflection at the middle is given by

𝑃𝛽 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 + 2
𝑦𝑐 =
2𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1

And at the end points,

𝛽1 𝛽1
2𝑃𝛽 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐵 =
𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1

The deflection at the end points is equal to zero for β1 = π, 3π, 5π and so on, and positive when

β1 is less than π. The expression

𝑙𝑒𝑓 = 𝜋⁄𝛽

defines the effective length of the beam

In the above expression P is the load per unit length and l is the width of the slide track. The

section modulus is given by

𝑏𝑡 2 𝑡 2
𝑊= =
6 6

As b=1 (unit length); t is the slide track thickness

The maximum bending moment occurs under the load and is determined by

𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1
𝑀𝐶 =
4𝛽 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1
Hence, the bending stress is

𝑀𝑐⁄ 6𝑀𝑐⁄
𝜎𝑓 = 𝑊= 𝑡2

The concrete bearing pressure under the slide track, considering an uniform pressure distribution,

is calculated by

𝑃 𝑃
𝑝𝑜 = =
𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓

as b = 1

b) Concentrated force at an arbitrary point

The deflection at any point of A-C portion is

𝑃𝛽 1
𝑦= {2𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑏
𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝛽1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽1

− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑏)

+ (𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥

+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥)[𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑎. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑏)

+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑏 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑏)]}

At the point of application of the load (x=a), the deflection is

𝑃𝛽 1
𝑦𝑐 = 2 2
[(𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝛽𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽𝑎)(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑏. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑏. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑏)
𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽1

+ (𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝛽𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽𝑏)(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑎 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑎)]

The bending moment in the A-C section is

𝑃 1
𝑀𝑥 = {2𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑏
2𝛽 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝛽1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽1

− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑏)

+ (𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥

+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥)[𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑎. 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑎. 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑏)

+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽1(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑏 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛽𝑎. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑏)]}

Bending moment at the point of application of the load:

𝑃 1
𝑀𝑐 = 2 2
[(𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝛽𝑎 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽𝑎)(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝛽𝑏 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽𝑏)
4𝛽 𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛽1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽1

+ (𝐶𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝛽𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽𝑏)(𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝛽𝑎 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽𝑎)]

c) Concrete Bearing Pressure

The mean concrete bearing pressure calculated according to the equations -,-,- should not exceed

the comparative stress fc given by

a) in the case where the concrete immediately below the transmission surface is not reinforced:

𝑓𝑐 = 0.325𝑓𝑐𝑘

For 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐 = 0.195𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 2.31

For 𝑓𝑐𝑘 > 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎

b) in the case where the concrete immediately below the transmission surface is reinforced
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑏′
𝑓𝑐 = √ ≤ 15𝑀𝑃𝑎
2.1 𝑏

Where,

b’ = 3b, in case of 𝑒 ≥ 𝑏

b’ = b+2e, in case of 𝑒 < 𝑏

fck = characteristic compression strength of concrete, in MPa

e = distance between the concrete outer face and the extreme edge of the wheel track beam base

# Lateral Guidance

Wheels and Pins

The curvature radius of the wheel tread face is selected in the range of 10 to 15 times the wheel

radius

10𝑟 ≤ 𝑅 ≤ 15𝑟

The elastic angle deflection at the ends of horizontal beams with constant cross-section is given,

in radians, by

𝐹𝐿2
𝜃=
24𝐸𝐼

Where,

F = water thrust on the horizontal beam

L = support length

E = modulus of elasticity

I = moment of inertia of the beam cross- section

Contact pressure between wheel and track

Choice of the wheel diameter,

18√𝑃 < 𝐷 < 22.5√𝑃

Where,

D = wheel diameter, in mm

P = wheel load, in KN

Width of the wheel plate may be taken as one forth to one sixth of the wheel diameter, for

preliminary calculations

a) Case of a rectangular contact

The Hertz formula is used for finding the contact pressure between wheel and track, in case of

rectangular contact

𝑃𝐸
𝜎𝑐 = 0.418√
𝑅𝑙

Where,
P = wheel load

E = modulus of elasticity of wheel

R = wheel tread radius

l = wheel tread width

The maximum shear stress is given by

1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 𝜎
3 𝑐

And occurs at a depth of h’ = 0.4b below the surface of the plane, where

𝑃𝑅
𝜎𝑐 = 3.041√
𝑙𝐸

Maximum contact pressure for elliptical case

3𝑃
𝜎𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑎𝑏

Where,

P = wheel load

a, b = semi-axes of the ellipse of contact

The semi-axes of the ellipse are determined by

3 𝑃𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛼√
𝑛
And

3 𝑃𝑚
𝑏 = 𝛽√
𝑛

Where

4
𝑚=
1 1 1 1
+ + +
𝑟1 𝑟′1 𝑟2 𝑟′2

4𝐸
𝑛=
3(1 − 𝜇 2 )

E = modulus of elasticity of steel

μ = Poisson ratio

r1 and r’1 = main curvature radii of the wheel, in the contact point

r2 and r’2 = main curvature radii of the wheel track, in the contact point.

The α and β-coefficients indicated by Timoshenko are taken fron Table as a function of the ϴ

angle, which is given by

ϴ = arccosB/A

Where

𝐴 = 2/𝑚

1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
𝐵 = √( − ) + ( + ) + 2 ( − ) ( + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌
2 𝑟1 𝑟′1 𝑟2 𝑟′2 𝑟1 𝑟′1 𝑟2 𝑟′2
and ρ is the angle between the plans containing the main curves 1/r1 and 1/r2. It is important to

note that in the case of a flat wheel track

r2 = ∞, and r’2 = ∞

Therefore,

1/r2 = 0 and 1/r’2 = 0

So, Equations reduced to

4
𝑚=
1 1
𝑟1 + 𝑟′1

And

1 1 1
𝐵= ( − )
2 𝑟1 𝑟′1

Permissible contact stresses

The allowable contact stress between wheels and tracks are determined as a function of the

ultimate strength of the material and the frequency of movement of the gate, as set forth in table.