TRC Project

40012400028

ON THE MORTON EFFECT:

SIMPLIFIED PREDICTIVE MODEL
FOR A THERMALLY INSTABILITY
INDUCED BY DIFFERENTIAL
HEATING IN A JOURNAL BEARING
Lili Gu and Luis San Andres
 Justification
• The Morton Effect (ME) refers to a phenomenon of
thermal imbalance induced instability of rotors
supported by fluid film bearings.
“They keep happening…”
“Morton Effect instabilities were like a widely-spread but
undiagnosed disease.” ----D. Childs (2015)

• Rotor thermal instability (ME) was added into

the rotordynamics tutorial in API 684 2015
 Justification
1. Eccentricity is inevitable due to manufacturing,
wear during operation, etc  eccentricity whirl
yields differential heating (Fig. a)  temperature
difference at the journal (Fig. b) thermal
bending  levitating vibration level. y

PC,2 PH ,1
PH ,1
PH ,2

PC,2
PC,1 PC ,1 PH ,2
o
x
Fig. a Differential Heating [de Jongh, 2008] Fig. b Temperature Gradient
(a) Forward Orbit
 Justification
• However, ME only attracts a limited attrntion in
recent years.
Stats from “Web of Science”
"Morton Effect" & "Newkirk Effect" & "Spiral Vibration" &"Thermal"
Publication Number

Citation Number
 Justification
• A major reason for the lack of research is that the
ME is less likely to cause catastrophe if under proper
monitoring.
• However, “it did not appear immediately and did not
disappear once initiated (Berot & Dourlens 2009)”.
• Lack of theoretical guidance could cause failure to
eliminate ME-induced instability.
• A simplified predictive tools can guarantee a
continuous running and avoid a major change of
rotor systems.
 Objective and Executive Summary
Objective: Develop a simplified & general model for
the ME-induced vibrations with required accuracy.
Executive Summary:
1. General excitation mechanisms for ME-alike
vibrational problems.
2. Modeling of thermal evolution in ME-alike
problems.
3. Develop the simplified analytical model for
Morton Effect.
4. Validation of the new Morton Effect model.
 ME Mechanism
• Thermal bow (geometric imbalance)
v T (t )  [vT ,1 (t ) vT ,2 (t ) ... vT ,n (t )]T

Thermal bow can be determined by

solving heat transfer equation
Thermal boundaries along
• Temperature distribution rotor shaft
Q

Asymmetric
temperature
Thermal bending
 ME Mechanism
• Mechanism 1: rotor bow theory
M R v   Cb + G R  v   K R  K b  v  F  K R v T (t ) 𝐊 𝐑 𝐯𝐓 (𝑡ሻ arising from
asymmetric heating effect,
K R v T (t ), excitation due to thermal bow
is naturally a function of
K R , MR , GR rotor stifness, mass and gyroscopic matrices the factors that can cause
Cb , K b , bearing damping and stiffness matrices the ME-induced instability
F, external forces

• Mechanism 2:Equivalent mass unbalance

M R v   Cb + G R  v   K R  K b  v  F  M R eT  2 eit   𝒆𝑻 &𝜷 are products of
the thermal bow
eT ,i 1,2,...,n magnitude of thermal bow vT ,i 1,2,...,n
 phase between vT ,i 1,2,...,n and vibration vector v
 ME Mechanism
Thermal bow theory Equivalent mass unbalance theory

y y eT g 
g g
eum eum e
total
vT
v v
x x

𝐊 𝐑 𝐯𝐓 (𝑡ሻ ≠ 𝐌𝐑 𝐞𝐓 𝛺2 𝑒 𝑖𝛺𝑡+𝛽
“The mass unbalances will produce only small vibrations as the
unbalance forces are small. However, geometric unbalances can
give large vibrations even at low speed.” -- B. Larsson (1999)

Mechanism 1 is chosen for a direct coupling

 Development of Thermal Bow Q

• Schmied’s Model (S) [Schmied, 1987] Q

y
vT o
vT  pv   qωn  iI  v T  0 2
Simple, but lack of
p, heat generation factor (𝑄+ ) ve v
reflection of 1
q, heat dissipation factor (𝑄 − ) dynamic properties
v, vibration vector determined by the o x
𝛚𝐧 , natural frequency system

• Kellenberger Model (K) [1980] Lack of coupling

v T   η1 p  qωn  iI  v T  Q  p,   with vibration 𝐯

𝜼𝟏 , coefficient determined by friction/shearing coefficient, dynamic

properties of the system, and rotation speed.
𝐐, normalized heat generation
 Development of Thermal Bow
• Schmied and Kellenberger Model (SK)
Introduce equivalent dynamic coefficients to the rotor’s EOM

a 0   v  b 0   v   c I   v  f(t) 

 0 0   v    0 I   v     pI qω  iI   v   0 
  T   T  n  T  

𝐚′ ,𝐛′ , 𝐜 ′ , coefficients determined by friction/shearing coefficient and

the dynamic properties of heating source
𝐟(𝐭ሻ, external excitation vector
 Development of Thermal Bow
Q   f  ,  , k f , c f , m f , v 
Heat  k
Generation
Q

f mf
y Q
, lubricant friction coefficient cf
k f ,cf , mf dynamic coefficients of the fluid film v Fluid Film

• Improved Model 1 (IK model) o x Journal

Introduce a coefficient for heat generation to

reflect dynamic properties of the system,
and, normalized heat generation.

• Improved Model 2 (ISK model)

Introduce a coefficient for heat generation to reflect dynamic properties
of the system, and, the dynamic force induced by journal whirl.
 Development of Thermal Bow
Under S model is better Reference K model is better
significant mf than K model (Most time than S model.
when p is consuming) IK has the best
small prediction
Indicate
Instability

Positive
Damping

Eigenvalues
 Sensitive Study of Thermal Factors
• p – heating factor; q – dissipation factor

Frequency Frequency

Damping factor Damping factor

• Thermal bending frequency is mainly influenced by heating factor p

• Thermal damping factor is mainly influenced by dissipation factor q
• ISK model can predict the nonlinear model because it models the heating generated
in the Newkirk Effect more accurately. However, the nonlinear trend is very small.
 ME-Induced Thermal Bow
• Identifying the heating factor and the dissipation factor
3 RJ  eff 3kA
p  q
2  J C p,J c 1  
2 2 mC p , j
𝑅𝐽 Journal radius 𝐶𝑃,𝑗 Journal specific heat capacity

𝜷 Thermal bending coefficient k Shaft stiffness

𝜐𝑒𝑓𝑓 Effective viscosity
𝜀 Journal eccentricity ratio

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐩 & 𝐪 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐛𝐨𝐰

Model Features: Critical factors such as operational speed, bearing
eccentricity, thermal and elastic properties are considered.
 ME-Induced Vibration
• Coupled Dynamics
M 0   v vib   D 0   v vib   K K r   v vib  Fext 
 0 0   v    0 I   v     pI Q   v   0 
  T    T    T   
Residual I1

Rotor
Rotor System
Imbalance Vibration O1
I2  
The coupled dynamics forms a Thermo - Fluid
feedback loop  Thermal Thermo - Elastic
Bow Journal/Shaft
• 𝐯𝐯𝐢𝐛 , lateral vibrations . Differential Temperature
O 2

• M, D, K, mass, damping & stiffness matrices.

• 𝐯𝐓 , thermal deformations (thermal bow). Using geometric constraints,
this vector’s dimension can be decreased to half the dimension in 𝐯𝐯𝐢𝐛
• 𝐊 𝑟 , shaft stiffness matrix. Its row dimension is the same as 𝐯𝐯𝐢𝐛 and its
column size corresponds to 𝐯𝐓 . (4X2 for the Jeffcott rotor model)
A critical task is to find the evolution of thermal bending 𝐯𝐓 .
 ME-Induced Vibration
Effective Temperature VS Speeds Journal Whirl Frequency VS Speeds

Const-visc
Therm-visc

Lubricant effective temperature increases with speed (almost

linearly).
Whirl frequencies are independent of temperature rise.
 ME-Induced Vibration
Influence of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity on Dynamic Coefficients
Constant Speed
(a) At varying Speed,   [0-1047] [rad/s]
Varying Speed
More dramatic change
is found at varying
speeds than at a
constant speed for
both stiffness and
damping coefficients

(b) At constant Speed,   754 [rad/s]
The rotational speed
is more dominant
than pure
temperature rise in
the determination of
dynamic coefficients.

ying Speed,   [0-1047] [rad/s] (b) At constant Speed,   754 [rad/s]

(a) At varying Speed,   [0-1047] [rad/s] (b) At constant Speed,   754 [rad/s]

(a) At varying Speed,   [0-1047] [rad/s] (b) At constant Speed, 

 ME-Induced Vibration
• Model Validation
Results Based on the Proposed Models Results from Reference

Referenc
e data
 ME-Induced Vibration
• Model Validation
Results Based on the Proposed Models Results from Reference

Important Findings:
The simplified model proves
reliable in predicting the
Morton Effect
 ME-Induced Vibration
• Model Validation
Spiral vibrations
are found at the
speeds over 7000
[rpm], of good
agreement with
the reference.
System Eigenvalues for
speed between 6600-7400 Disk lateral
(a) Disk, with Morton Effect (b) Journal, with Morton Effect
[RPM] vibrations
According to the
reference,
instability was
predicted to occur
after 7000 rpm.
 Conclusion
• The critical task for analyzing the ME-alike problems is to
embed rotor-stator-heating into the rotordynamics properly.
• The simplified heating factor and dissipation factor can be used
to model the thermal influence on the ME analysis.
• Rotating speed is more dominant than pure temperature rise in
the determination of dynamic coefficients.
• The simplified model developed in this work is verified via
comparisons with reference. The simplicity lying in the
proposed model makes it efficient in assessing the ME.
 Acknowledgement
• Texas A&M University Turbomachinery Research Consortium for its financial
support.
• Dr. Dara Childs for many fruitful discussions and sharing his perspectives on
the Morton Effect.
 Outcome
• L. Gu, “ A Review of Morton Effect: from Theory to Industrial Practice,” STLE
Tribology Transactions, in press.
 References
[1] de Jongh, F., 2008, The synchronous rotor instability phenomenon – ME, Proc. of the
Thirty-Seventh Turbomachinery Symposium.
[2] Childs, D., 2015, "The Remarkable Turbomachinery-Rotordynamics Developments
During the Last Quarter of the 20th Century," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2487,
doi:10.4271/2015-01-2487.
[3] Schmied, J., 1987, “Spiral Vibrations of Rotors, Rotating Machinery Dynamics,” Vol.
2, ASME Design Technology Conference, Boston, September.
[4] Berot, F., and Dourlens, H., (1999), “On Instability of Overhung Centrifugal
Compressors,” ASME Proc. International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress &
Exhibition, Indiana, June 1999, PAPER No. 99-GT-202.
[5] Kellenberger, W., 1980, “Spiral Vibrations Due to the Seal Rings in Turbogenerators
Thermally Induced Interaction Between Rotor and Stator,” ASME J. Mech. Des., 102(1),
pp 177-184, DOI:10.1115/1.3254710.
[6] Guo ZL and Kirk G. 2010, Morton Effect induced synchronous instability in mid-span
rotor– bearing systems, part 2: models and simulations. ASME: Proc. International
Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering
Conference, Aug. 2010, Montreal, Canada. Paper ID: DETC2010-28342