Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
July 2018
Elaine Beirne
Dublin City University
Matthew P. Romanoski
The University of Arizona
OLC Research Center for Digital Learning & Leadership
Introduction
This white paper provides an overview of the growing field of instructional design in higher
education, from why the field is growing to how designers are functioning in their role. While
the practice of instructional design dates to the 1940s (O’Malley, 2017), there is still much to be
defined with respect to the role of instructional designers in higher education and what
instructional designers are doing to meet the needs of higher education faculty and students. This
white paper explores why there is a growing demand for designers, who is filling these roles,
what the responsibilities of designers are, and how instructional designers are addressing the
challenges they face. For further reading, a supplemental annotated bibliography is also
available.
The higher education landscape continues to change and evolve. Technological advancements
mean that institutions can offer students more blended and distance learning opportunities.
Traditional learning environments are also being enhanced by the integration of tools such as
learning management systems, lecture capture systems, and collaborative platforms. Growing
numbers of students are looking for more flexible formats for undertaking courses, certificates
and degree programs. Findings from the 2017 Survey of Online Learning, conducted by the
Babson Survey Research Group show that distance education enrollments are continuing to grow
year to year, even as overall higher education enrollments begin to decline. As of fall 2016, there
were over 6.3 million students taking at least one distance education course, comprising 31.6%
of all higher education enrollments (Seaman, Allen & Seaman, 2018). As the technological
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capabilities of institutions have improved and online learning has grown more popular, there has
been an equivalent increase in demand for instructional designers in higher education institutions
(Barrett, 2016). Faculty are facing increased pressure to provide more online and hybrid courses.
However, what they are doing in their face-to-face classrooms does not translate to online
instruction. In addition, the learning benefit of new tools cannot be automatically inferred.
University administrators are recognizing that faculty need help to transition their face-to-face
The origins of instructional design date back to World War II when the armed forces assembled
groups of psychologists and academics to create training and assessment materials for troops
designers to support teaching and learning practices on their campuses. A 2016 report on the
role, workflow, and experience of instructional designers, estimated that a minimum of 13,000
instructional designers now work on U.S college campuses (Intentional Futures, 2016). Despite
their growing prominence in higher education, there is still a certain mystery surrounding who
instructional designers are. In an attempt to answer this question, Intentional Futures (2016)
surveyed 853 people in the field to explore their backgrounds, qualifications and employment
histories. The findings revealed that instructional designers tend to hold advanced degrees and
● 87% of respondents have masters’ degrees, and 32% have doctoral degrees.
These findings exemplify that the path into the profession varies from person to person and there
While the field of instructional design and demand for professionals to fill instructional design,
roles have expanded, there remains ambiguity for many as to what is encompassed by the role of
instructional designers identify four categories of work they are responsible for: designing,
managing, training, and providing support (Intentional Futures, 2016). In carrying out these
responsibilities their work includes collaboration with an equally diverse range of colleagues. To
add to the mix, the defined role of an instructional designer may vary not only between
institutions, but within academic departments and offices at the same institution. These factors
contribute to the ambiguity of the instructional designer role, as the area of focus varies between
institutions and departments. Despite this ambiguity, the core goal of meeting objectives)
remains a constant (Berrett, 2016). Instructional designers are focused on student success and use
OLC Research Center for Digital Learning & Leadership
a wide range of methods to achieve that goal and individual circumstances shape what role an
In addition to the roles discussed above, instructional designers are becoming more and more
involved in teaching and learning research. A survey of 311 instructional designers conducted by
Oregon State University’s Ecampus Research Unit found that 71.4% of respondents were
engaged in research activities in the year leading up to the survey, with 49.2% engaging
specifically in research on teaching and learning (Linder and Dello Stritto, 2017). This study
shines a light on a fifth category, research, that may be a significant part of the responsibilities of
instructional designers. Important points to consider in light of this information is that only
24.8% of instructional designers have research as a part of their job description and when
surveyed about confidence levels in completing research tasks respondents reported “low
confidence” in nearly half of the thirteen tasks (Linder and Dello Stritto, 2017). This underscores
an area in which instructional designers need more support to complete these tasks as well as
recognition through job descriptions and evaluations of this category of work that many seem to
be silently conducting.
Instructional designers identify “struggling to collaborate with faculty” as their top challenge,
followed by lack of time and resources (Intentional Futures, 2016). A common question
overheard at conference workshops among instructional designers is, “How do you get faculty
buy-in?” Why is buy-in a barrier? In part, instructional designers point to a misconception held
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by many, that online learning works using a “set it and forget it”, crock pot style approach
(Intentional Futures, 2016). Another barrier to collaboration is the concern of faculty that their
course will lose its personal touch in the design process and the student will become just a
number as the entire learning process is mechanized (Berrett, 2016). One strategy being
that preserves the human element. At the University of Arizona, designers begin their
conversations with instructors by asking how they are teaching concepts to their face to face
classes and using that as the bridge to discuss how that can be translated to the online classroom
(Berrett, 2016). This aligns with a common practice by designers in working with faculty, which
is to reassure faculty that everyone’s end goal is to do what is best for students and that they are
there to support the faculty and preserve the human element of the learning process (Berrett,
2016). Efforts to connect instructional designers to share best practices in overcoming barriers
exist and have proved to be effective. Penn State University and Educause partnered to created
ID2ID, a peer mentoring initiative for instructional designers. Designers apply to serve in either a
mentor or mentee role and meet throughout the year to talk about best practices, challenges and
other topics related to the field. Now in its second-year feedback has been positive and
organizers are looking for ways to improve and expand the program.
Instructional Design is a dynamic and fluid field. This white paper explored recent literature on
the topic in an attempt to bring the field into focus. It is clear, however, despite recent progress,
that a consensus has yet to be reached in defining the various aspects of this evolving field. As
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the role becomes more clearly defined faculty will have a better understanding and awareness of
what their relationship should look like, resulting in improved recognition of the part that
designers play in the higher education system. Next steps for accomplishing this goal include:
Conclusion
As online and distance learning continues to grow in popularity, the demand for instructional
designers will continue to increase. As the field grows, a clearer picture will emerge that defines
the kind of work that designers do. While there is no defined career path for entry into the field,
more standardization is emerging along with degree and certificate programs to facilitate the
process. As these various aspects of instructional design become more clearly defined, it will
become easier for designers to connect and share best practices. While organizations have begun
this effort, it is in its infancy and a strong support network will be vital to the field’s growth and
to the success of professionals doing instructional design work. These developments are
References
Berrett, Dan. (2016, February 29). Instructional Design: Demand growth for a new breed of
academic. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/.
Intentional Futures (2016, April). Instructional design in higher education: A report on the
role, workflow, and experience of instructional designers. Intentional Futures. Retrieved from
https://intentionalfutures.com.
Lieberman, M. (2018, April 25). Peer Mentoring for Instructional Designers Pays Off. Inside
Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/.
Linder, K. & Dello Stritto, M.E. (2017). Research Preparation and Engagement of Instructional
Designers in U.S. Higher Education. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Ecampus Research
Unit.
O’Malley, Sharon. (2017). What Do Instructional Designers Do? Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved
from https://www.insidehighered.com/.
Tate, Emily. (2017, May 10). Easing Instructional Designer -Faculty Conflicts. Inside Higher Ed.
Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/.
Seaman, J., Allen, I., & Seaman, J. (2018). Grade increase: Tracking distance education in the
United States. Retrieved from Online Learning Consortium website:
https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/
OLC Research Center for Digital Learning & Leadership
The OLC Outlook series is a strategic planning resource, illuminating priorities, trends, innovations
and other considerations that OLC uncovers through its daily research and analysis of the digital
learning landscape and interactions with leaders and innovators in the field.
Each OLC Outlook white paper offers a curated 360-degree view of a critical digital learning topic,
providing access to helpful resources that can be used to inform strategic planning and solve
strategic challenges.