Lorad M-III Mammography System Service Manual 9-500A-0029

,LORAD M-III
MAMMOGRAPHY SYSTEM
I :
M-III SERVICE MANUAL
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES
PAGE REVISION PAGE REVISION
copyright 9 4-13 1
i through xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 4-14 0
1-1 & 1-2 0 4-15 1
1-3 through 1-6 4 4-16 through 4-19 0
1-7 6 4-20 through 4-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-8 5 5-1 4
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3-14 through 3-17 7 5-28 6
3-18 " 1 6-1 & 6-2 ' 0
3-19 through 3-21 0 6-3 through 6-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 7
3-22 through 3-29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7-1 : 7
4-1 & 4-2 0 7-2 & 7-3 0
4-3 , 1 7-4 1
p--- 4-4 0 7-5 through 7-7 7
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4-7 : 2 9-1 7
4-8 through 4-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9-2 0
9-3 7
Revision zero (0) Indicates Initial release of manual.
REVISION NUMBER DATE
o (Initial Release) . 6/90

1 . 7/90
2 : . 7/90
3 . 8/90
4 . 10/90
5 . 10/90
6 . 11/90
7 .....•....................•............... 1/91
8 . 3/91
9 . 5/91
10 . 7/91
11 . 3/92
12 5/92
13 7192
The total number of pages in this document is 170. Except for

the initial release, all pages. of this document will be
designated with a revision number at the lower right comer of
each revised page.
LO RA.D® Medical Systems, Inc.
This manual is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under

copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or pan,
without the written consent of LORAD Medical Systems, Inc. The
same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any
permitted copies as were affixed to the original. This exception
does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold,
but all of the matierial purchased may be sold, given, or loaned to
another person. Under the law, copying includes translating Into
another language or format.
LORAD, Permagrid and StereoLoc are registered trademarks

of LORAD Medical Systems, Inc.
© LO RAD Medical Systems, Inc. 1990

Eagle Road, Commerce Park
Danbury, Ct. 06810
(203) 790-1188
LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION ONE - GENERAL INFORMATION AND INSTALLATION
1.1 Introduction to the M-III 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1-1
1.1.1 Unit Description 1-1

1.1.2 How to Use the Service Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1
1.1.3 Tools and Equipment Required 1-2
1.1.4 Unit Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-4
1.1.5 Safety Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-4
1.2 Receiving Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
1.2.1 Unpacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

1.2.2 Standard Items Supplied . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-6
1.2.3 Notation of Compliance Labels and Control Number . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-8
1.3 Installation -, . . .. 1-8
1.3.1 Installation of the Radiation Shield 1-8

1.3.2 Input Power Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-8
1.3.3 Input Power Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-10
1.3.4 Power Cable Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-10
1.3.5 'Target mAs Selection 1-10
1.3.6 DIP Switch Configuration 1-12
1.3.7 Attachment of Accessories 1-12
1.4 Transfer to User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-13
1.4.1 Initial Testing 1-13

1.4.2 User Training 1-13
1.4.3 Manuals and Accessories ' 1-14
SECTION TWO - M-III SYSTEM CHECKS
2.1 Pre-Turn On Checks 2-1
2.1.1 Cabling 2-1

2.1.2 Radiation Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Revision - 10
LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICEMANUAL
(Table of Contents continued)
2.1.3 Mechanical Integrity . 2-1

2.1.4 Auto-Aperture and Fixed Apertures . 2-1
2.2 Power-Up Checks . 2-1
2.3 Menu/Front Panel Controls Checks . 2-3
2.3.1 Power-Up CRT Display . 2-3

2.3.2 Cursor Key Function . 2-3
2.3.3 Entry Keypad Function . 2-4
2.3.4 DatelTime Clock . 2-4
2.3.5 Exposure Control Keys : . 2-4
2.4 C-Arm Functional Checks . 2-4
2.4.1 C-Arm UP and DOWN - . 2-4

2.4.2 C-Arm Rotation . 2-5
•
2.5 Interlocks . 2-5
2.5,1 C-Arm Safety Switch . 2-5

2.5.2 Aperture Interlock . 2-5
2.5.3 Door Interlock . 2-6
2.6 Accessory Detection and Recognition . 2-6
2.6.1 Image Receptor Detection - . 2-6

2.6.2 Bucky Recognition . 2-6
2,6.3 Mag Tray/Stereo Detection . 2-7
2.6.4 Localization Tray Recognition . 2-7
2.7 Compression System Checks . 2-8
2.7.1 Motorized Compression Drive . 2-8

2.7.2 Manual Compression ; . 2-8
2.7.3 Compression Thickness Display . 2-9
2.7.4 Compression Release Modes . 2-9
2.8 Footswitch Check 2-9
2.9 Printer Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
ii Revision - 10
2.10 X-Ray Tube Current Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.10.1 mA Measurement Setup 2-10
2.11 Tube Voltage Potential Check 2-13
2.11.1 Tube Potential Check Procedure 2-13
2.12 Automatic Exposure Control Check 2-15
2.12.1 AEC Check Procedure 2-15
2.13 Bucky Grid Performance Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.14 Checking Half Value Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
2.15 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity - Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.16 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity - Auto-Time Mode 2-20

-------
2.17 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity - Auto-KV Mode . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 2-21
2.18 Timing Accuracy - Manual Mode 2-22
2.19 Maximum mAs In Auto-Time Mode 2-23
2.20 Checking the X-Ray Shielding of the Image Receptor Tray 2-24
2.21 Checking the X-Ray Shielding of the Tubehead 2-26
2.22 Light Field 2-26
2.22.1 Light Field Illuminance Test 2-26

2.22.2 Light Field Alignment Certification 2-29
2.22.3 Verification of X-Ray Beam Alignment 2-32
2.23 Checking the E¥xposureCounter 2-35
SECTION THREE - X-RAY CONTROL THEORY OF OPERATION
.----... 3.1 Introduction 3-1
iii Revision - -10

3.2 Power Distribution . . . . 3-1
3.2.1 Input Power Panel 3-1

3.2.2 Isolation Transformer 3-2
3.2.3 System AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.2.4 System DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.3 Microprocessor Board ... :..................................... 3-4
3.3.1 CRT Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.3.2 Keyboard Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.3.3 c-Arrn Keypad Interface 3-6
3.3.4 Exposure Control ;...................... 3-9
3.3.5 C-Arm Angle Display Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.3.6 C-Arm Status Inputs 3-15
3.3.7 Printer Interface 3-15
3.3.8 Real Time Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
.-. 3.4 Tube Control Board 3-17
" 3.4.1 Anode Motor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

3.4.2 Filament Supply 3-19
3.4.3 Filament Control Signals ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.4.4 Filament Regulation 3-21
3.5 High Voltage Generator .. "...................................... 3-22
3.6 Automatic Exposure Control Circuit 3-25
3.6.1 AEC Sensor Board ". . 3-25

3.6.2 AEC Signal Path - Microprocessor Board ~. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26
3.6.3 AEC Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26
3.6.4 AUTO-TIME Mode Exposure Termination 3-26
3.6.5 " AUTO-KV Mode Exposure Termination 3-27
3.7 Interlock Circuits "..... 3-28
3.7.1 Radiation Shield Interlock 3-28

3.7.2 C-Arm Safety Switch 3-28
3.7.3 Aperture Interlock 3-28
iv Revision - 10
SECTION FOUR - ELECTROMECHANICAL THEORY OF OPERATION
4.1 C·Arm Drive, Power Control Board 4-1
4.1 .1 Linear Actuator Assembly 4-1

4.1.2 C-ARM UP/DOWN and Safety Switch 4-1
4.1 .3 C-Arm Compression Subsystem 4-6
4.1.4 Compression UP/DOWN/RELEASE 4-8
4.1.5 Compression Drive Circuit Description 4-10
4.1.6 Compression Signal Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
4.1.7 Compression Thickness 4-11
4.1.8 C-Arm Rotation Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
4.1.9 Light Field :.. 4-12
4.2 C-Arm Detectors and Switches 4-14
4.2.1 C-Arm Angle Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

4.2.2 C-Arm Accessory Detect Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
4.2.3 Auto-Aperture Detect Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
4.2.4 Mag Tray Detect Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
4.2.5 Radiation Shield Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
SECTION FIVE - REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT PROCEDURES
5.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 Control Console Cabinet Layout 5-1
5.3 Removal and Replacement of Control Console Assemblies 5-4
5.3.1 Rear Cover (Pushbar Cover) . 5-4

5.3.2 Left and Right Side Panels 5-7
5.3.3 DATAPORT Keyboard and Panel 5-7
5.3.4 Rear Vertical Travel Assembly Cover Panel 5-7
5.3.5 Upper Front VTA Cover Panel 5-7
5.3.6 Lower Front VT A Cover Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . ...... 5-8
5.3.7 High Voltage Generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 5-8 ......
5.3.8 Low Voltage Power Supply .... ... __ .... __ .... __ . 5-9 _ ... __
5.3.9 Power Control Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ... 5-9 ... .. .
5.3.10 X-Ray Tube Control Board 5-9
5.3.11 Microprocessor Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
5.3.12 Peripheral Interface Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
v Revision - 10
5.3.13 CRT Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

5.3.14 Input Power Panel 5-10
5.3.15 Printer Power Supply 5-10
5.4 C-Arm Assembly Layout 5-10
5.4.1 X-Ray Tubehead Assembly .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12

5.4.2 Compression Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
5.4.3 Image Receptor Tray 5-14
5.4.4 Switches. .. ....... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5·14
5.4.5 Miscellaneous C-Arm Component Layout 5-14
5.5 Removal and Replacement of C-Arm Components 5-15
5.5.1 Patient Handle 5-15

5.5.2 C-Arm Side Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
5.5.3 C-Arm Top Cover 5-15
5.5.4 C-Arm Upper Rear Cover 5-15
5.5.5 C-Arm Lower Rear Cover 5-17
5.5.6 Compression Carriage Covers 5-17
5.5.7 Tubehead Enclosure Cover . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
5.5.8 Compression Motor Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
5.5.9 Beam Limiting Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
5.5.10 Image Receptor Tray Cover 5-20
5.5.11 AEC Position Detector PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
5.5.12 AEC Amplifier PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
5.5.13 . Accessory Detect Board 5-21
5.5.14 X-Ray Tube 5-21
5.5.15 Light Field Lamp 5-21
5.5.16 Maa Trav/Stereo Detector PCB 5-22
5.5.17 Rotation Sensors 5-22
5.5.18 Compression Sensor. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
5.5.19 Auto-Aperture Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
5.5.20 Localization Tray Sensor PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
5.5.21 LED Angle Display Board 5-26
5.6 Fuse Locations and Ratings 5-27
SECTION SIX - CHECKING AND ADJUSTING LIGHT FIELD
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
vi Revision - 10
LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-IJI SERVICE MANUAL
6.2 Illuminance of Light Field Certification Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
6.3 Light Field Alignment Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6.4 Light Field Alignment Procedures 6-5
6.4.1 light Field Alignment 6-5
SECTION SEVEN - X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
7.1 Alignment of X-Ray Beam 7-1
SECTION EIGHT - M-III ELECTRICAL CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
8.1 DAC Reference and Bucky Offset _. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

--- 8.2 KVP Calibration 8-1
8.3 Filament Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
8.4 AEC Callbra.tion Procedure " 8-7
8.5 Compression Tray _. . . . . . . . . 8-10
8.5.1 Compression Force Calibration _ . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

8.5.2 Compression Thickness Calibration 8-10
8.6 Bucky Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
8.7 Accessory Detect Calibration _ __ 8-11
8.7.1 Accessory Detect Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
SECTION NINE - M-III MECHANICAL CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
9.1 Compression Tray Chain Tension Adjustment 9-1

.------..,
vii Revision - 10
9.2 Compression Sensor Adjustment 9-2
9.3 Rotation Sensor Adjustment 9-3
9.4 Localization Tray Sensor Adjustment 9-3
M-III SERVICE MANUAL-
LIST OF FIGURES
SECTION ONE:
Figure 1-1: The M-III Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-3

Figure 1-2: Compliance Labels and Identification Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-7
Figure 1-3: Extended Radiation Shield 1-9
Figure 1-4: M-1I1Input Voltage Configuration 1-11
SECTION TWO:
Figure 2-1: M-1I1Apertures 2-2

Figure 2-2: Waveform Patterns 2-12
Figure 2-3: High Voltage Generator Test Well 2-14
Figure 2-4: Image Receptor Tray Test Points 2-25
Figure 2-5: Tubehead Test Points 2-27
Figure 2-6: l-ight Field Test Areas 2-28
Figure 2-7: Coned-Down Aperture 2-30
Figure 2-8: Coned-Down Image on Tray 2-31
Figure 2-9: LORAD Field Alignment Template 2-33
SECTION THREE:
Figure 3-1 M-III CRT Interface Signalling 3-5

Figure 3-2: Keyboard Interface and Input Power Signals 3-7
Figure 3-3: M-III Exposure Sequence 3-10
Figure 3-4: Exposure Timing Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Figure 3-5: C-Arm Angle Display Drive 3-16
viii Revision - 10
-r=-,
(List of Rgures continued)
Figure 3-6: Anode Motor Control Signalling 3-18

Figure 3-7: Filament Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Figure 3-8: High Voltage Generator Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
Figure 3-9: Automatic Exposure Control Signals 3-27
Figure 3-10: Interlock Signals '.' . . . . . . 3-29
SECTION FOUR:
Figure 4-1: Linear Actuator Assembly :......... 4-2

Figure 4-2: Actuator Control Signals 4-3
Figure 4-3: Compression Control Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Figure 4-4: Compression Carriage Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Figure 4-5: Compression Thickness Interface Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Figure 4-6: Rotation Brake Control Signals 4-13
Figure 4-7: Collimator Lamp Signals 4-15
Figure 4-8: Detector Boards and Signals . . . ..... ..... ....... .. . . . . . . . . 4-16
Figure 4-9: C-Arm Angle Detector Signals . . ....... ... ........ . .. . . . . . . 4-17
Figure 4-10: C-Arm Accessory Detect Signals . ......... .. ...... . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Figure 4-11 : Bucky Interface Signals ' 4-21
Figure 4-12: Auto-Aperture Detect Signals. . . .......... ...... ... . . . . . . . . 4-23
Figure 4-13: Mag Tray Detect Signals . . . . . . ........... ........ . . . . . . . . 4-26
Figure 4-14: Radiation Shield Switch Signal 4-27
SECTION FIVE:
Figure 5-1: Control Console PCB/Printer Locations 5-2

Figure 5-2: Control Console PCB Locations, High Voltage Generator,
and Isolation Transformer 5-3
Figure 5-3: Control Console Component/Cover Removal 5-5
Figure 5-4: Control Console Component/Cover Removal (continued) 5-6
Figure 5-5: C-Arm Assembly Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Figure 5-6: Compression Device and Single Collimator Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Figure 5-7: C-Arm Component/Cover Removal 5-16
Figure 5-8: C-Arm Component & Detector .Board Locations 5-19
Figure 5-9: Rotation Angle Potentiometer 5-23
Figure 5-10: Rotation Potentiometer Assembly 5-24
Figure 5-11: Compression Potentiometer. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Figure 5-12: Compression Potentiometer Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Figure 5-13: Fuse Locations and Ratings 5-28
ix Revision - 10·
(List of Rgures continued)
SECTION SIX:
Figure 6-1: Receptor Tray Light Field Test Points 6-2

Figure 6-2: Coned-Down Fixed Aperture 6-2
Figure 6-3: Coned-Down Aperture Projected Light Field .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 a
Figure 6-4: Collimator Light Alignment Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

.Figure 6-5: Light Field Bracket Adjustment 6-8
SECTION SEVEN:
Figure 7-1: LORAD Field Alignment Template . . . . . . . . . . . 7~3

Figure 7-2: Beam Limiting Assembly Including the M-1I118x24 em Auto-Aperture. 7-4
Figure 7-3: M-1I124x30 em Fixed Auto-Aperture : 7-6
SECTION EIGHT:
Figure 8-1: High Voltage Generator Adjustment Points . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

Figure 8-2: Waveform Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Figure 8-3: AEC Calibration Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
SECTION NINE:
Figure 9-1: Compression Tray Chain Tension Adjustment 9-1

Figure·9-2: Compression Potentiometer Adjustment Location 9-2
x Revision - 10
LIST OF TABLES
SECTION ONE:
Table 1-1: S 1 DIP Switch Configuration ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-12
SECTION TWO:
Table 2-1: X-Ray Tube Current Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Table 2-2: AEC Exposure Test Settings 2-16
--.
xi Revision - 10
SECTION ONE:
GENERAL INFORMATION
AND INSTALLATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE M-III
The LORAD M-1I1 combines LORAD Clean Power Mammography technology with an
easy-to-operate, fully-controllable computer system. The full-featured system provides manual or
automatic x-ray control and accommodates a full range of options.
1.1.1 Unit Description
The M-III, features three menu-driven exposure modes (Manual, Auto-Time, and Auto-KV)
and is equipped with a dual focal spot x-ray tube. The unit accommodates all LORAD
manufactured attachments such as 'the cassette holders, compression trays, localization
trays, magnification tray, Bucky grids and Permagrids, and the StereoLoc Localization and
Biopsy System.
M-1I1mechanical operations as well as the x-ray system operations are controlled and
monitored by the internal computer system with the status of each operation displayed on
the CRT screen.
The M-III control system contains diagnostic routines that monitor system operation
before, during, and after x-ray exposure. If a malfunction is detected by the diagnostic
system, further operation is prevented until the detected fault is cleared, and a fault
message is displayed at the bottom of the CRT. .
1.1.2 How to Use the Service Manual
The M-III Service Manual has nine sections. The nine sections contain the following
information:
Section 1: General system descriptions and the information necessary for a qualified
technician to unpack, assemble, and prepare the system for operation.
Section 2: General system checks as well as certification tests.
Section 3: Descriptions of the x-ray exposure circuits, circuit interactions, and signal
routing.
Section 4: Descriptions of the M-III's electro-mechanical functions.

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. ...•
Page 1-1 Revision - a

Section 5: Location, removal, and replacement instructions for M-1I1components, boards,

sensors, etc.
Section 6: M-III light field illuminance and alignment tests.
Section 7: Directions for x-ray beam alignment, after replacing the x-ray tube.
Section 8: Electrical calibration procedures for system setup, x-ray tube current and
voltage, etc.
Section 9: Mechanical adjustments for the M-III.
System troubleshooting can be performed using the circuit descriptions in Section 3, which
trace the circuit interactions for each machine function, and Section 4 which describes the
electro-mechanical device and circuit interactions. In addition, performing the calibration
procedures will often identify a failed assembly.
Replacement of some electrical assemblies requires that the corresponding certification

procedure and, if necessary, the alignment and calibration procedure be performed to
verify the machine's conformance to specification.
1.1.3 Tools and Equipment Required
The following is a list of tools necessary for servicing the M-III unit.
1. standard hand tools;

2. 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet;
3. hex key set;
4. 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet with a 2.4-inch (6 ern) diameter hole in it;
5. meter stick;
6. light meter probe;
7. DC voltage divider;
8. field alignment template;
9. 3-1/2 digit volt-ohm-multimeter;
10. oscilloscope;
11. Victoreen Model 660 radiation ratemeter with 660-1 probe or equivalent;
12. 100 sq cm radiation scatter probe;
13. 4-inch mirror or reflective tape.
Page 1-2 Revision - 0

BEAM
UMfTlNG SUDE
j
PATIENT HANDLE
C-ARM ROTATION
READOUT
RAD~TION
SHIELD
l
DATAPORT
SCREEN
FIXED
APERTURE__ ••.l----W-~
COMPRESSION
~R~GE-------~~
(-ARM
PUSHBUTTONS ------
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
& INPUT
PIVOT TUBE
.JPOWER PANEL
DATAPORT
KEYPAD
FOOT FOOT
BRAKE
BRAKE
Figure 1-1: The M-III Unit
Page 1-3 . Revision - 4

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERV
1.1.4 Unit Layout ~ _
The M-III Mammography System pictured in Figure 1-1 consists of three m~

assemblies: the DATAPORT CRT screen, Control Console, and the C-Arm.
The CRT displays all x-ray exposure options and selections in Manual, Auto-Time, and
Auto-kV exposure modes. Data lines on the screen list the status of mechanical
operations (specifically, C-Arm angle, compression tray height, and presence of
attachments). The CRT is installed on top of the Control Console.
The Control Console contains the DATAPORT keyboard, the x-ray exposure drive
components, C-Arm rotation sensors, and a linear actuator assembly that drives the C-
Arm up and down. The microprocessor, system AC/DC power supplies, and a printer are
also housed in the Control Console.
The unit is mounted on two wheels and two casters. An input power receptacle on the
Control Console opposite the OATAPORT keyboard connects the unit to an AC power
source. The CRT video cable from the microprocessor and the AC power cord are
mounted in an enclosure at the right rear of the M-lii. A system circuit breaker is mounted
just above the receptacle.
The C-Arm houses the x-ray tube and beam limiting assembly, the breast compression
device, C-Arm control keypads, the image receptor tray, and the accessory sensors and
AEC sensor built into the image receptor tray.
1.1.5 Safety Warnings

1.2 RECEIVING INSTRUCTIONS
1.2.1 Unpacking
----.. The LORAD unit is shipped crated on its two wheels and two casters. Upon receipt, all
crates and boxes should be inspected for external damage that may have occurred during
shipment. If any damage is evident, have it noted on the shipping manifest and notify
LORAD of the incident. If shipping damage is of a concealed nature, contact the carrier
as soon as such damage is found, and request an inspection for shipping damage.
Normally, any claims for shipping damage must be completed within 15 days of receiving
the shipment.
Upon receipt, all crates and boxes should be opened, and their contents checked against
the packing list and sales order. Any discrepancies should be reported to LORAD. If it is
necessary to re-box any items for future installation, use the original packaging materials.
Do not store the radiation shield flat.

1.2.2 Standard Items Supplied
1. M-III Series Machine with CRT Monitor;
2. Radiation Shield;
3. Operator Manual and Service Manual;
4. Input Power Cable;
5. Fixed Aperture Assemblies:
a) 18 x 24 / 24 x 30 cm Auto-Aperture;
b) 1 Conned-Down Aperture for Magnification/Conned-Down Studies;
c) 1 Spot Aperture for Magnification/Conned-Down Studies.
6. Plastic Compression Tray (10 Ineh/25 em);
7. Plastic Compression Tray (4 Inch/10 ern):

-~-
8. Localization Tray - Perforated (4 Inch/10cm);
9. Front Loading Cassette Holder - 18 x 24 em;
10. Front Loading Cassette Holder - 24 x 30 cm;
11. Side Loading Cassette Holder - 18 x 24 cm;
12. 2 Dual Compression Footswitches and V-connector;
13. LORAD Single Pass Bucky Grid Device (18 x 24 em);
14. 1.BX Magnification Tray;
15. Abdomen Shield;
16. Face Shield.

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1 Main Identification Plate
2 X-Ray Tube Compliance Label
3 H.V. Generator Compliance Label
4 Beam Limiting Device Compliance Label
5 X-Ray Control Compliance Label
6 Image Receptor Support Device Co mp Harrce Label
-'. Figure 1-2: Compliance Labels and Identification Plate

1.2.3 Notation of Compliance Labels and Control Number.
The M-1I1conforms to all applicable FDA regulations. Labels addressing the certifiable
components are fixed to the unit at several points, as shown in Figure 1-2. The main
identification label, containing the equipment model number, serial number, and control
number, is located near the input power receptacle.
Compliance labels are located near the power cord entrance, inside the High Voltage
Generator cage, behind the tubehead, and near the control panel.
Obtain the machine's control number from the main identification label (Figure 1-2), and
write it down on the inside cover of both the Operator's and Service manuals. The control
number is used to track units for warranty and service purposes, and will be requested
should it become necessary to contact LORAD regarding the machine.
1.3 INSTALLATION
1.3.1 - Installation of the Radiation Shield (Figure 1-3)
TO mount the radiation shield, first position it hext to the column on the right side of the
unit, while resting it at its base. Align its hinge pins with the holes of the hinge fixtures on
the column, then lower the shield into place. An easy method is to support much of the
door-like shield's weight on one toe while maneuvering it with the toe and both hands to
align both pins with the hinge fixture holes.
1.3.2 Input Power Measurement
Before connecting the M-1I1to a source of 230-volt AC power, first measure the voltage
at the outlet receptacle. Evaluate the range of voltage that will normally be available to the
M-lii. Inquire as to any history of voltage fluctuations or voltage related problems that have
occurred in other equipment at the Site. Once the most probable voltage range has been
determined, the M-1I1isolation transformer can be reconfigured as necessary.
The M-III is factory-configured for an input voltage range of 197.6 to 218.4 volts AC.

LORAD MEDICAL
-- SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
,, I
EXTEN DED ,, I I
RADIA TION ,, I
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Figure 1-3: Extended Radiation Shield

1.3.3 Input Power Configuration
To reconfigure the isolation transformer taps:
1. PERFORM THIS PROCEDURE BEFORE CONNECTING POWER CORD.
2. Remove the left and right side covers from the Control Console.
3. To access the input side of the isolation transformer, remove the four bolts that
secure the High Voltage Generator to the middle rail structure, and slide the
generator several inches toward the C-Arm.
4. The input side of the isolation transformer is the side nearest the C-Arm of the
M-lilo
5. Configure the transformer input wiring and tap as shown in Figure 1-4.
6. Attach the generator in its former position and replace the left and right side covers
of the Control Console.
1.3.4 Power Cable Connection
First check that the input circuit breaker, located above the input power receptacle on the
unit's back panel, is in the Off position. Then, insert and lock the mating end of the cable
into the receptacle. Plug the other end of the cable into the line power outlet. Do not yet
turn the input circuit breaker nor the unit's front panel switch, ON.
1.3.5 Target mAs Selection
During the initial unit setup, a pre-selected exposure time is set on the M-III
Microprocessor Board as a "window" from which to determine the need to raise the kV
level. The selected window is indicated mid-screen on the Exposure Control Line called
MAS when the Auto-KV exposure mode is selected (EXP MODE: AUTO-KV).

o120
o
198 TO 218 VOLTS AC
o120 104 o
o
213 TO 235 VOLTS AC
120
o
104 o
o
228 TO 252 VOLTS AC
.-- Figure 1-4: M-III Input Voltage Configuration

(mA in Auto-KV mode is fixed at 80 for Large Focal Spot and 20 for Small Focal Spot.).
The three possible exposure times, 1 second, 1.5 seconds, or 2 seconds, are pre-set via
the default procedures within the "User Option Menu".
1.3.6 Dip Switch Configuration (S1)
Switch (S 1) is an eight position Dip Switch located on the Microprocessor Board. Each
switch position is set at the factory and should never be changed. Table 1-1 (below)
illustrates the configuration of each Dip Switch on S1.
Table 1-1:
S1 Dip Switch Configuration
Dip Switch Number 1 2 3 4 5 678
.Configuration OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF
1.3.7 Attachment of Accessories
A. Remote Compression Up/Compression Down Footswitch:
Insert the plug of the remote compression up/compression down footswitch into the jack
on the left front side of the Control Console. Ensure that the plug is inserted securely, as
far as it will go. If two footswitches are to be connected, use the supplied V-connector ..
B. LORAD Bucky
To mount the LORAD Bucky device, slide it onto the image receptor tray. The locking leaf
spring on the Bucky's lower frame rail should be on the right side when facing the C-Arm
from the patient position. (The electrical connector on the left rear of the Bucky locks into
an electrical socket on the left side c-Arrn rail).
If the Bucky electrical connector does not insert easily when the Bucky is slid onto the
tray, it may be necessary to realign the tray as follows.
(1) Remove or loosen the 6-32 set screws beneath each side of the image receptor
tray's top cover and slide the Bucky onto the top of the image receptor tray while

carefully attaching the Bucky arm electrical connector to the C-Arm. The Bucky
connector in the c-Arm has some movement as well as the loosened receptor tray
top; carefully position the two to make the proper Bucky electrical connection.
(2) Re-tighten the screws beneath the top cover of the image receptor tray. Be sure
the Bucky sits perfectly flat on the tray before finally tightening each side screw.
C. Cassette Holder or Permagrid Assembly:
Mount the cassette holder or Permagrid in the same way as directed for the Bucky.
D. StereoLoc System:
Refer to the StereoLoc Installation Manual supplied with that device.
E. Compression Accessory:
Mount the desired compression accessory (tray) onto the compression carriage by aligning
the accessory's pins with the holes on the carriage and pressing it into place until a
locking motion is felt.
1.4 TRANSFER TO USER
1.4.1 Initial Testing
Read the LORAD Operator's Guide before turning the unit on.
Read through the operational checks described in Section 2 of this manual.
1.4.2 User Training
When installation has been completed, instruct the user in the identification and installation
of all accessories and, if requested, outline the basic operation of the M-III unit.

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-IJI SERVICE MANUAL
1.4.3 Manuals and Accessories
Once installation is completed, make sure that all unmounted accessories are stored
safely in a manner that will prevent any scratching or damage. Inform the technologist of
their location. Place both the Operator's and the Service Manuals in a secure location.
Ensure that the technologist knows the location of the Operator's Manual.

SECTION TWO:
M-III SYSTEM CHECKS
2.1 PRE-TURN ON CHECKS
2.1.1 Cabling
Check that the power input cable is not frayed or otherwise damaged, and that the
housings of the connectors are not cracked or damaged. Be sure both ends connect
securely.
2.1~2 Radiation Shield
Check the placement of the radiation shield. Be sure that it blocks the operator when
opened.
2.1.3 Mechanical Integrity
Ensure that the unit has no loose panels, loose hardware, jammed or broken switches,
dents or scratches. .
2.1.4 Auto-Aperture and Fixed Apertures
Standard equipment of the M-III includes an auto-aperture for large and small focal spot
exposures (large and small cassette holders) and separate fixed apertures for D-shaped
spot and coned-down applications (Figure 2-1). Make sure an aperture is mounted
properly, with its plastic face plate flush with the tubehead housing. The single-blade beam
limiting device beneath the x-ray portal adjusts the rear edge of the fixed aperture beam
pattern.
2.2 POWER-UP CHECKS
After confirming the mechanical integrity of the M-1I1 unit and its cabling. connections and
accessories, place the circuit breaker above the power cord receptacle in the ON
---.
Page 2-1 Revision - O.

AUTO-APERTURE
CONED DOWN APERTURE
SPOT APERTURE
Figure 2-1: M-III Apertures

position. Press the POWER ON pushbutton on the DATAPORT control panel to turn the unit on.
Verify that the unit powers up without tripping the circuit breaker. .
2.3 MENU/FRONT PANEL CONTROL CHECKS
2.3.1 Power-Up CRT Display
Upon turning the unit on, the DATAPORT screen will show the message "DIAGNOSTICS
-- IN PROGRESS".
Within several seconds, the DATAPORT screen will change to "DIAGNOSTICS

COMPLETE", along with an instruction to press the ENTER key to proceed.
When the ENTER key is pressed, the DATAPORT screen will change to its normal
operation mode, with the Setup Table, the Exposure Control Line, and the Message Area.
Any selectable modes, options, or parameters will have the same status as when the
machine was previously turned OFF.
At the right side of the Exposure Control Line, the "Standby" indication will appear for a
few seconds after power up and, if the radiation shield is open arid an aperture is
installed, will be replaced by the "Ready" indication.
2.3.2 Cursor Key Function
Use both CURSOR keys to verify that the DATAPORT screen cursor can be moved about
the items in the Setup Table, and to and from the Exposure Control Line.
Use the CHANGE key to verify that selectable options in the Setup Table, for example
EXP MODE, can be toggled from Manual to Auto-Time to Auto-KV, and that when in
Auto-KV, a target MAS value appears after the indication (80, 120 or 160 MAS). Confirm
that the target MAS value agrees with the desired "window" for Auto-KV exposures (80
= 1.0 second "window"; 120 = 1.5 second "window"; and 160 = 2.0 second "window").
Enter the USER OPTION mode to change the target MAS value if necessary.

2.3.3 Entry Keypad Function
Use the Cursor Keys to highlight the PATIENT 10 data line. Press the "C" key to clear the
existing data, if any. Press the keys in the order 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9, then press ENTER,
and verify that 0123456789 appears as the PATIENT 10. Repeat this test using the Entry
Keypad to enter 0123456789 as the TECH 10.
2.3.4 DateJTlmeClock
The date and time should appear correctly in the Setup Table, as the Real Time Clock
device is battery-backed. If the date and time are incorrect, correct them; then, turn the
power off, wait a few minutes, and re-power. Confirm that the correct date and time are
still shown on the screen when it is re-powered.
2.3.5 Exposure Control Keys
Use the Cursor Keys to select EXP MODE, then use the CHANGE key to select the
Manual option. Cursor down to the Exposure Control Line. Use the KV UP and KV DOWN
keys to display the kVp range of 22 to 39, in 1 kV increments, on the Exposure Control
Line. Use the SECONDS UP and SECONDS DOWN keys to display the seconds range
of 0.1 to 5.0, in .1 second increments, on the Exposure Control Line. .
Change EXP MODE to Auto-Time, and cursor down to the Exposure Control Line. Use
the DENSITY UP and DENSITY DOWN keys to display the density adjustment range of
-5 to +5 in Single integer increments. Repeat the Density adjustment test in Auto-KV
mode.
2.4 C-ARM FUNCTIONAL CH ECKS
2.4.1 C-Arm UP and DOWN
Use the C-Arm UP and DOWN keys, located on each of the four 7-position keypads, and
the 3-position keypad, to drive the C-Arm up and down. Confirm that the C-Arm drive
stops automatically at its upper and lower limits, and that no error messages appear on
the screen when any of the C-Arm UP/DOWN keys are pressed.
Page 2-4 Revision - B

2.4.2 C-Arm Rotation
A. Rotation Release
Confirm that with the power OFF and turned ON, the C-Arm's rotational position is fixed,
and cannot be rotated until any of the C-Arm ROTATION RELEASE keys is pressed.
Check that, when any ROTATION RELEASE key is let up, the C-Arm's rotational position
is locked.
B. C-Arm Angle Display-
Using a_ROTATION RELEASE key, rotate the C-Arm from full counter-clockwise to full
clockwise. At each detent position, verify that the proper angle is displayed on the LED
arrays on both sides of the vertical cabinet, in addition to the DATAPORT screen. The
detent positions are:
-135 -90 -45 o +90 +135 +180
--~ 2.5 INTERLOCKS
Three conditions will place the M-III into an interlock fault condition, where the "Ready" status
indicator on the Exposure Control Line will be replaced by "Standby" until the condition has been
cleared by the operator. When the M-III is in "Standby" status, exposure mode operation is
disabled. When the status changes to "Standby" an appropriate error message will also appear
in the Message Area of the DATAPORT screen.
2.5.1 C-Arm Safety Switch
Press upward on the bottom end panel of the C-Arm and confirm- that the status indicated
on the OATAPORT screen changes to "Standby". An error message will also be displayed
in the Message Area. Check to confirm that the C-Arm DOWN keys are inoperative, but
that the C-Arm UP keys still function to raise the C-Arm. Press the ENTER key to clear
the error condition.
2.5.2 Aperture Interlock
Pull the fixed aperture out from its seated position and confirm the status changes to
"Standby", and the appropriate error message is displayed in the Message Area. Reseat
the fixed aperture and confirm the 'return to "Ready" status.

2.5.3 Door Interlock
Verify that, with the door-like radiation shield opened out from the console, the status will
indicate "Ready". Verify that closing the door against the console changes the status to
"Standby".
2.6 ACCESSORY DETECTION AND RECOGNITION
Testing the detection and recognition functions of the M-1I1requires that different accessories be
mounted, and correct machine responses observed. The accessories necessary are:
1. LORAD Cassette Holder 18 x 24 centimeter;

2. LORAD Cassette Holder 24 x 30 centimeter;
3. LORAD Bucky Grid 18 x 24 centimeter;
4. LORAD Bucky Grid 24 x 30 centimeter (optional);
5. LORAD Magnification Tray;
6. LORAD StereoLoc (optional);
7. Piece of cardboard approximately 3/4" x 3" in lieu of items 5 and 6;
8. Localization Tray (perforated 4-inch).
2.6.1 Image· Receptor Detection
Insert the 18 x 24/24 x 30 centimeter auto-aperture into the slide beneath the tubehead.
B. Slide an 18 x 24 centimeter cassette holder onto the image receptor tray. Using the Light
Field, confirm that the aperture switches to the 18 x 24 size.
c. Remove the 18 x 24 and mount a 24 x 30 centimeter cassette holder in its place. Using
the Light field, confirm that the aperture switches to the 24 x 30 size.
2.6.2 Bucky Recognition
A. Remove the 24 x 30 cassette holder and mount the 18 x 24 Bucky in its place.
B. Confirm that the Setup Table GRID TYPE line indicates the Bucky is in place, and that the
auto-aperture switches to the 18 x 24 size.
C. Repeat the test using a 24 x 30 centimeter Bucky, if available.

2.6.3 Mag Tray/Stereo Detection
A. Raise the compression device to its upper limit.
B. Mount the Magnification Tray into the slots on the front of the C-arm.
C. Confirm that the Setup Table indicates the presence of the Mag Tray, and that the Spot
Size selection changes automatically to Small.
D.· Remove the Mag Tray and install the StereoLoc in its place.
E. Confirm that the Setup Table indicates the presence of the StereoLoc device, and that the
Spot Size selection automatically changes to Large.
F. If the StereoLoc device and Mag Tray are not available, this section of the M-III can be
verified by using a srnall piece of cardboard to block the optical sensors just inside and
below the left side Mag Tray slot. Blocking the front sensor will give the Mag Tray
indications; blocking the rear sensor, or both sensors, will give the StereoLoc indications.
2.6.4 Localization Tray Recognition
A. Remove the StereoLoc or Magnification Tray, lower the compression carriage, and mount
a 4-inch perforated Localization Tray on the compression carriage.
B. Confirm that the Setup Table RELEASE selection indicates "LOCKED OUT".
C. Press one of the COMPRESSION RELEASE keys; verify that no movement of the
compression carriage occurs.
D. Remove the Localization Tray and install the 4-inch compression tray (no holes) in its
place.
E. Confirm that the RELEASE selection does not change to "LOCKED OUT" .
--
.

2.7 COMPRESSION SYSTEM CHECKS
2.7.1 Motorized Compression Drive
A. Mount a LORAD Image Receptor on the image receptor tray. Mount a compression plate
on the compression carriage.
8. If necessary, change the DATAPORT's COMPRESSION RELEASE selection to

"MANUAL".
C. Using one of the COMPRESSION DOWN keys, drive the compression carriage down onto
a rolled up towel placed on the image receptor.
D. Confirm that the compression carriage stops automatically, and that no upward movement
occurs after it stops. Check that the handwheels do not rotate (upwards) after the carriage
stops.
E. Press one of the COMPRESSION RELEASE keys, and verify that approximately 6
. centimeters of upward movement of the carriage occurs before the carriage automatically
stops.
F. Press one of the COMPRESSION UP keys to verify that the carriage moves upward while
the key is depressed, and stops when the key is released.
G. Repeat the above steps using all four sets of C-arm keypads.
2.7.2 Manual Compression
A. Using a COMPRESSION DOWN key, run the compression plate down onto a rolled up
towel on top of the image receptor.
8. After the motorized compression drive stalls and stops, rotate the compression handwheel,
first slightly in the upward direction, and then downward against the towel.
C. Check that the handwheel turns hard in the upward direction, and easier in the downward
direction. Confirm that, after turning the handwheel to apply more force, no upward
slippage of the compression carriage occurs.

-~. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
2.7.3 Compression Thickness Display
A. With a Lorad image receptor in place on the image receptor tray, confirm that, as the
compression carriage is moved up and down, using either the motorized mode or the
manual handwheel, that the thickness between the top of the image receptor and the
bottom of the compression accessory is displayed correctly in the Setup Table.
2.7.4 Compression Release Modes

A. With the compression device applying pressure to the rolled up towel, change the
DATAPORT's RELEASE selection to Automatic, and change the EXP MODE to Manual.
Set the exposure parameters for 0.1 second at 22 kVp.
B. Close the beam depth slide completely, then step behind the protective radiation shield
and press the X-RAY pushbutton to make an exposure.
C. Confirm that, as the exposure ends, the compression carriage automatically moves
upward approximately 6 centimeters and then stops.
2.8 FOOTSWITCHCHECK
A. Plug a footswitch into the jack provided and verify proper operation of Compression Up
and Compression Down functions when the footswitch pedals are pushed.
2.9 PRINTER CHECK
A. Using the cursor keys, select the PRINTER line in the Setup Table and use the Change
key to turn the printer "ON".
B. Take an exposure and verify that all the correct information is printed upon its completion.

2.10 X-RAY TUBE CURRENT CHECK
The M-1I1selects and regulates x-ray tube current as a function of kVp. X-ray tube current can
be checked as a voltage drop across a 10-ohm resistor on a small circuit board mounted on the
terminal block directly behind the x-ray tube. The voltage drop across the resistor is proportional
(a ratio of 1:100) to x-ray tube mA. The M-III has two regulated current settings (mA stations) for
each focal spot, for a total of four. To check the tube current, perform the following steps. NOTE:
Measuring the current requires the making of x-ray exposures.
2.10.1 mA Measurement Setup
1. With the M-III power OFF, remove the top panel from the C-Arm to gain access to the
measurement point.
2. Connect a voltmeter across R42 on the Tube Control Board.
3. Connect Channel 1 of a storage oscilloscope to the ungrounded end of the 10 ohm

calibration resistor on the terminal block behind the tube head. Connect the probe ground
to the other end of the resistor.
4. Turn power ON, and press the ENTER key when instructed. Select option 1. "FILAMENT
CALIBRATION" from the menu.
5. The SMALL FOCAL SPOT - 22 kV DAC number will be displayed. Using kV UP/DOWN,
preset the number to 100.
6. Check the voltage on the meter connected across R42. It should read 0.5400 volts,
indicating a standby current of 2.5 amps (.5400V + .22Q = 2.4 amperes).
7. Disconnect the meter.
8. Set the oscilloscope to acquire and store a single sweep.

Set the scope controls as follows:
Trigger: Channel 1
Vertical: DC Volts 0.1/division (for Small Focal Spot tests)

DC Volts 0.2/division (for Large Focal Spot tests)
Horizontal: 50 milliseconds, Single Sweep
9. Set the unit for 1 second, 22 kV, manual, small focal spot. Press the X-RAY button and
examine the acquired waveform. An example of the ideal waveform is shown in Figure
2-2.
A. The waveform amplitude is 1/100 of the tube current. Fora 22 kV small focal spot
exposure, the waveform should be 0.2 volts. Refer to Table 1 for voltages at the
remaining kV/focal spot settings. If the waveform amplitude is below the
specification, increase the DAC number, if the waveform amplitude is above the
specification, decrease the DAC number. The DAC number is increased or
decreased using the KV UP/DOWN keys.
B. Examine the leading edge of the waveform for under- or over-shoot, as illustrated
in Figures 2 and 3. The DAC number should be increased (to cure undershoot),
or decreased (to cure overshoot) in small increments (usually 1 or 2).
C. If the current measured is stable, but not at the specified level for the given spot
size and kV, adjust R82 (mA Sense Cal) on the High Voltage Generator and try
the shot again (CW lowers current; CCW raises current).
10. When current for the first kV has been calibrated, press the CLEAR key to move on to the
next kV step, and continue as instructed above until all kV (up to 34) stations have been
calibrated using both the LARGE and SMALL focal spots.
TABLE 2-1
Large Focal Spot Small Focal Spot

kVp mA Voltage Reading mA Voltage Reading
25 80 0.8 volt 20 0.2 volt

31 70 0.7 volt 17 0.17 volt
READINGS THAT VARY PLUS OR MINUS 3% FROM THE

READINGS SPECIFIED IN THE TABLE ARE ACCEPTABLE.

Note:
Wave forms shown are for
80 mA. Adjust oscilliscope
accordingly for other mA levels •
•1 .2
See See
DACTOO LOW
.1 .2
See See
DAC TOO HIGH
.1 .2
See See
Figure 2-2: Waveforms Patterns

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-1I1SERVICE MANUAL
2.11 TUBE VOLTAGE POTENTIAL CHECK (Figure 2-3)
Checking Tube Voltage requires the use of a high voltage divider, a DVM, and a LORAD adapter
cable to connect the divider to the test well on the M-III High Voltage Generator.
2.11.1 Tube Potential Check Procedure
A. Ensure that system power is turned off. Remove the left and right side covers from the
Control Console. Allow sufficient time for the high voltage capacitor to discharge. A neon
bulb inside the generator cage indicates the charge condition of the capacitor; while the
red bulb is glowing, the capacitor is charged to over 100 volts. Allow the red bulb to stop
glowing, then wait five additional minutes before continuing.
B. Connect a DC voltmeter to the low-voltage terminals of a 10,000:1 or 1,000:1 voltage

divider, and position the meter where it can be read from behind the protective radiation
shield.
C. Connect the ground terminal of the voltage divider to the chassis ground stud (TP4) at the
corner of the High Voltage Generator. Using the LORAD High Voltage Adapter, connect
the free end of the high voltage divider test cable to the high voltage test well on the
generator (Figure 2-3). Refer to Section 5 for instructions on accessing the generator.
D. Close the beam depth slide in the beam limiting assembly completely, and turn the system
ON.
E. Set the system for a 2 second, 22 kV exposure in Manual mode.

F. While monitoring the meter from behind the protective radiation shield, press and hold the
X-RA Y pushbutton to make an exposure.
G. Confirm that the meter reading falls into the ranges below:
2.156 - 2.244 volts (using a 10,000:1 divider)

TEST
WELL
H.V.
POWER
BOARD
H.V. CONTROL BOARD
Figure 2-3: High Voltage Generator Test Well

H. Set the system for a 2 second, ~kV exposure in Manual mode.
I. While monitoring the meter from behind the protective radiation shield, press and hold the
X-RA Y pushbutton to make an exposure. \
J. Confirm that the meter reading falls into the ranges below:

K. Select intermediate kV settings, and confirm that the meter readings are within 2% of their
kV settings divided by 10,000 (using a 10,000:1 divider) or divided by 1,000 (using a
1,000:1 divider).
2.12 AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL CHECK
Calibration of theAEC is performed at the factory to result in a consistent 1.2 density. Checking
'the AEC consists of making exposures using different combinations of acrylic phantoms and
verifying consistent film density on the developed film. If it is necessary to readjust density to a
different value to suit the user, refer to Section 8.4. The following items are necessary to verify
AEC performance:
1. Four 1-centimeter thick acrylic attenuators;
2. One 4-centimeter thick acrylic attenuator;
3. Film Densitometer;
4. SO-177 Film and Min-R screen cassette.
2.12.1 AEC Check Procedure
A. Place a loaded cassette under 4 centimeters of acrylic on the image receptor tray.
B. Set the M-III for EXP MODE: AUTO-TIME and FILM TYPE: SO-177. Set the Exposure
Control Line KVP to 25 KVP and DENSITY to O.

C. Make an exposure, then remove the cassette and develop the film.
D. Measure the density of the developed film.
E. Place the same loaded cassette under 1 centimeter of acrylic in position on the image
receptor tray.
G. Make an exposure, then develop the film and measure the density. Density should agree
with the reading made in step 0, within ±O.2.
H. Make exposures using the settings in the Table 2-2, and confirm that density results agree
within ±O.2.
TABLE 2-2
MODE FILM FOCAL SPOT KVP CM.ACRYLIC
AUTO-TIME SO-177 LARGE 25 3

AUTO-TIME SO-177 LARGE 25 7
AUTO-KV SO-177 LARGE 7
AUTO-KV SO-177 SMALL 4
2.13 Bucky Grid Performance Check
Checking the operation of the Bucky grid requires that the Bucky be mounted properly on the
image receptor tray. Films must be exposed and developed during this test. It may be necessary
to affix 2 centimeters of acrylic between the tubehead and the Bucky to ensure sufficient film
density.

A. Make a 5-second exposure with the C-Arm rotated to -90 degrees (grid travel in the
direction of gravitational pull) and verify the absence of grid lines in the developed film.
(Acrylic attenuators may need to be secured to the top of the Bucky to give an adequate
image.)
B. Re-Ioad the cassette and make a 0.2 second exposure with the C-Arm rotated to +90
degrees (grid travel against the direction of gravitational pull) and verify the absence of
grid lines in the developed film.
2.14 CHECKING HALF VALUE LAYER
This certification test measures the quantity of x-ray energy attenuated by passing through a
specified filter. The test verifies the modification of x-ray tube performance by the filter in the
LORAD x-ray tubehead.
A. Connect a 10-square centimeter x-radiation probe to its readout/logic module with a

to-toot cable. Select Exposure in Milliroentgens on the instrument'S function switch.
B. Position the compression tray 30 centimeters above the image receptor tray. Use fixturing
to place the radiation probe 10 centimeters above the image receptor tray. Place the
readout/logic module in a positioh where it can be read from behind the unit's radiation
shield.
C. Place a 1116-inch(1.6 mm) thick lead sheet with a cutout area 2.4-inch (6 em) in diameter
on the compression tray.
D. Turn the system ON and press the LIGHT FIELD pushbutton to illuminate the x-ray field.
Limit the beam to approximately the size of the probe head, and adjust the positions of
the probe and the cutout in the lead shield to center the radiation detector in the beam.
Align the surface of the probe perpendicular to the beam axis.
E. Change the Setup Table options to EXP MODE: MANUAL and SPOT SIZE: LARGE. Set
the Exposure Control Line selections to KVP: 30 KVP and EXP TIME: 1.0 Sec. Make an
.----- ..
exposure and record the milliroentgen reading.

F. Cover the hole in the lead sheet with a 0.3 millimeter aluminum filter. Using the same
technique factors as in Step E above, make another exposure and record the milliroentgen
reading.
G. Multiply the result obtained in Step F by 1.9. The product must be larger than the Step E
reading.
2.15 CHECKING REPRODUCIBILITY and LINEARITY - MANUAL MODE
The following tests verify that the x-ray system, including the controls and x-ray tube, is operating
consistently. .
A. Connect a 10-square centimeter x-radiation probe to its readout logic module with a
1a-foot cable. Select Exposure in Milliroentgens on the readout logic module's function
switch. Cover the top of the image receptor tray with a 1116-inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet and
place the probe upon it. Position the readout logic module where it can be read from
behind the machine's radiation shield.
B. Turn the system ON. Illuminate the light field. Using the slide beneath the tubehead
enclosure, limit the beam to .approximately the size of the probe head. Reposition the
probe head to center its detector in the beam. Align the surface of the probe so that it
stays perpendicular to the beam axis.
C. On the screen Setup Table, select EXP MODE: MANUAL and SPOT SIZE: LARGE. Set
the Exposure Control Line settings KVP to 25 KVP and EXP TIME to 0.6 Sec. Make an
exposure and record the milliroentgen reading.
D. Change the Exposure Control Line settings for both KVP and EXP TIME, then return them
to 25 kVp and 0.6 seconds. Again, make an exposure and record the milliroentgen
reading.

E. Continue to randomly change the Exposure Control Line settings for KVP and EXP TIME.
Then return to 25 kVp and 0.6 seconds. Make an exposure and record the milliroentgen
reading. Repeat until ten individual readings have been obtained.
F. Compute the average Milliroentgen reading. Subtract each actual reading from the
average, and square each dltterence. Add the squares and divide the sum by 9. Then
take the square root of the result.
G. Divide the number calculated in Step F by the average milliroentgen reading to obtain the
coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation must be less than 0.05.
H. Leave the setup on the image receptor tray unchanged, and change the Exposure Control
Line KVP and EXP TIME selections to 25 KVP and 0.2 seconds, respectively. Make an
exposure and record the milliroentgen reading and the mAs value displayed on the unit's
control panel.
I. Repeat Step H, changing the EXP TIME to 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0.
Record milliroentgens and mAs at each setting.
J. Divide each Milliroentgen reading by its corresponding mAs value.
K. for each pair of successive tests (0.2 and 0.6 seconds; then 0.6 and 1.0 seconds; and
so on), calculate the difference between each corresponding Step J result.
L. For each pair of successive tests, calculate the sum of each Step J result.
M. Divide each Step K difference value by each Step L sum value. If the result for any pair
exceeds 0.10, the test is considered failed.

N. RepeatSteps H-M with the Small focal spot selected on the Setup Table.
O. If the unit fails any part of the above test, first recheck all calculations, then repeat the
tests (failure to meet these performance standards indicates trouble in the High Voltage
Generator or x-ray tube).
2.16 CHECKING REPRODUCIBILITY and LINEARITY - AUTO-TIME MODE
.A. Place a 4.3 centimeter acrylic phantom on an empty cassette on the image receptor tray.
Position the 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe on top of the phantom. Align the probe
position with the AEC sensor at front center on the image receptor tray, and using the light
localizer, slide the beam limiting plate to just cover the probe.
B. Change the Setup Table to BACKUP TIME: 3.0 Sec, EXP MODE: AUTO-TIME, and SPOT
SIZE: LARGE. Set the Exposure Control Line, KVP to 25 KVP.
C. Make ten exposures. Record milliroentgen and mAs readings for each one.
D. The mAs readings should be in the range of 40 to 50; milliroentgen readings in the range
of 850 to 900.
E. Calculate the average Milliroentgen reading and subtract each actual reading from the
average. Square each difference. Add the squares and divide their sum by 9. Then take
the square root of the result.
F. Divide the number obtained in Step E by the average milliroentgen reading. The quotient,
called the coefficient of variation, must be less than 0.05.
G. Remove the probe from the x-ray beam, leaving the acrylic and cassette on the image
receptor tray. Change the Setup Table as follows: BACKUP TIME: 2.5 Sec and SPOT
SIZE: LARGE. On the EXPOSURE CONTROL LINE, set KVP to 25.

H. Make an exposure and record the mAs value displayed.
I. The mAs value should be in the range of 37 to 40.
2.17 CHECKING REPRODUCIBILITY and LINEARITY - AUTO-kV MODE
A. Place a 4.3 centimeter acrylic phantom on an empty cassette on the image receptor tray.
Position the 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe on top of the phantom. Align the probe
position with the AEC sensor at front center on the image receptor tray, and using the light
localizer, slide the beam limiting plate to just cover the probe.
B. Change the Setup Table to BACKUP TIME: 3.0 See, EXP MODE: AUTO-KV, and SPOT
SIZE: LARGE.
C. Make ten exposures. Record Milliroentgen and mAs readings for each one.
D. The mAs readings should be in the range of 40 to 50; milliroentgen readings in the range
of 850 to 900.
E. Calculate the averaqe Milliroentgen reading, and subtract each actual reading from the
average. Square each difference. Add the squares and divide their sum by 9. Then take
the square root of the result.
F. Divide the number obtained in Step E by the average Milliroentgen reading. The quotient,
called the coefficient of variation, must be less than 0.05.
G. Remove the probe from the x-ray beam, leaving the acrylic and cassette on the image
receptor tray. Change the Setup Table as follows: BACKUP TIME: 2.5 Sec and SPOT
SIZE: LARGE.
H. Make an exposure and record the mAs value displayed.
I. The mAs value should be in the range of 37 to 40.

2.18 TIMING ACCURACY - MANUAL MODE
The duration of the x-ray tube voltage timing pulse can be monitored on ari oscilloscope by
measuring x-ray tube voltage as indicated at the low voltage terminals of a voltage divider or by
measuring the duration of the KV SENSE analog signal. The first method is described in steps
A through E and the second in steps F through J.
A. Set up as described in Section 2.11, Tube Voltage Potential Check, but with an
oscilloscope instead of the DVM on the low voltage terminals of the voltage divider.
B. Close the single beam limiting plate completely and turn the M-III on. On the DATAPORT
Setup Table, change EXP MODE to Manual and SPOT SIZE to Large. On the
DATAPORT Exposure Control Line, set KVP to 25 and EXP TIME to 0.2.
C. Press and hold the X-Ray button, and measure the width of the tube voltage waveform
between the 80% voltage points. Record this time interval in seconds.
D. Repeat step C with the EXP TIME set at 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2-.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0.
E. Any measured exposure time that differs from the EXP TIME setting by more than 5% of
the setting is cause for rejection.
F. To use another method, connect an oscilloscope to terminal J207-3 (KV SENSE) on the
Microprocessor board. Connect the oscilloscope ground to chassis ground, TP7.
G. Close the beam limiting plate completely and turn the M-1I1on. On the DATAPORT Setup
Table, change EXP MODE to Manual and SPOT SIZE to Large. On the DATAPORT
Exposure Control Line, set KVP to 25 and EXP TIME to 0.2.

....---...,\ LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
H. Press and hold the X-ray button, and measure the width of the tube voltage waveform
from the +5 volt pulse. The voltage at J207-3 rises to about 5 volts when kV in the x-ray
tube circuit reaches about 80% of kVp setting. Record this time interval in seconds.
I. Repeat the test at the exposure times listed in steps D and E. Any measured exposure
time that differs from the EXP TIME setting by more than 5% is unacceptable.
2.19 MAXIMUM mAs in AUTO-TIME MODE
A. Move the beam depth slide all the way forward (away from the c-Arrn) to block off the
x-ray beam. Place a lead shield on the image receptor tray over the AEC Sensor in the
front center of the tray. Change the Setup Table SPOT SIZE: Large.
B. Change Setup Table options Exposure Mode to Auto-Time, Backup Seconds to 5.0, Spot
Size to Large, and Film Type to OM. On the Exposure Control Line, set KVP to 22 and
DENSITY to +5.
C. Make an exposure and read mAs calculated on the Exposure Control Line at the end of
the exposure time.
D. Indicated mAs should be 400.
E. Error messages: "X-Ray Button Fault" and "Backup Timer" should appear at the bottom
of the screen. It must be impossible to conduct another exposure before resetting the unit
using the Enter key.
F. Repeat the test with kVp set to 35. The mAs reading at the end of the exposure should
be 300.
G. Uncover the AEC Sensor and open up the beam depth slide to include the sensor in the
x-ray beam. Change Setup Table options, BACKUP TIME to 5.0, EXP MODE to AUTO-
TIME, and FILM TYPE to OM. Also set the Exposure Control Line KVP to 25 and
DENSITY to -5.

---'. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
H. Conduct an x-ray exposure. The mAs calculated at the end of the exposure should be a
very small number, and it must be less thanS.O.
2.20 CHECKING the X-RAY SHIELDING of the IMAGE RECEPTOR TRAY
To minimize stray radiation, the x-ray tube housing is shielded with lead, as is the inside of the
lower LORAD tubehead enclosure. Lead shielding is also incorporated within the image receptor
tray and behind the AEC sensor. Shielding performance is checked with the following procedure.
A. Connect a 100 square centimeter radiation scatter probe to the readout/logic module of
a radiation ratemeter. Select EXPOSURE IN MILLIROENTGENS as the operating mode.
Place the probe on a lead-covered adjustable stand positioned beneath the image
receptor tray, and place the readout/logic module so it can be read from behind the
protective radiation shield.
B. Attach a 18 x 24 cassette holder to the image receptor tray and change Spot Size to
Large. Place a 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) sheet of lead with as-inch (12.7. cm) diameter hole in
it on the image receptor tray. Slide this lead sheet to position the hole at the position
marked "A" in Figure 2-4. Illuminate the light field and adjust the beam limiting slide to
closely correspond to the hole.
C. Line up the probe beneath the tray in the center of the x-ray beam path through the hole
in the lead sheet. Raise or lower the support stand until the probe is exactly S centimeters
(1-31/32 inches) below the bottom of the tray structure. Face the probe's detector surface
toward the x-ray source.
D. Turn the x-ray system ON, and change Setup Table options SPOT SIZE: LARGE and
EXP MODE: MANUAL. Set the Exposure Control Line selections KVP to 39 and EXP
TIME to 3.0 Sec.
E. Make an exposure and record the mR reading.
F. If the reading exceeds 0.10 mR, corrective action is indicated.

TRAY 24X 30 em
HOLDER
,
',;t'------H----
, , ,
/
/ '
,, ,, ,
,,
,,
-, ,,
..".,.:
.
,r .•. __ . --
,
,
,, ''
.. ,,
E
';I:.•.. A ",;<
',
, '
.
r
F _,'
" " •...._--_B .. ---_ .....
Figure 2-4: Image Receptor Tray Test Points

G. Repeat steps 8 through F at the positions marked "8", "C", and "0" in Figure 2-4.
H. Mount a 24 x 30 centimeter cassette holder on the image receptor tray. Repeat steps 8
through F at the positions marked "E", "F", "G" and "H" in Figure 2-4. Readings above
0.10 mR indicate replacement of the cassette holder is necessary.
2.21 CHECKING THE X-RAY SHIELDING OF THE TUBEHEAD
A. Using the 1co-square centimeter radiation scatter probe and radiation ratemeter described
in the previous procedure, change ratemeter mode to mR/HOUR. Set up an adjustable
stand to hold the probe in position with relation to the tubehead as shown in Figure 2-5.
8. Position the probe at each of the locations "A" through "H" shown in the figure (for position
"H", rotate the C-Arm so the probe can be positioned directly behind the tubehead). For
each position, the distance between the probe and the tubehead surface must be
maintained at exactly one meter.
-----..~ 2.22 LIGHT FIELD
2.22.1 Light Field illuminance Test
Intensity and consistency of the Light Field is checked by performing the following
procedure.
A. Insert the auto-aperture into the slot below the tubetiead. Slide the beam depth slide all
the way back (towards the C-arm).
8. Place a light meter probe on the image receptor tray with its sensor facing up.
C. At each location shown in Figure 2-6, take a background light reading (Light Field lamp
OFF), and another one with the Light Field lamp ON.
O. For each location (quadrant), convert both the background and lighted readings to lux
values (use the conversion table on the meter or in the meter manual), and subtract
background lux from Light Field lux.
E. If the difference in any quadrant is less than 200 lux, the Light Field Illuminance Test is
considered failed.

A- H
F
/
Figure 2-5: Tubehead Test Points

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-IIJ SERVICE MANUAL
C D
A B
Image Receptor Tray

(Top View)
Figure 2-6: Light Field Test Areas

2.22.2 Light Field Alignment Certification
To perform this test, the following equipment will be necessary:
1. 24 x 30 centimeter cassette and film;

2. Straight pieces of wire or solder;
3. Front Loading 24 x 30 cm cassette holder.
A. Place a loaded 24 x 30 centimeter cassette into a 24 x 30 centimeter front loading

cassette holder mounted to the image receptor tray.
B. Insert the Coned-Down Spot Aperture (Figure 2-7).
C. Turn the Light Field ON. Move the beam depth slide all the way back to project the lighted
area pictured in Figure 2-8.
D. Using straight pieces of wire or solder, accurately mark the outline of the light field on the
cassette surface.
E. . Change the DATAPORT Setup Table, EXP MODE to MANUAL and SPOT SIZE to
LARGE. On the DATAPORT Exposure Control Line, set kVp to 22 and EXP TIME to 0.6.
. -.--........,
F. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button. Remove the
cassette and develop the film. Compare the edges of the image area with the w hit e
marks caused by the pieces of wire or solder. All boundaries must coincide within 1.3
centimeters (0.51 inch).
G. If the Light Field borders are more than one centimeter away from the x-ray beam,
adjustment per Section 6.4 is indicated.
.:<">,

Figure 2-7: Coned-Down Aperture

-. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
sn
(15.2 em)
I~ (10.2 em) ~I
Figure 2-8: Coned-Down Image on Tray

2.22.3 Verification of X-Ray Beam Alignment
To verify x-ray beam alignment, the following equipment is necessary:
1. Reflective tape, aluminum foil, or mirror;

2. LORAD Field Alignment Template;
3. Fluorescent Screen Material.
A. STEP "A" HAS BEEN DELETED IN ACCORDANCE WITH REVISION 12.
B. Remove the large fixed (24 x30 cm) auto-aperture so that the small auto-aperture beam
field can be verified. Unplug J441 on the Auto-Aperture board to prevent the system from
defaulting to standby (XRA Y: STANDBY).
C. Place the LORAD Field Alignment template on a piece of fluorescent screen material and
place both on the image receptor tray flush against the C-Arm. Initially center the template
on the tray. The template is pictured in Figure 2-9.
D. Open the beam depth slide completely.
E. Make the DATAPORT selections as follows:
SPOT SIZE: LARGE

EXP MODE: MANUAL
On the DATAPORT Exposure Control Line, set kVp to 25 and EXP TIME to 1 second.
F. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button.
G. Compare the edges of the field pattern (glowing area) on the fluorescent material with the
18 x 24 centimeter alignment marks on the template.

1f
Flush Against
1J C-arm
X
~
~IIjDl UI~1I11
jllIIllI 11111111
.. -t---------<
0 ••1.... 1
I~~.-------I-~~--------------~::::::::~)~==============:~~_
.. _O_·· ~I
Figure 2-9: LORAD Field Alignment Template

H. If any adjustment to the 18 x 24 centimeter auto-aperture is necessary. refer to the

alignment procedure in Section Seven.
I. Reconnect J441 and insert the large fixed auto-aperture (24x30 cm) into the beam limiting
assembly.
J. Place reflective tape, aluminum foil, or a mirror over the accessory detector at the right
of the image receptor tray. This will cause the retraction of the small auto-aperture out of
the beam so that the large auto-aperture field may be verified. (Itshould be necessary to
cover only the right sensor of the accessory detector to cause the retraction of the small
auto-aperture.)
K. Place the LORAD Field Alignment template and fluorescent material on the image
receptor tray, flush against the C-Arm. Center the template with respect to the tray
centerline.
L. Open the beam depth slide completely.
M. Make the DATAPORT selections as follows:
SPOT SIZE: LARGE

EXP MODE: MANUAL
On the DATAPORT Exposure Control Line, set KVP to 25 and EXP TIME to 1.
N. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button.
O. Compare the edges of the 24 x 30 centimeter field pattern (glowing area) on the
fluorescent material with the 24 x 30 centimeter alignment marks on the template.

P. If any adjustment to the 24 x 30 centimeter fixed auto-aperture is necessary, refer to the

alignment procedure in Section Seven.
2.23 CHECKING THE EXPOSURECOUNTER
To obtain the total number of exposures taken with the unit, perform the following steps.
A. While the M-III is in the normal operating mode, press the "1" key and the KV UP key
simultaneously.
B. The M-III exposure count appears in the lower right corner of the screen. Press the Enter
key to resume normal operation. .

SECTION THREE:
X-RAY CONTROL THEORY OF OPERATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The M-III mammography system is designed with the Microprocessor Board as the primary device
for controlling peripheral devices that supply the necessary drive signals to a MAMRAD 86 x-ray
tube. Operator inputs, setup and monitoring of peripheral modules, and timing are all carried out
under the control of the system processor on the Microprocessor Board, and its software
operating program. The dual filament x-ray tube resides in a housing located above the image
receptor tray. The rotating anode, oil-insulated tube requires three inputs to operate:
A. Motor Drive
B. Filament Current
C. High Voltage Potential
Motor drive and filament current are supplied by the Tube Control PC Board, which operates
under direct control of the processor. The high voltage potential between the cathode and the
anode of the x-ray tube is developed by the High Voltage Generator, which also is controlled by
the processor.
The microprocessor also detects operator requests for electromechanical functions, and transmits
appropriate signals to driver circuitry on the Power Control PC Board to enable the appropriate
device. Descriptions of the circuits and signal routing that control the electromechanical devices
are provided in Section Four of this manual.
3.2 POWER DISTRIBUTION
3.2.1 Input Power Panel
Line voltage at 208 volts AC is passed through circuit breaker CB 1 to the primary of
step-down transformer T1. The T1 primary is fused at 0.1 ampere, and is provided with
two varistors to prevent transients on the input line from affecting the operation of the
.~ power panel components. The T1 secondary is connected to a full

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-UI SERVICE MANUAL
wave bridge rectifier BR1, and the resulting DC voltage is the power panel operating
power.
The operating power is passed through the Emergency Off Switch, the normally closed
contacts of the Power OFF switch, and the contacts of the Power ON switch. The normally
open, momentary contact Power ON switch energizes relay K1, which has two sets of
contacts. One set of K1 contacts closes to latch the operating power to the K1 relay,
making it possible to release the Power ON switch by routing K1 coil power through the
normally closed OFF switch. The second set of K1 contacts close to energize relay K101.
Relay K101 contacts pass the AC line input through to the machine's isolation transformer.
When the normally closed, momentary contact, Power OFF switch is pressed, operating
power is disconnected from the coil of relay K1. When K1 drops out, K101 is forced to
also drop out, interrupting AC line power to the isolation transformer. Pressing the
normally closed Emergency Off Switch, which is wired in series with the Power OFF
switch, provides the same function.
3.2.2 Isolation Transformer
A 2 KVA power isolation transformer, located in the bottom of the unit against the rear
wall, provides AC secondary voltages used throughout the unit. The primary side, wired
in series, can be strapped for three input ranges: 208 VAC ±5%, 224 VAC +/- 5%, and
240 VAC ±5%. .
3.2.3 System AC
Components of the M-III that use AC voltages are:
Power Control Board
A. Receives 13 VAC as input to the Vm supply.
B. Receives 65 VAC as input to the 90 volt DC brake supply.
C. Receives 120 VAC to operate actuator.
Low Voltage Power Supply
'--".
A. Receives 120 VAC for conversion to DC operating power supplies.

Tube Control Board
A. Receives 220 VAC to develop anode motor drive signals.
B. Receives 65 VAC to develop DC braking power.
High Voltage Generator
A. Receives 220 VAC to develop internal control logic power supplies and high
voltage potential.
3.2.4 System DC
Components of the M-III that generate DC supply power are:
Low Voltage Power Supply
A. From 120 VAC input, develops +5, +15, and -15 volt DC power used by the
Microprocessor Board, the Tube Control Board, and passed through a fuse block
to the Microprocessor Board, then to the various detection circuits.
Microprocessor Board
A. Converts the +15 volt DC input from the Low Voltage Power supply to a regulated
+ 10 volt DC supply used internally and also sent to the C-arm Angle Detection and
Compression Detection potentiometers.
Tube Control Board
A. Converts 65 VAC input to 90 V DC braking power for anode motor.
Power Control Board
A. From 13 VAC input, develops V m power supply that operates (a) compression
drive, (b) filament supply, and (c) powers the auto-aperture motor.
B. From 65 VAC input, develops 90 volt DC power supply that operates (a) the
compression motor brake, (b) the compression carriage brake, and (c) the rotation
brake.

C. From 90 volt on-board power supply, develops the Vg power supply used only on
the Power Control Board for switching in the actuator drive circuit.
3.3 MICROPROCESSOR BOARD
The M-III Microprocessor Board, built around the 6809E microcomputer device, controls and
monitors all machine functions. Also contained on the Microprocessor Board are: a 256K (32Kx8)
EPROM that contains the operating program, a 2Kx8 battery backed RAM that stores setup
information while the machine is not powered, and an independent, battery backed real time
clock. Address decoding is provided by U9, U13, U32 and associated components. A
configuration DIP switch, S1, interfaces to the data bus through U7.
The Microprocessor Board functions can be divided into eight general areas:
1- Display/Update the CRT

2. Detect/Respond to Keyboard Activity
3. Detect/Respond to C-arm Keypad Activity
4. Control and Monitor Exposure Sequence
5. Drive C-arm Angle Display
6. . Process C-arm Status Inputs
7. Control Printer
8. Real Time Clock
3.3.1 CRT Interface (Figure 3-1)
Special purpose components contained on a semi-independent display bus generate the

data and timing signals necessary to drive the CRT display. A video controller, U16,
generates horizontal and vertical timing signals for the raster scan display, controls the
display formats, and controls the display RAM, character ROM, and the video generator
device, U25. The video controller communicates with the microprocessor when updates
to the display are necessary, after the proper handshake signals are exchanged.
Otherwise, the video controller independently controls the display bus.
Two RAM devices store the data displayed on the screen. IC U20 stores character data,
which is loaded from the data bus through U18. IC U19 stores attribute data, which is
loaded from the data bus through U17. Attribute data consists of a byte for each screen
position that indicates whether that position is blinking, reverse video, underlined or
highlighted. .

~ LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
MICROPROCESSOR
VIDEO CONTROL
SIGNAL
o GENERATOR VIDEO
0 DRIVER DRIVER
0
....J
---.
U25/ U16 U1S
12
120VAC
10
8 OVAC
ISOLATION
TRANSFORMER
Figure 3-1: M-III CRT Interface SIgnalling

---. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
,Character data consists of the ASCII code for the necessary character. After data is
loaded from the data bus, both RAM devices are under the control of the U16 video
controller.
The data stored in the Character RAM is used to address the Character Generator PROM,
U23. The Character Generator outputs the dot information that makes up a particular
character. The dot information is applied to the Attribute Controller, U25. The data stored
in the Attribute RAM also is applied to the Attribute Controller. The main function of the
Attribute Controller is to serialize the input dot data to a video stream, and apply the
attributes. The video stream output is at pins 28 and 29, the signals TTLV1 and TTLV2,
respectively. The Attribute Controller also generates the character clock and generates the
cursor.
As mentioned previously, the U16 video controller generates the vertical and horizontal
timing signals for the display. The U16 timing signal outputs, as well as the video stream,
are applied to video driver U15 for output to the CRT over J201.
3.3.2 Keyboard Interface (Figure 3-2)
The front panel keyboard consists of 18 normally open switches, that when activated,
provide a closure to ground. Also contained on the keyboard are the X-RAY switch, which
closes a +15 volt DC circuit path to the Microprocessor Board J211-4, and a Compression
Release switch, which closes a 5 volt DC circuit path to the Microprocessor Board
J211-49.
The 18 keyboard switches are connected, through a pull-up resistor network, to switch
decoders U52 through U55. Pressing a switch momentarily grounds the input line to the
switch decoders. The switch signals pass through further logic switching provided by U49,
U50, and U51. U49 also generates a signal, designated *KEYREQ, that is used to notify
the processor that keyboard activity has been detected. The switch data register, U44,
passes the data onto the data bus, when enabled by the microprocessor signal *KEYSEL,
which is generated in response to *KEYREQ.
3.3.3 C-Arm Keypad Interface
The four 7 -position C-Arm keypads, in addition to the 3-position keypad, are wired in a
parallel .

MICROPROCESSOR
r--l..•..
---l PORT READER!
DETECTOR
US
L
o
G
I
C
~ NMIIS A SOFTWARE INTERLOCK.

IT IS USED TO PREVENT EXPOSURE
IF SOFTWARE MALFUNCTIONS •
• EPO IS AN INTERLOCK TO ENSURE

CB10l
KEYBOARD HOOKUP FOR POWER
SOURCE OPERATION.
NOTE· CIRCUITS 00 NOT

SHOW ALL COMPONENTS,
SEE SCHEMATICS.
INPUT POWER PANEL

TO ISOLATION
TRANSFORMER
Figure 3-2: Keyboard Interface and Input Power Signals

configuration. Therefore, the actuation of anyone of the possible five identical switches
causes the same result at the Microprocessor Board C-Arm keypad input at J214. J214-1
supplies 5 volts DC to the keypads; closure of keypad switches causes a low to high
transition of the appropriate signal input:
eOl_LAMP
COMP _REl
ROT_BRK_REl
COMP_DN
COMP _UP
CARM_DN
CARM_UP
In addition to the keypads, switch closures of the Compression Up and Down switches in
the remote footswitch cause low to high transitions of the signals COMP _UP and
COMP _DN, which enter the Microprocessor Board at J213-2 and J213-3.
The keypad signals, along with the ACTU_OK signal which, when high, indicates that the
safety panel on the bottom of the C-Arm has not encountered an obstruction. These
signals are applied to U2, which buffers the signals to the data bus, when enabied by the
timing strobe *CRD2.
3.3.3.1 . Power Control Board Interface
The microprocessor handles C-Arm keypad requests as part of its normal cycling
by developing output signals sent to the Power Control Board. Data is placed on
the data bus as U1 is enabled by the signal *PCBEN. U1 latches the data. and
passes the appropriate signals through J205 to the Power Control Board to
energize the requested device.
One output signal to the Power Control Board, CaMP _MTR_CUR, is an analog
signal. Digital to analog converter U45 latches digital data from the bus, and
converts it to an analog voltage which is also transferred to the Power Control
Board over J205.

3.3.4 Exposure Control (Figure 3-3)
The Exposure Control function of the M-III Microprocessor Board can be broken down into
four distinct phases: PRE-EXPOSURE, PREP, EXPOSURE, and POST-EXPOSURE.
During the PRE-EXPOSURE phase, the microprocessor detects operator requests made
via the keyboard. and sets up the subsystem devices (Tube Control Board. High Voltage
Generator) as requested. Once the operator has pressed the X-RAY pushbutton, an
exposure command is issued within the microprocessor, and the M-III enters the PREP
phase. In the PREP phase, the High Voltage Generator, and the anode motor control and
filament regulation circuits on the Tube Control Board are brought into operation. In the
EXPOSURE PHASE. x-rays are emitted and regulated. The POST-EXPOSURE phase
begins with the termination, by the microprocessor, of the EXPOSURE PHASE; x-ray
emission ends and the various subsystems are brought to a halt.
By communicating bidirectionally with the subsystems, the microprocessor controls and

monitors subsystem operation. If proper status signals are not received in the correct
sequence throughout the exposure process, operation is halted.
3.3.4.1 PRE-EXPOSURE
Before an exposure command, the microprocessor detects operator requests, and

stores the unit setup parameters in RAM. During this time, the filament supply
portion of the Tube Control Board is kept turned on by the Microprocessor Board
output signal FIL EN. The filament supply circuit is kept active to supply a standby
current to the currently selected x-ray tube filament. The standby current is
controlled by the microprocessor output Signal FIL CU R, an analog voltage
supplied by digital to analog converter U45, developed from data latched from the
data bus. Filament current is regulated locally on the Tube Control Board by
comparing measured filament current against the FIL CUR reference signal, and
varying the filament power supply to keep the actual current within tolerance of the
FIL CUR control voltage.
Page 3-9 , Revision - 0

K eYI bo ar d C a bl e
II E.3~ +15 V
Keyboard
<.p --- - - ---i-RAY- - --- ----------<})
r- 3
4
J211l 4L
I
I
-1 - ----,
- --,
I
1
1 2
1 +15
-15
AECSIGNAL
A. E. C.
X-RAY 1 :-l
!.. _.
K1:
__ .2
"r
3
5
GND
...
Breast
Amplifier
Tray
X-RAY 1 RT r--
KV SENSE 3
mA SENSE 5 NMI ~
H.V. FAULT 11 @--- ~------------------------,
H.V. ENABLE 15 ~ ROTOR BRAKE
5
12
ROTOR OK
-------------, 4
31 ROTOR RUN
~ ,
1
,--- 5 FIL. CURRo
~ 'll ~
1. 1
1
@"
29 FIL EN.
ct 13 5 11 15 12
,, J101 Microprocessor
"I
----r---
!..--
17
34
ROTOR OK
ROTOR BOOST
~ , S 1r 11r r Ir
,
INT , 1
, Board
~
J
, 1
1
,, J3101 34 17 29 5 31 3311
,1,
, 1
1
,,
1 @ @
® ,
1
1
DISABLES
L_..J_~ . ~ ROTOR OK
1
High Voltage Ribbon WHILE BRAKING
1 "
High Voltage --,;+ H.V. TUBE HEAD
Cable Cable
Generator '-- Tube Control
(j) = EXPOSURE STOP EITHER

MANUAL OR AEC SIGNAL
@ = BRAKE STOPS, ROTOR OK
RETURNS TO PRE-EXPOSURE
® = SEQUENCE
STATUS.
Figure 3-3: M-III Exposure Sequence

At this time, HV EN is low, and the High Voltage Generator remains inactive. The
analog KV CNTL signal, which communicates the set kV level to the generator, is
active. The anode motor drive signals from the microprocessor to the motor
controller section of the Tube Control Board, (BOOST, RUN, and BRAKE,) are all
kept inactive by the microprocessor.
3.3.4.2 PREP PHASE (Figure 3-4)
Pressing the X-ray pushbutton on the front panel initiates the exposure sequence.
The X-RAY pushbutton completes a circuit between .15 volts DC at J211-3 and
J211-4. The 15 volt X-RAY signal is dropped across resistor R18 to a level
compatible with the digital circuitry and is placed on the data bus by U5. The 15
volt X-RAY signal also energizes relay K1, which connects the signal lines XRAY1
and XRA Y1 RT that originate on the High Voltage Generator. XRAY1 and
XRAY1 RT provide an interlock function. Unless the signals are shorted together
through K1, power from the High Voltage Generator's on-board 15 volt power
supply cannot reach the generator's pulse width. modulator, and operation of the
High Voltage Generator is prevented. At any time during an exposure, if K1 drops
out due to the opening of the X-ray pushbutton switch, the exposure will be halted.
The microprocessor outputs the BOOST signal to the Tube Control Board for 1
second, which signals the motor controller to start the anode motor in the x-ray
tube. After 1 second, the microprocessor then switches BOOST off and RUN on
for 1 second to the Tube Control Board. During BOOST, 220 VAC is applied to
motor, and during RUN, 65 VAC is applied to the motor. If motor starting current
has been sensed to be correct by circuitry on the Tube Control Board, the Rotor
OK signal is developed and sent back to the microprocessor, which uses it as a
monitor that exposure is proceeding correctly. If the Rotor OK signal is not
detected, further operation is terminated. The Rotor OK signal is also supplied to
the High Voltage Generator as an interlock.
Page 3-11 Revision - a

WAVEFORM DIAGRAM: 25 kV .5 SEe LARGE FS

SAMPLE PERIOD: Sms 500 ms/div
MAGNIFICATION: 1X 5.000 ms/clk
MAGNIFY ABOUT: X 265.0 ms x to time trig
x CURSORMOVES: X 0.0 I's x to 0
o
X-RAY
RESET
BOOST
ROTOK
HVEN
-- RUN
BRAKE
30-39 kV
HVCONT 2.5V
1.2V
5.0 V
LGFS ~----~--------~----~--------~----~--------~--~----~--~---- 5.0 V
6.2SV
kV SEN 1----+----+--_--+---1 0.0 V
. ;...r.•:':
')~<:"~;':~, '~'::"""';';/: I):.;h'~~'~»·':;;::>i :<,:
: ·.X' :~;;;,
FILSEN ••• ~ '-6-io~_.:
..
•• .:J--,,-,>~,_
?S1,SEC,>; :~.
~,••• ~ __",:,c,..:.,n,. ••..••••. " •• ·,
2.6V
8.0V
mASEN 0.0 V
Figure 3-4: Exposure Timing Diagram

Also during this phase, the FIL CUR signal is increased to its design setting per
the kVp setting. This increases filament current to operating level.
3.3.4.3 EXPOSURE PHASE
If all signal transitions were detected correctly by the microprocessor during the
PREP PHASE, the EXPOSURE PHASE is entered. The anode motor RUN signal
is maintained to the Tube Control Board, and a HV ENABLE signal is sent to HVG.
The analog KV CNTL is maintained at the kV level set previously at the beginning
of the exposure, or automatically, in the case of AUTO-KV timing mode.
X-rays are emitted and the AEC sensor responds with an analog voltage that
indicates the radiation rate reaching the sensor. A signal developed in the High
Voltage Generator and sent to the microprocessor, KV SENSE, provides an
indication of actual voltage potential; the microprocessor uses this signal to monitor
High Voltage Generator activity and detects errors.
A second analog signal, MA SENSE, is developed in the High Voltage circuit and
is also monitored by the microprocessor. The microprocessor monitors MA SENSE
to detect filament control errors.
During AUTO-KV exposures, the kV level automatically starts out at 25 kV. Within
the first 40 milliseconds of the exposure, the output from the AEC Sensor is
processed to determine the radiation rate. The microprocessor calculates whether
the exposure can be completed within a target window, which is DIP switch
selectable among 1 second, 1.5 seconds, or 2 seconds. If the calculations indicate
that the exposure can not be completed within the window, the kV level is
automatically increased, through raising the KV CNTL voltage, to a level that will
enable exposure completion. The kV can be raised from the initial value of 25, in
1 kV increments, to 26, 27, or 28 kV. Once kV adjustment has been made in the
AUTO-KV mode, the exposure proceeds and is terminated as a normal
AUTO-TIME exposure, described in the POST EXPOSURE explanation.

3.3.4.4 POST EXPOSURE PHASE
If the microprocessor detects proper signal status of all the monitored signals, the
exposure proceeds until:
In MAN UAL MODE, the "Time" set on the Exposure Control Line has
elapsed, or the absolute maximum Backup time of 5 seconds has elapsed;
In AUTO-TIME and AUTO-KV modes, the microprocessor-determined

exposure time has elapsed; the selected Backup time has elapsed; or the
absolute maximum Backup time of 5 seconds has elapsed.
Release of the X-ray pushbutton before normal termination of the exposure will
immediately stop the exposure, as will detection by the microprocessor of any
subsystem failure. In either case, an error message will appear on the screen to
indicate that an abnormal termination of the exposure has occurred.
To terminate the exposure normally, the microprocessor sets the HV ENABLE

signal to the High Voltage Generator low, which stops the generation of high
voltage. Release of the X-RAY pushbutton interrupts the XRA Y1 interlock to the
High Voltage Generator; causing the pulse width modulator to stop. The RUN
signal to the Tube Control Board is set low, and the BRAKE signal is turned ON
to enable the application of DC braking voltage to the anode motor. The FIL CUR
signal to the Tube Control Board is returned to the standby value.
In AUTO-KV or AUTO-TIME exposures, the CRT is updated to show the mAs

value calculated by the microprocessor for the exposure. This value is held on the
screen until the next exposure is begun.
A 30-second delay is imposed by the microprocessor before the system can make
another exposure. The purpose of the delay time is to keep the x-ray tube within
its operating heat limits:

.~. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
3.3.5 C-Arm Angle Display Driver (Figure 3-5)
The M-III senses C-Arm angle through a combination of a variable potentiometer that is
turned when the C-Arm is rotated, and a detent microswitch which is actuated when the
C-Arm passes through each detent position. The details of the electromechanical system
is contained in Section Four.
Once the microprocessor determines C-Arm angle, the angle data is latched from the data
bus by US6 on the Microprocessor Board and decoded into 18 active low LED drive lines.
The 18 lines are passed through J212 on the microprocessor to the Angle Display Board.
On the Angle Display Board, two 7-segment LED arrays (units and tens) and one
S-segment (hundreds) array are supplied a +5-volt supply voltage. Each input signal, when
pulled low by the Microprocessor Board, lights one LED segment via LED drivers on the
Angle Display Board. .
3.3.6 C-Arm Status Inputs .
Digital signal inputs from the Localization Tray Detector Board, over J216, and from the
Accessory Detect Board, over J215, are placed on the data bus through U3. Digital
signals from the Beam Limiting Assembly via J204 are placed on the bus through U4. U4
also passes the detent signal from the detent position switch on the C-arm pivot. The two
analog inputs, variable voltages from the C-arm Angle potentiometer, and the
Compression Thickness potentiometer are converted to the digital domain by analog to
digital converter U40, after being selected by multiplexer U.38.
3.3.7 Printer Interface
The microprocessor communicates with the printer via the Peripheral Interface Board
located to the right of the Microprocessor Board. The Peripheral Interface is tied directly
to the data bus via J208, and is controlled by digital clock and enable signal outputs
developed by the microprocessor.
3.3.8 Real Time Clock
Integrated circuit U26 is the real time clock device. A 3-volt battery, 91, is used solely to
keep the time and date current when the unit is shut off. The real time clock operates from
a dedicated crystal, Y1 .
.. ~.
Page 3-15 Revision' -7

I I J352 C-ARM ANGLE DISPLAY

MICROPROCESSOR J212
- - -
1 1 1 1 1
1 -I
••••
~ use RIBBON CABLE - - - - -
~ I 1 1 1 1 1 I
-
- - -
(DISPLAYS TO CRT AS WELL)
+5V
I-
J2171 DETENTSW
0 .-- +5V
-C!J 8 ••••
~
2
.-
0 5 1
...I ~
U4
~ DETENT 0--
""'III
: •••••
'---
(CLOSES WHEN
IN DETENT)
+10V
I 2
••••
JIIII"""
10V REG .---
3
ROTATION POT
(UPDATES) ~A
~""'III
1 AGNO 1
••••
..-.
-L •••••
-
U38
3 ...•
......••
CANGLE 2
'---
Figure 3-5: C-Arm Angle Display Drive

14 TUBE CONTROL BOARD

The Tube Control Board has two primary functions, that of Anode Motor Controller and Filament
Power Supply.
3.4.1 Anode Motor Control (Figure 3-6)
The Anode Motor Control portion of the Tube Control Board supplies AC power to the
induction motor within the x-ray tube. For each exposure, the anode motor is sequenced
through three modes of motor drive: Boost, Run, and Brake. Timing of the three motor
drive modes is controlled by input signals to the Tube Control from the microprocessor:
BOOST at J310-34, RUN at J310-'31 and BRAKE at J310-33.
Boost: approximately 220 VAC is applied to the anode motor to quickly bring it up
to speed in preparation for an exposure.
Run: approximately 65 VAC is applied to the anode motor to sustain speed

.during exposure.
Brake: approximately 90 volts DC is applied to motor for 7 seconds after exposure

termination to bring motor to a quick halt.
During Boost and Run modes, current is sensed through transformers T2 and T3. If
correct current is sensed, a ROTOR OK signal is generated by U4 and sent to the
microprocessor via J310-7. The microprocessor will continue to sequence through the
motor control modes, and continue the exposure sequence if the ROTOR OK signal status
is detected at the correct points in the exposure sequence.
The Brake circuit consists of timing logic supplied by U3, U5, U7, and U6. The timing logic
drives and provides anti-arc protection due to chatter in relay K2, which applies the 90
volts DC across the Main and Common motor windings while disconnecting the AC motor
drive circuits.
Line Sense - a line tapped-off transformer T4 is full-wave rectified through T4, 015, and
016. The signal is converted to a DC voltage by R58 and C8 before being sent to the
microprocessor for confirmation that the line voltage is adequate to complete the
exposure.

~. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-1I1SERVICE MANUAL
TO
X·RAY
} TUBE
Mm
.~
T4
220VAC
J207 12
J320 12
ROTOR OK
]~
HIGH VOLTAGE HV TO X·RAY TUBE
GENERATOR
LINE SENSE LINE SENSE (MICROPROCESSOR ERROR CONTROL)
Figure 3-6: Anode Motor Control Signalling

3.4.2 Filament Supply
The filament supply portion of the Tube Control Board performs these functions:
A. Between exposures: applies a standby current of 2.5 amps to the selected (large spot or
small spot) x-ray tube filament.
B. During exposure: regulates current through the selected filament in response to (1)
current through the filament as measured across R42 and sent to the microprocessor, and
(2) a FIL CUR reference signal input from the microprocessor that is developed in-
response to kVp setting.
3.4.3 Filament Control Signals (Figure 3-7)
The signals described in the following paragraphs are used to communicate status and
control signals between the microprocessor and the Filament Supply section of the Tube
Control Board. .
A. FIL CUR
An analog control signal developed from microprocessor digital output, converted by digital
to analog converter U45 and sent from J206-5 of the Microprocessor Board to J31 0-5 of
the Tube Control Board.
B. FIL SENSE
Analog signal proportional to actual filament current (measured across R42 on the Tube
Control Board). Leaves the Tube Control Board at J310-7 and enters the microprocessor
at J206-7. Signal is applied to multiplexer U38, and passed through U39, which limits the
signal to 10 volts maximum. Analog to digital converter U40 passes the filament current
information to the data bus.

~..12 TUBE CONTROL BOARD

MICROPROCESSOR .•VM
~o~
27 LARGE
•.. 27 I QS,Kl
I 8 FIL LG
Q4 lT~ I Kl 9 FIL SM
~~ 29 FIL ENABLE
(KEPT ACTIVE
•. 20
Q2 livcc 1 ~lll
10 FILCOM ~
FOR STANDBy)
(4
. L
0 ~S
FILCUR
(SETS STANDBY
..- 5
U4
PULSEWIDTM
MODULATOR
P9qQ9 X-RAY TUBE
G LEVELS AND w
I RUN-TIME R42
C LEVELS) 2 j kVp
~7 -
...• FILAMENT
CONTROL CONTROL
.22
-~MING BUFFER
X ANODE MTR ••. x
- - CONTROL -... ~ PARATOR 'ir-
L::>"" ....J
-r-;
- FILAMENT CURRENT
FEEDBACK
~5 MAIN
MOTOR CONTROL COMMON

PHASE
J311 1 3
FILSENSE
H.V.
(MICROPROCESSOR
ERROR CONTROL)
GENERATOR
.11 3 J30S
POWER
CONTROL BOARD
Figure 3-6: Filament Control Signals

C. MA SENSE
Analog signal proportional to actual tube current developed at U2 of the High Voltage
Generator as measured across a resistor in the multiplier of the High Voltage Generator.
The signal leaves the High Voltage Generator at J1-5 and enters the microprocessor at
J207 -5. The signal is applied to multiplexer U38 and passed through U39, which limits the
signal to 10 volts maximum. Analog to digital converter U40 passes the tube current
information to the data bus.
D. LARGE
Digital signal that enables the selected tube filament; latched from data bus by U30 and
exits the microprocessor via J206-27.
E. FIL EN
Digital signal that enables filament current regulation by the Tube Control Board; latched
from data bus by U30 and exits the microprocessor via J206-29.
Tube current in the M-III is regulated by means of a flyback regulator on the Tube Control
Board consisting of transformer T1 and FET 09. The gate of FET 09 is driven by the
output of pulse width modulation controller U12. The pulse width controller is supplied with
operating power by a circuit consisting of 02, 04, and associated components. The 14
volt switched supply is derived from the + 16 volt DC input to the Tube Control Board from
the Power Control Board. The 14-volt supply is only switched on when the FIL EN signal
from the microprocessor has switched high.
3.4.4 Filament Regulation
One side of the T1 primary is connected to the +16 volt motor supply voltage from the:
Power Control Board. The other side of the primary is tied, through the FET and .
Page 3-21 Revision - O.

resistor R6S, to ground. The U12 square wave output, switching current through the highly
inductive T1 windings, creates a secondary current flow, which is passed through diode
OS and is filtered by capacitor C29. The resulting filament drive signal is a smooth
modulation, with a DC offset. Coupled to the selected filament through contacts of relay
K1, the signal results in the large or small filament selection. Relay K1 is driven, through
transistor 05, by the microprocessor output signal LARGE, which is high when the large
spot is selected, low for the small spot.
The filament current is sensed across resistor R42, and applied to filament current sense
differential amplifier U2:The U2-8 output is applied to another section of U2, which buffers
the amplified current sense signal before it is sent to the microprocessor. The U2-8 output
is also applied to a third section of U2, at pin 5, which acts as an error amplifier. The
analog FIL CUR signal, which the processor generates as determined by thekVp setting,
is buffered through a fourth section of U2 and is applied to the inverting input of the error
amplifier. The output of the error amplifier is proportional to the difference between the FIL
CUR command from the microprocessor and the actual filament current as sensed across
R42.
The error voltage output of U2-7 varies the pulse width output of U12, which, by driving
the gate of 09, varies the operation of the flyback converter to provide the current
required by FIL CUR command signal.
If the current output from the T1 secondary exceeds safe limits, the LED in opto-isolator
US is turned on through resistor R45. Likewise, if the voltage output at the T1 secondary
exceeds safe limits, zener diode 011 (when the large spot is selected) or 010 (when the
small spot is selected) will reach the avalanche point and turn on the LED of opto-isolator
US. When US has been turned on, the 14-volt supply to the pulse width controller is
shunted to ground through SCR 03.
3.5 HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATOR (Figure 3-S)
The isolation transformer supplies power at 220 volts and line frequency to the High Voltage
Generator. This input is fused at 10 amperes. A full-wave bridge rectifier and a 3300-microfarad
capacitor supply a nominal 300-volt DC bus voltage to a high frequency inverter bridge, which
converts the DC to a high frequency AC signal applied to the high-

voltage transformer and multiplier. The high-frequency AC is controlled by a pulse width

modulator.
If the AC input voltage to the generator exceeds 400 volts, an arc fault latch terminates system
operation and a red LED lights on the High Voltage Generator Control Board. If the DC bus
voltage exceeds 400 volts, an overclamp fault latch terminates operation (another red LED lights
on the same board). Excessive current output from the inverter bridge drive signals an over-
current fault clamp and a yellow LED lights on the High. Voltage Control Board. A fourth (green)
LED lights to indicate that the XRA Y1 interlock has occurred (X-RAY button is pressed).
The 220-volt input also powers the high voltage generator's on-board regulated 15-volt DC control
power supply. This voltage source provides the input power to the generator's fault latches
(therefore, enabling or disabling the system), and input power for the HV ENABLE, HV FAULT,
and RESET signalling circuits (also enabling or inhibiting system operation).
For the generator to operate, the circuit that passes the 15-volt signal from the X-RAY pushbutton
must be closed; a closed circuit between interlock signals XRA Y1 and XRA Y1 RT must exist
(generator connector, J320-25 and J320-26). The circuit closure is provided by an interlock relay,
K1, on the microprocessor. With a path closed between these signals, the output of the 15-volt
regulator, U3, is routed to the pulse width modulator on the High Voltage Generator. Before
exposure, the microprocessor developed signal, RESET, checks three times in 50-millisecond
intervals for startup errors detected through generator signals KV SENSE, MA SENSE, and HV
FAULT. Any problem in these circuits will disable the pulse width modulator, and the HV FAULT
signal is sent to the microprocessor. After confirming that no fault conditions exist, the
microprocessor checks for an active high at ROTOR OK.
With no system faults detected and ROTOR OK present, an HV ENABLE signal starts the
generator. The high voltage DC output is determined by the analog KV CNTL reference signal
input. There is' a delay of six milliseconds for the High Voltage Generator to reach the selected
kV. After the six milliseconds, the microprocessor begins to time the exposure and waits another
six milliseconds to check KV SENSE which measures achieved voltage. The pulse width
modulator of the High Voltage Control Board then adjusts output voltage through a comparison
of the KV CNTL signal .

J325-1 1 ~~~ I- I U3 0 X-RA Y INTK ..1320-25
- J325-4 4
T3
I-
BR1
- A
*_ TP4 TO
X-RAY
'--- '--- TUBE
r--- r--- FEED FWD·1

~ 300VDC
I t
l.....- I-- f-- ~ ~
D33 T1,L3,U1,K1 T2
HV HV
to T1 DC/AC MULTIPLIER
'--- D36 :.-- RaO"!,,
YYV
T f-- INVERTER f..- XFMR f.-
- - U5
cr~
PWM
J320-1 KVCNTL R20
- ..1320-26 X-RAY INTK RT

.•.
TP15
FEEDBACK ..1322-7 ~
INHIBIT KVSENSE ..1320-3 _
MASENSE ..1320-5""
..1320-11 HV FAULT
_J320-15 HV ENABLE
U6,U7,
Ua,U9
..1320-21 RESET FAULT
LATCHES
J320-12 ROTOR OK
Figure 3-8: High Voltage Generator Control Signals

and a FEEDBACK signal from the high voltage multiplier circuit of the generator.
The KV CNTL signal is 1 volt for 22 kV and increases .5 volt per kV to 7.0 volts for 34 kV. As
long as high voltage output is within ±12% of the value commanded by the KV CNTL signal value,
the HV ENABLE signal is output from the microprocessor.
Output high signals from the Microprocessor to the generator are 10 volts; low signals are zero.
The signals that correspond to the generator output for x-ray exposure are as follows.
MA SENSE - KV SENSE
MPU(J207-5) HVG(J320-5) MPU(J207-3) HVG(J320-3)
OV = o mA OV = o kV
10 V = 100 mA 10 V = 40 kV
KV CNTL
MPU(J207-1) HVG(J320-1)
OV = 20 kV
10 V 40 kV
3.6 AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL CIRCUIT (Figure 3-9)
The Automatic Exposure Control System is comprised of an AEC Sensor Board, located within
the image receptor tray, circuits on the Microprocessor Board, which condition the signal input
from the Sensor Board, and algorithms contained in the system's operating program.
3.6.1 AEC Sensor Board
The Sensor Board uses a silicon photodiode to collect incident x-ray photons which
penetrate the patient's tissue, the film cassette, the film, and the light-tight cover of the
photodiode itself. The photodiode converts the x-ray photons into an electrical current
which is proportional to the incident radiation. This current is amplified by a high gain
(approximately x560 million) amplifier, U1, and sent to the Microprocessor Board over a
shielded cable.
The AEC Sensor Board is powered by +15 and -15 volt D.C. power from the
------ Microprocessor Board. The Sensor

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICEMANUAL
Board is mounted on a slide mechanism, permitting the operator to move it longitudinally

within the image receptor tray. Its position is sensed through a series of three optical
switches, and displayed on one of three LEDs mounted on each 7-switch C-Arm control
panels.
3.6.2 AEC Signal Path - Microprocessor Board
Entering the Microprocessor Board at J202-5, the amplified sensor signal (AEC_SIG) is
scaled by a potentiometer (R40) and sent through a low-pass filter, consisting of an
element of RN14 and C63, to eliminate high frequency noise. The Signal then is passed
through analog mulitiplexer U38, clamped to 10 volts by U39, and applied to a precision
12-bit analog to digital converter. Here, the analog signal is converted to the digital domain
and placed on the data bus for further processing.
3.6.3 AEC Signal Processing
. The software samples the sensor signal and numerically performs a low-pass filtration and
differentiation. Once the signal has stabilized, it is input to a second order equation to
calculate the ideal exposure time. The characteristics of this equation are based on kV,
focal spot size, film type, accessories detected, and the density setting. This calculation
cycle can take from 5 ms to 50 ms depending on the magnitude of the detector signal.
This is because smaller signals produce longer exposures and have longer rise times.
Two software adjustments permit tailoring of the AEC Signal to a particular film/screen
combination. GAIN scales the AEC signal; OFFSET adds a voltage factor to the signal.
GAIN and OFFSET software adjustments are available for each film/screen combination.
3.6.4 AUTO-TIMEMode Exposure Termination
Once the ideal exposure time has been determined, the machine waits until the actual-
exposure time reaches the ideal exposure time and then terminates the exposure cycle.
If the ideal exposure time exceeds the operator selected "BACKUP TIME", the exposure
will be terminated when the time reaches the "BACKUP TIME".
Page 3-26 , Revision - 7

3.6.5 AUTO-KV Mode Exposure Termination
With AUTO-KV selected, a maximum exposure window of 1, 1.5 or 2 seconds (selected

prior to the exposure by the operator) controls automatic kV adjustment. The AUTO-KV
mode functions in a similar manner to AUTO-TIME until the Microprocessor determines,
through the calculation cycle, that the ideal exposure time exceeds the "window". If and
when this situation occurs, the Microprocessor increases the KV level from 25, to 26, 27
or 28 kV, whichever is appropriate to complete the exposure within the "window". If it is
necessary to change the KV level, the change will occur approximately 40 milliseconds
into the exposure. After the kV level is increased, the machine waits an additional 40 ms
for tube current to stabilize. The calculation cycle is repeated to find the new ideal
exposure time which will be equal to or less than the "window". If the initial calculation
cycle has resulted in a KV level increase to the maximum of 28 kV, the new ideal
exposure time may exceed the "window", but the conditions that would cause this to
happen would be very unusual.
BREAST TRAY
X.RAYS
+15V
AEC DETECTOR ·15V
f4l ~2
? ( r " ......
,
1
~ I- I
I
:
I 3 ..
~•.. 4
~~ I
I
I
I 2 3
I
MICROPROCEssOR +15V ·15V

'[I 4 1
o "t" I- ~'-
-
~1 /-, +15V
L
0
G
I
I-- AID
U40 l-
MULTI·
PLEXER
U38
Fl
R40
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
..• AECSIG
C
R44 2 I I
.. ·15V
J- 4
~I
I
I
I
AGNO
'-- AGNO
" -- "
I
1
AGNol
~
w
DGNOt
Figure 3-9: Automatic Exposure Control Signals

3.7 INTERLOCK CIRCUITS (Figure 3-10)
There are three interlock circuits in the M-lii. Unless all three interlock circuits are satisfied, the
machine status will remain in "Standby" and exposure operation will be disabled. When all three
interlocks are satisfied. "Ready" status will be resumed, providing that no system electrical
problems are detected by the microprocessor. The M-III interlock circuits and the conditions that
satisfy them are explained below.
3.7.1 Radiation Shield Interlock
The common contact of switch S101 that is actuated by the opening of the radiation
shield, is supplied 5 volts from the Microprocessor Board at J213-1. The normally open
contact of the switch is connected to the microprocessor at J213-5 (signal name:
DOOR_I NT). When the switch is closed by the shield, a zero to 5- volt transition of the
DOOR_INT Signal occurs.
3.7.2 c-arm Safety Switch
The spring-loaded panel at the bottom end of the C-arm must remain unobstructed during
operation. The series switch circuit is closed and is supplied 5 volts from the common
contact of S101 (Radiation Shield Interlock switch). The other end of the series switch
circuit is applied to the Microprocessor Board at J213-5 as the signal ACT_OK. Should
the panel encounter an obstruction, one of the two series-wired normally-closed switches
becomes actuated. When the switch is opened by the disturbance of the panel, a 5 to 0
volt transition of the ACT-OK signal occurs.
3.7.3 Aperture Interlock
In the Beam Limiting Assembly, at the inside end of the fixed aperture slide. an optical
switch is positioned so as to be interrupted by a tab on the fixed aperture. Power to
operate the LED within the optical switch comes from the Auto Aperture Board J441-3.
When an aperture is in place, J204-14 of the Microprocessor Board is pulled high at the
microprocessor by resistor network RN11. When the aperture is removed. J204-14 is
pulled low by the optical switch in the Beam Limiting Assembly.
Page 3-28 Revision·7

+5V
~ 5101.L 0
-~ L
U4
~
5 OOORINT.
"- ...,
0
G
<
I
C
-
+?
-
1
---- RADIATION
MICROPROCESSOR SHIELD SWITCH
DOOR INTERLOCK
+5V
+tl ~4 ~
~B 0
I 1
f-
ACT OK
+511
-
2
1
- I "-.J\ I n....2
T
G
I
C
A
5101
RAD
- SHIELD
SWITCH
TO POWER CONTROL BOARD

~
7
MICROPROCESSOR
v -I ENABLEIOISABLE C-ARM ON
(SEE ACTUATOR CONTROL)
SAFETY SWITCH INTERLOCK

SAFETY SWITCH
+5V +f
0 ~ ~ +5V
13 10
- ~ R1 ~
3
,ir
AP"~
LG<
/'If
L ..;t../'If
0 FIXEDAP
14 6 1
G
I
C 3 8 2
r- ~ r-
- 7 DGND~
AUTO
MICROPROCESSOR APERTURE BOARD
APERTURE INTERLOCK
Figure 3-10: Interlock Signals

SECTION FOUR:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
THEORY OF OPERATION
4.1 C-ARM DRIVE, POWER CONTROL BOARD
C-Arm mechanical action is controlled by the microprocessor with power switched to each device
by the Power Control Board. The components that comprise the electromechanical devices are
the linear actuator assembly, compression assembly, rotation brake, and beam limiting assembly
including the collimator lamp.
4.1.1 Linear Actuator Assembly (Figure 4-1)
The linear actuator, located inside the control console, moves the vertical travel assembly,
and thus the C-ARM UP and DOWN. The actuator is controlled by any of the four 7
position keypads on the C-Arm or the 3-position keypad on the tubehead.
The actuator is mounted through a vibration-isolated clevis mount to the machine's

baseplate and uses a 120 VAC motor to drive a vertically mounted lead screw. Lead
screw rotation is translated into vertical movement of the vertical travel assembly, which
slides vertically on linear antftlctlon guides. The C-Arm pivot is attached to the vertical
travel assembly.
The AC motor is driven in one direction to raise the vertical travel assembly, and reversed
to lower it. The actuator holds the pivot in place while the motor is not running.
AC power to operate the actuator motor is supplied from the isolation transformer, via the
Power Control Board.
4.1.2 C-Arm Up/Down and Safety Switch (Figure 4-2)
The AC motor in the linear actuator assembly is driven in one direction to raise the C-Arm
and driven in the opposite direction to lower the C-Arm. C-Arm movement

VTA PLATE MOUNT VTAPLATE
/
VTAPLATE MOUNT
1{2" BOLT
-.....-..... -,
------ STOP NUT
MOTOR ------- LEAD SCREW
CLEVIS MOUNT
Figure 4-1: Linear Actuator Assembly

3POSSW 7POSSWS
+5V +5V C-ARM

o C-ARM o UP
UP POWER CONTROL BOARD
~..Lo- Hl~ MICROPROCESSOR BOARD
C-ARM
DOWN +5V
~ ~ ~
C-ARM
DOWN
~1
5
o-Q..L~. l7 I 7
3
5
CARM UP
CUP EN
3
5
I U2
Q2
~
5 ACTUP
-o..L I 2 CARMON 2
4 5 8
,...L
1 11 1
,....-
- L
ACTUATOR
MOTOR
-
..;". Ul
0 r--
Ql
c"'i5NE'N
U:t
...•. G
I
..•. U1 6 6
03
6 ACTON
•......
T -
ACTU
C
1
-
ACTUOK
SEE
INTERLOCKS
1
-
T 2
•.....
OVAC
OK
J3011 3 1
12 120V AC
~I~
>- 8
65V AC
OVAC
ISOLATION
TRANSFORMER
Figure 4-2: Actuator Control Signals

in the down direction is disabled should the safety switch panel, at the bottom of the
C-Arm become actuated by an obstruction.
C-Arm drive is controlled by the Microprocessor Board, with power switched by the Power
Control Board, as described in the following paragraphs.
Operator requests to raise or lower the C-Arm are received by the microprocessor from
the C-Arm switch panels overJ214. The signals, CARM_UP at J214-7 and CARM_DN at
J214-8 are stored in U2 until the timing signal CRD2 strobes the request onto the data
bus. Each signal is also routed through J205 directly to the Power Control Board,
CARM_UP at J301-3 and CARM_DN at J301-2. A status signal created by closure of the
C-Arm safety switches, ACTU_OK, is another input to the Microprocessor Board at J213-
4, and is also routed through J205 directly to the Power Control Board at J301-1.
The Microprocessor Board generates ·two active low enable signals *CUP _EN and
*CDN_EN, which are latched from the data bus by U1 and routed from the Microprocessor
Board over J205-5 and J205-6, respectively. They enter the Power Control Board at J301-
5 and J301-6. .
The drivers for raising or lowering the C-Arm are identical and consist of an optically
coupled triac (U1 for Down, U2 for Up) which applies gate voltage to a second triac (Q1
tor Down, Q2 for Up). The second stage triacs apply 120 VAC to the appropriate winding
of the actuator motor. .
To turn on U1 (Up). the CARM_UP input generated by the pushbutton switch must be
active (high) and the ·CUP _EN signal generated by the microprocessor must be active
(low).
To turn on U2 (Down), the CARM_DN input generated by the pushbutton switch must be
active (high), and the *CDN_EN signal must be active (low). However, transistor 03 is
provided to couple the safety switch output into the ACT_ON control logic. The ACTU_OK
signal must be high to cause 03 to conduct before the *CDN_EN signal can turn U1 on..
The ACTU_OK signal only inhibits the ACT_ON function.

Microprocessor Board Power Control Board
COMPUP
~...1-o-- I L:!2,E.
I
.5V TP4
~
l 2 r--- ,...:- ~11
7 VCC
7
COMP
MTR •••
COMPDN
L-......o...1- 3
•.....
.. .--- COMPMTRDlR
.~
II
U4 COMP
COMP
MOTOR
10 COMPMTREN 10 6 MfR- ~
rl'~
II
.~
1
~
U,
9 ~ COMPMTRBRK
25
9
"7
-
'" U2
@
w
:I: COMPUP ~COMP
8
•...
(.)
>--.-0...1- ~ 8 COMPBRKEN
•.....
10 BRK ••
~ COMPDN
4 s
5
LOGIC - U6IQ7 L- E
E
~
~
•..
--.,...1- 3
3 .. ~
.-- COMP
MTR
I -
COMPREL
r+ '1 BRK
--0...1- 2
- ...•. U45 25 COMP MTR CURR ~ R
E
...J
w QW f-
Z
...•...
0(
8 8
- '--- ~ 8 • 90V DC ~
-th
I ( 65VAC
It ,J
z l:~REL f-
49 49 I
o '--
a: '--
u. J3311
I~ W
~ (8 0 VAC
ISOLATION
TRANSFORMER
Figure 4-3: Compression Control Signals

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M·III SERVICE MANUAL
If either of the two series-wired safety switches is tripped, ACTU_OK will be pulled low to
disable down drive. The microprocessor detects the condition and displays an error
, message. The actuator drive signal inputs to the Power Control Board are summarized
in the table below.
SIGNAL J301· IDLE UP DOWN
CARM_lJP 3 L H L
*CUP _EN 5 H L H
CARM_DN 2 L L H
ACTU_OK 1 H H H
*CDN_EN 6 H H L
4.1.3 C-Arm Compression Subsystem (Figures 4-3 and 4-4)
The compression system is controlled from any 7-position keypad, the COMPRESSION
UP and DOWN footswitch,.and the Compression Release switch on the front panel. The
major electromechanical parts of the assembly are:
1) The compression motor: driven by +Vm Supply on the Power Control Board; the
motor drives the compression chain.
2) The compression motor brake: powered by a 90 VDC power supply on the Power
Control Board; enerqlzed whenever the compression motor is stopped to prevent
movement of the chain.
3) The compression brake: powered by the 90 VDC power supply on the Power
Control Board; energized after the compression motor has been run in the
downward direction. The compression brake keeps the compression carriage from
slipping upward on the chain while under tension through a one-way clutch.
4) The compression carriage: upon which the compression appliance is mounted

before operation, slides up and down on shafts inside the front of the C-Arm. A
continuous loop chain threads through an idler and sprocket mechanism in the
compression carriage, around a sprocket driven by the compression motor below
the rear of the image receptor tray, and over a sprocket on the chain tensioner
assembly near the top of the C-Arm. Chain tension is adjustable as described in
Section 9.1.

...---...
TIming Belt .
IO-Turn Pot
90-Volt
Clutch Assembly'
Magnet
TOP VIEW
1 ·Chain tension adjust not pictured.)
Compression Knob
Localization Tray Localization Tray

Adjustment Potentiometer Sensor Board
Sprocket/Gear Assy to Unk Chain
1100 ohm)
FRONT VIEW
Figure 4-4: Compression Carriage Assembly

During motorized compression, rotation of the motor moves the chain and drives the
carriage which is locked to the chain by the one-way clutch and compression brake.
During manual compression, the chain is held stationary by the compression motor brake,
and the handwheels move the carriage up and down the stationary chain.
4.1.4 Compression Up/Down/Release
The M-III has three modes of compression: Compression Up, Compression Down, and
Compression Release. Operator requests for compression are detected through the C-Arm
7-position switch panels (or, in the case of Compression Release, the front panel
"Release" key). In addition, an automatic compression release command is issued by the
microprocessor at the termination of an exposure if in the Setup Table, COMP _REL is set
to AUTO. The 7-position switch panels interface directly with the Microprocessor Board.
Active high COMP _UP and COMP _ON signals enter the Microprocessor Board at J214-6
and J214-S, respectively. COMP _UP and COMP _ON signals from the footswitches enter
the Microprocessor Board at J213-2 and 3. The request signals are supplied to control
register U2, and strobed onto the data bus by the read strobe *CDR2.
COMP _REL signals are received at the Microprocessor Board from the 7-position switch
panels via J214-3; from the front panel key' via J210-4. Regardless of the origin of the
request, the signal is strobed onto the data bus when control buffer U2 is read.
When notified of the requests by the input signals, the microprocessor generates five
signals that are applied to the Power Control Board to control the compression function:
SIGNAL MICROPROCESSOR BRD PWR CONTROL BRD
COMP _MTR_DIR J20S-11 J301-11
*COMP _MTR_EN J205-10 J301-10
COMP _MTR_BRK J20S-9 J301-9
COMP _BRK_EN J205-8 J301-8

COMP _MTR_CUR J20S-2S J301-2S

MICROPROCESSOR
+10V
~ CRT
U15
U16
l-
r---
o
-
c.!l COMP
0
..J
3 10V REG
,..-- THICKNESS
1 1 ~ POT
- T
-
-
2 AGND -
--.. 3
l~
'-- U38 3 COMPTHICK
2
I-- '--
Figure 4-5: Compression Thickness Interface Signals
Page 4-9 .Revision - 0

With the exception of the COMP _MTR_CUR signal, which is analog, the listed signals are
digital outputs of the microprocessor, latched from the data bus by U1 on the
Microprocessor Board, when strobed by the signal ·PCBEN.
4.1.5 CompressionDrive Circuit Description
The DC compression motor, compression motor brake, and the compression carriage
brake all work in conjunction to provide a force-limited motorized pre-compression action,
maintain manual compression force, and provide release of compression. The motor is
driven by U4 on the Power Control Board which outputs a "+" line and a "-" line to the
motor through J305-7 and 6. U1 is idle until the *COMP _MTR_EN(able) signal is switched
low by the microprocessor. Direction of the motor is achieved by switching the polarity of
the motor drive signal outputs from U4. This polarity switching is controlled by the
"PHASE" input to U4, which is the microprocessor output signal COMP _MTR_DIR. This
signal is high for upward travel of the compression device, and low for downward travel.
Compression force is limited by U1's current limiting of the output voltage to the motor.
The analog COMP _MTR_CURR(ent) signal, which is developed by D/A converter U45 on
the Microprocessor Board from data latched from the data bus, is applied to the REF input
to motor drive IC U4 on the Power Control Board. The voltage level at the REF input
controls the stall force of the compression motor.
The compression motor brake, whose function is to eliminate backdrive of the

compression motor when the motor is not running, is energized by the Power Control
Board when the signal COMP _MTR_BRAKE is active. The signal is active when the
*COMP _MTR_EN is low. COMP _MTR_BRAKE is coupled, through opto-isolator U7 on
the Power Control Board, to the gate of FET oa.One side of the electromagnetic brake
is supplied gO·volts DC; the other side is tied to the source of FET os. When 08
conducts, the so-volt supply. is provided with a ground path through the brake, which
becomes activated. When 08 is turned off, current flow stops, and the brake is released.
The compression carriage brake's function is to maintain compression force applied either
by the motor, or by the operator using the handwheel. The carriage

brake maintains the position of the carriage on the chain. The carriage brake is energized
by the Power Control Board. An output signal from the Microprocessor Board,
# COMP _BRK_EN, enters the Power Control Board at J301-8, and is coupled through opto-
isolator U6 to the gate of 07. (Q7 is on and stays on after the first COMP _ON actuation).
One side of the electromagnetic brake is supplied so volts DC; the other side is tied to the
source of FET 07. When 07 conducts, the so-volt supply is provided with a ground path
through the brake, which becomes activated. When Q7 is turned off, current flow stops,
and the brake is released.
4.1.6 Compression Signal Transitions
When Compression Down is requested, the following signal transitions occur:
A. COMP _MTR_DIR switches low.

B. COMP _MTR_CURR supplies analog signal proportional to value set in
Microprocessor Board memory.
C. COMP _MTR_BRK switches low.
D. *COMP _EN switches low.
E. COMP ~BRK_EN switches high.
When Compression Up is requested, the following signal states are in effect:
A. COMP _MTR_DIR switches high.

B. COMP _MTR_CURR supplies analog signal proportional to value set in
Microprocessor Board memory.
C. COMP _MTR_BRK switches low.
D. "COMP _EN switches low.
E. COMP _BRK_EN stays high if Compression Down was used previously, or stays
low if Compression Down was not used.
4.1.7 Compression Thickness
Compression thickness which is the distance between the bottom of the compression tray
and the top of the image receptor is detected by the M-III. This distance is

determined by a potentiometer that is turned by a fixed timing belt. A drive sprocket and
idler rotates on the fixed belt as the compression tray moves, turning a to-turn, 500-ohm
potentiometer, which varies an analog voltage signal sent to the Microprocessor Board at
J218-3 (Figure 4-5).
4.1.8 C-Arm Rotation Brake (Figure 4-6)
The M-III C-Arm pivot, on which the C-Arm is suspended, is held in place using an
electromagnetic brake disc that stops C-Arm rotation except when electrically actuated.
The electromagnetic brake disc can be disabled only while power is on by operator
depression of one of the "Rotation Release" push buttons on the 3-or 7-position switch
pads to position the C-Arm at the desired angle.
The electromagnetic brake is released by the Power Control Board in response to an

output signal from the Microprocessor Board (ROT _BRK_EN). The digital signal,
ROT _BRK_EN, is latched from the data bus by U1, when enabled by the signal *PCBEN.
The signal is sent out of the Microprocessor Board over J205-7, and enters the Power
Control Board at J301-7. Through opto-isolator U5, the signal drives the gate of FET 06.
One side of the electromagnetic rotation brake is supplied 90 volts DC; the other side is
connected to the source of 06. When 06 is turned on by the ROT_BRK_EN signal and
conducts. current flows through the FET to ground. thus releasing the brake. When 06
is turned off. no current flows. thus the electromagnetic brake stops the C-Arm from
rotating. The Microprocessor Board detects an operator request to release the rotation
brake via the signal ROT_BRK_REL(ease) which enters the Microprocessor Board from
the 3- or 7-position switch panels at J214-4. The release signal is sent to control buffer
U2 until it is strobed onto the data bus by the timing signal *CRD2.
4.1.9 Light Field (Figure 4-7)
The LIGHT FIELD relay on the Power Control Board is activated through an enable signal
from the Microprocessor Board when any LIGHT FIELD button is pressed (pushbutton
input to microprocessor is at J214-2). The LAMP_EN signal from the microprocessor
(J205-19) controls the application of the base voltage to 05 on the Power Control Board
(J301-19). When 05

MICROPROCESSOR BOARD POWER CONTROL BOARD
+5 V J304
ROTREL
(3POSmON 9
SWITCH
(PULLS
BRAKE
LOW)
L
o
G
U1
U2 C
ROTREL
(7POSmON ISOLATION
SWITCH) TRANSFORMER
Figure 4-6: Rotation Brake Control Signal

conducts, relay K1 contacts close, applying 14 VAC to the lamp. One side of the lamp is
connected to the K1 output; the other side is tied directly to the other end of the 14 VAC
secondary winding in the isolation transformer. Once enabled, the LAMP_EN signal is held
high for 30 seconds by the microprocessor.
4.2 C-ARM DETECTORS AND SWITCHES
All detector boards and signals as featured in the M-III unit are described in Figure 4-8.
4.2.1 C-Arm Angle Detector (Figure 4-9)
The C-Arm rotates + 180 degrees to the right of the patient position and -165 degrees to
the left of the patient position. A notched cam with a spring-loaded follower to the rear of
the C-Arm pivot, provides firm-enough detent action to hold the balanced C-Arm straight
up and at detents of +45, +90, +135, +180,-45, -90, and -135.
The spring-loaded cam follower moves into each detent as the C-Arm pivot rotates during
ROTATION RELEASE. A microswitch attached to the cam follower is actuated by each
detent position and sends a digital signal to the Microprocessor Board at J217 -5. A 0 to
10 volt analog signal corresponding to the C-Arm angle is developed by a 10-turn
potentiometer (500-ohm) that senses the angle. A timing belt about the pivot shaft rotates
as the pivot rotates and turns a 14-tooth gear attached to the potentiometer. Gear
movement varies the potentiometer and the analog voltage signal input to the
microprocessor at J217 -3.

+5V Power
Jl J214
Control Board
11
L
o
G
I
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7POS
Switches
LAMP
13 13V AC
o VAC 13 V AC RETURN
ISOLATION
TRANSFORMER
Figure 4-7: Collimator Lamp Signals

_ .....•.....• ,
SI02
----. I +5V
OElENT
SWITCH
4 2 DETENT
1
J217
'--- ~
5
AGND 2
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lOC TRAY OElECT BD
41B
MAGISTEREO DETECT BD
2 LOCTRAY
-- 3 DGND
0
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• J419
ACCESSORY DETECT BOARD

rLil5
1 ACC1
-Ill0
7
-
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3 ACC3 5 4
~ ~ +~ 4 ACC4 4 3
7 ACCEN 8 1
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+V
9 DGND I 2
~ U4/ SUPPLY l.-
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+5V
AEC SENSOR POsmON BOARD

+5
7 POSITION
5 J~ SWITCH PANEL
J,Q2 r-
I I POS I
L.....J
~
2 POS2 :: F
M
3 POS 3
...•• B
I.- '-
Figure 4-8: Detector Boards and Signals

JZ17
14-TOOTH GEAR
TIMING BELT
CRearView)
C-arm Angle Detector
Figure 4-9: C-Arm Angle Detector Signals

The microprocessor determines C-ARM ANGLE by reading the analog output of the
potentiometer. When a DETENT signal from the microswitch is detected, any error of the
analog reading is corrected to the closest of the detent positions (0, ±45, ±90, ±135,
+180). The correction factor-is then applied to the analog value for subsequent readings,
until another detent position is detected.
4.2.2 C-Arm Accessory Detect Board (Figure 4-10)
The Accessory Detect PC Board, mounted within the image receptor tray, detects a
pattern of reflective sensors on the bottom of LORAD image receptor assemblies.
Recognition of image receptor is used by the microprocessor to set the aperture, provide
grid compensation in the exposure, generate Bucky drive signals, and also to determine
compression thickness. The circuit board contains four infrared light sources and
detectors. The infrared light is reflected from a reflective strip on the image receptor and
is reflected to the detector, thus turning it on. The outputs of the detectors, signals ACC1
through ACC4, are applied to the Microprocessor Board pins J215-3 through J215-S. In
order to momentarily increase current to the infrared light sources, the signal output from
the Microprocessor Board, ACCEN, is switched on just prior to the microprocessor's
reading of ACC1 through ACC4. By discharging capacitor C2 on the Accessory Detect
Board, the on-board supply, +V, receives a momentary current surge to provide enhanced
operation of the light sources. The detection threshold of each detector is adjustable via
R5 through R8.
Small Large
(18 x 24 em) (24 x 30 em)
(ACC4-1) (ACC4 - 1)
65 cm SID Bucky* 1010 1011

52 cm SID Bucky* 1000 1001
. 65 cm SID Permagrid 0010 0011
52 cm SID Permagrid 0110 0111
Cassette/Sideloader 0100 0101

MICROPROCESSOR BOARD
+5V
J415 I I J215
1 ACC 1 6
2 ACC2 5
US mp
- U37 l-
3 ACC3 4 I---
ACCESSORY ~
---
4 ACC4 3
DETEcr BOARD
+5V
--
5 1
6 DGND
I-
ACCEN
Figure 4-1O:C-Arm Accessory Detect Signals

4.2.2.1 Bucky Interface (Figure 4-11)
The Bucky operates as a peripheral device to the Microprocessor in the mammography

unit. The Microprocessor acquires status signals from the Bucky, and supplies it with ±15
volt DC operating power and an analog Bucky drive signal. The following status
information is sensed by the Microprocessor.
A. Presence
B. Grid Home Position
C. Grid End Position
The analog drive signal supplied to the Bucky by the Microprocessor has two
characteristics that control grid motion:
A. Polarity - positive voltage moves grid toward Home position; negative voltage
towards End position.
B. Amplitude - voltage applied (absolute value) determines grid velocity in the

direction specified by its polarity.
The Bucky Driver PC Board, located inside the Bucky case, provides drive power to the
motor through an amplifier consisting of op-arnp U1. The Bucky Driver board receives the
+ and - 15 volt D.C. operating power from the mammography unit. The Driver Board also
contains two optical switches that generate active low electrical status signals when either
is interrupted by a plate on the grid carriage. One of the optical switches (U3) is actuated
when the grid is at its "HOME" position, the other (U2) when the grid is at the "END"
position. The signals, "HOME" and "END", are passed to the Bucky control circuitry in the
mammography unit.
The U 1 Bucky Driver amplifier is supplied the analog drive signal through potentiometer
R3, which sets the amplifier gain.

.- LORAD MEDICAL
-;
SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
BUCKY
MICROPROCESSOR BUCKY DRIVE BD
r:- ~
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DIA R28
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HOME:j:
, MTR DR· NEG. VOLTAGE TO LEAVE HOME POSITION .

• POS. VOLTAGE RETURN TO HOME POSITION.
:j: ACnVELOW
Figure 4-11: Bucky Interface Signals

4.2.2.2 Bucky Cycle
A. Presence Detection
Presence of the Bucky on the mammography unit is sensed differently, depending

on the unit. In the M-III, the Accessory Detection circuit notifies the Microprocessor
that the Bucky pattern has been optically sensed by the detector unit in the image
receptor tray. In mammography units without Accessory Detection capability, the
Home and End signals are examined. Both the Home and End signals are active
low. When the grid is at the Home position, the Home position electrical signal is
at "0", while the End position signal is at "1". When the grid is at the End position,
the End position signal is at "0" and the Home signal at "1". When the grid is
between Home and End, both signals are at "1". Mammography units without
Accessory Detect capability look for one or both signals to be "1" to indicate the
presence of the Bucky.
B. Drive Home
The Bucky control portion. of the system's operating program will not allow an
exposure if Bucky presence is sensed and the grid is not sensed at the Home
position when an exposure is initiated. Such a condition will generate a Bucky fault
(indicated by screen text on the M-III, and by Error Code 07 on other units).
Therefore, after Bucky presence is sensed, the status of the Home signal is
sensed. If the Home signal is not at "0", the system generates the appropriate
Bucky drive signal to move the grid toward the Home position. A small positive
offset voltage is continually applied when the Bucky is idle to prevent the grid from
creeping away from the Home position due to gravity.
C. Exposure
When an exposure is initiated, the Bucky drive analog signal is switched to its
maximum negative value, which moves the grid at maximum velocity,
approximately 200 milliseconds before x-ray emission begins. This velocity is
maintained for approximately 300 milliseconds (200 milliseconds pre-emission; 100
milliseconds during emission).

--.
ACCESSORY DETECT BD
ACC14-4
J415 14-4
MICROPROCESSOR +5V AUTO APERTURE BD

+5V
(NO EFFECT ON AUTO AP)
13 10
10 APIN 2
(LOW, SM IS IN)
v APOUT
..--.. (HIGH, SM OUT)
+Vm·
12 APDR1 7
(V0= LG-+SM)
11 APDR2
(V 0= SM -+ LG)
• +Vm IS GENERATED AT THE POWER CONTROL

BD, THEN ROUTED THRU THE TUBE MANAGER
TO THE AUTO APERTURE BO.
Figure 4-12: Auto-Aperature Detect Signals

By this time, the Microprocessor has determined the exposure time, based on the
exposure mode and the image receptor tray's Automatic Exposure Control sensor.
The Microprocessor sends data to its on-board digital to analog converter that
adjusts the grid velocity to make a near full pass occur within the exposure time.
During the remainder of the exposure, the Microprocessor cycles through checking
for a transition of the End signal, indicating that the Bucky has gone farther than
desired, and if this condition is sensed, will reverse the Bucky drive signal.
D. Post Exposure
After the exposure, the Microprocessor automatically reverses the grid to return it
to the Home position.
4.2.3 Auto-Aperture Detect Board (Figure 4-12)
The Auto-Aperture board, which is housed within the beam limiting assembly, serves two
purposes: it relays the status of the beam limiting components, and it controls the
movement of a motorized, built-in sliding aperture.
A fixed aperture must be in place before the unit will make an exposure. Each
removeable, fixed aperture contains a tab on its rear edge that, when the aperture is slid
into place, interrupts a photo sensor switch. An active high microprocessor Signal,
*FIX_AP, is pulled low through the sensor switch when a fixed aperture is not correctly
fitted into its slide.
The auto-aperture feature works in conjunction with the Accessory Detect board to limit
the x-ray beam to the format size of the accessory detected on the image receptor tray.
When an 18 x 24 centimeter image receptor is detected, a smaller aperture, which resides
permanently in the tubehead, is pushed into the beam path by an electrical motor. The
smaller aperture enters the beam path above the rernoveaoie fixed aperture.
The position of the motor-driven srnan aperture is sensed by two optical switches, U1 and
U2, which are actuated by rotating cams in the drive linkage. Each of the two switches
generates a status signal input to the microprocessor: APIN is switched high by U1 when

the small aperture is in the beam path, and APOUT is switched high by U2, when the
small aperture is retracted inside the tubehead. Both APIN and APOUT are high while the
aperture is in motion.
If the status of APIN and APOUT indicates that the current position of the small aperture
does not agree with the format size in use, based on data received by the microprocessor
from the Accessory Detect board, the aperture motor is placed into motion. Two
Microprocessor Board outputs, APDR1 and APDR2, start and control the direction of the
aperture motor in the beam limiting assembly. Each signal causes a corresponding
transistor to conduct, which in turn operates a relay. The relays are wired so as to control
the polarity of voltage applied to the motor. The source of the DC motor power supply is
the +Vm voltage developed on the Power Control Board. When APDR1 is high, the motor
drives the small aperture toward the beam path. Halfway through aperture travel, the
microprocessor begins to pulse K1 and K2 relays toslow down the motor so that aperture
motion stops gradually. When APDR2 is high, the motor drives the small aperture out of
the beam path, toward its retracted position. The Microprocessor drives the aperture in the
appropriate direction until the status of APIN and APOUT agrees with the currently
detected image receptor format. The motor stops when both APDR1 and APDR2 are
switched low by the microprocessor.
----.
M-III AutO-Aperture Input
Signals to the Microprocessor APIN APOUT
Small Aperture H L
Large Aperture L H
Aperture in transit H H
M-III Auto-Aperture Output

Signals from the Microprocessor APDR1 APDR2
Extend Small Aperture H L
Retract Small Aperture L H
Stop Drive L L
-..--...

Microprocessor
Board Mag Tray Detect Board
+5V
- ~ ? ~
2
~
4
T
VCC
5V
L 3 ......• STEREO· 1 I U1
v
r-
MAG TRAY SENSOR
LEFT MAG SLOT
0 I
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I
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• U3
I
L.
VCC
FORWARD SENSOR
STEREO SENSOR
4 .-
....• MAG TRAY * 2 J U2 LEFT MAG SLOT
I I" REAR SENSOR
1 DGND 3
I f; 5 ••• LOCTRAY * 5
....•
- -
* HIGH=ON
J4181 1 2 31
1 J1 1 1 2 3
VCC
COMP
TRAY SENSOR
I U1
~
uGND
CENTER FRONT
COMPASSY
Figure 4-13: Mag Tray Detect Signals

4.2.4 Mag Tray Detect Board (Figure 4-13)
The Magnification Tray Detect Board inside the left side mag tray slot detects the
presence of the magnification tray or StereoLoc using photo interrupter integrated circuits.
If a magnification tray is inserted, the front sensor of the Mag Tray Detect Board is
blocked and a status signal MAG TRAY is sent from J419-2 to the microprocessor J216-4.
If a StereoLoc is inserted, both sensors of the Mag Tray Detect Board are blocked and
a status signal STEREO is sent from J419-1 to the microprocessor, J216-3.
The needle localization tray is detected through the sensing of reflective tags on it by an
infrared light source and sensor board in a window of the compression carriage assembly.
When the reflective tag is sensed, a high logic signal (LOC TRAY) is passed through
J419-5 on the Mag Tray Detect Board and applied to the Microprocessor Board at J216-S.
4.2.5 Radiation Shield Switch (Figure 4-14)
A microswitch at the bottom of the two hinges of the radiation shield is actuated when the
shield is opened. When the shield is opened, an active high signal, DOOR INT, is sent to'
the Microprocessor Board at J213. During the machine setup, the Exposure Technique
Data Line will remain in STANDBY and not display READY until the radiation shield is
opened.
J213
+5 V
.J..- DOOR INT 5
Figure 4-14: Radiation Shield Switch Signal

SECTION FIVE:
REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT
PROCEDURES
5.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The M-III should only be serviced by a LORAD-authorized, trained technician. The M-III is
designed for module level repair. Once a defective module is identified, it is replaced with a new
one, and the defective part shipped back to the factory for repair.
5.2 CONTROL CONSOLE CABINET LAYOUT
The Control Console houses the electronic control circuitry, the x-ray tube power supplies, and
the electromechanical control circuits. The DATAPORT system, comprised of the CRT assembly
and the control keyboard, is mounted on a panel at the top of the Control Console. The printer
is attached to the pushbar, near the keyboard, on a removable shelf. Beneath the DATAPORT
control panel, on a shelf inside the console, the Microprocessor Board, the Peripheral Interface
Board, and a fuse block for the Low Voltage Power Supply are mounted. These components are
accessed from above (Figure 5-1).
On the left side of the Control Console, opposite the operator station, three modules are mounted
beneath the cover panel (Figure 5-2). The Tube Control Board is mounted toward the rear
(push bar panel). of the unit; and the Power Control Board is mounted next to the Tube Control
Board. The Low Voltage Power Supply is above the Power Control Board. On the right side of
the Control Console mounted on a plate is the printer power supply.
A shelf mounted midway in the Control Console supports the High Voltage Generator, which is
covered by a protective metal cage (Figure 5-2).
Page 5~1 Revision -, 4

~ ------------------------------------------------------------------
Printer
Assembly
\
- /
.... ...........
~: L......:::::::::========!.:-
.: ..DD ...... I I
:
:
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Peripheral
Interface
Board Low Voltage
Power Supply
Keyboard Fuse Block
Microprocessor
Figure 5-1 = Control Console PCB and Printer Locations

14Pf rl
II
I I
Power Control I I
.---- Board II
I I
II
Tube Control II
I I
Board
II
1'-'1
High Voltage
I II
I
Generato l,l--,
II Actuator
I I I
L ~ _J
Input Power
Isolation -@ Panel
Transformer
Figure 5-2: Control Console PCB Locations,

High Voltage Genterator, and Isolation Transformer

On the bottom shelf within the Control Console, the isolation transformer is mounted at the rear
against the pushbar panel. The Input Power Panel, which contains line fuses and the line
contactor, is near the isolation transformer against the left wall. See Figure 5-2.
In front, at the C-Arm end of the console, a vertical cabinet houses the Vertical Travel Assembly
(VTA), which rides up and down inside the cabinet on two metal shafts. A linear actuator,
isolation-mounted to the Control Console baseplate, drives the VTA up and down. The C-Arm
pivot tube is attached to the VT A. At the rear of the VTA, the C-Arm pivot is connected to a cam
disc, which rotates along with the pivot. The disc is equipped with an electromagnetic brake which
locks the pivot to prevent C-Arm rotation unless the brake is electrically actuated. The disc cam
is equipped with notches (detents) at +45, +90, +135, +180, -45, -90, and -135 degrees. A cam
follower, attached to a microswitch, rides on the edge of the cam and detects each detent
position. A 10-turn potentiometer, connected by a belt reduction system to the earn, is turned
when the C-arm is rotated. The microswitch and the potentiometer feed the microprocessor
information when the C-arm is rotated and the C-Arm angle, in one degree increments, is
displayed on 3-digit LED readouts on each side of the vertical cabinet. The C-arm pivot is hollow,
and interconnections between the Control Console and the C-Arm pass through it.
5.3 REMOVAL and REPLACEMENT of CONTROL CONSOLE ASSEMBLIES

(Figures 5-3 and 5-4)
The following instructions explain the removal procedures for the components and modules
housed within the M-1I1Control Console. The replacement procedures are typically the reverse
of the order of removal steps unless stated otherwise.
5.3.1 Rear Cover (Pushbar Panel)
It is not necessary to remove the console's rear cover for normal service. Access to the
interior of the Control Console is gained by removal of the top, left, and right side panels.
The printer assembly and printer assembly mount are lifted from the pushbar handle and
slid off the handle.

,
I
I Rear VTA
I
I Panel
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-
Push bar Panel
-r-:-,
,0
Right Side
Panel
.-..--........, Figure 5-3: Control Console Component/Cover Removal

-------.
CRTAssembly
~-- Cable Enclosure
Slider Base
r-- 114 - Turn
/ Fasteners
..::::~I[].
Hole Plugs
.Riqht Side
Panel
1------------------
114 - Turn
Left Side
Panel
Figure 5-4: Control Console Component/Cover Removal (continued)

5.3.2. Left and Right Side Panels
A. The left side panel (patient left) must be removed before the right side panel.
B. Gently pry off the two decorative hole plugs and release the two 1/4-turn screws
counterclockwise beneath the plugs.
C. Tilt the top of the panel away from the unit, then pull up off the locating pins at the base
and pull the panel away.
D. Looking inside, through the exposed left side of the console cabinet, locate the two 1/4
turn fasteners inside the left side above the High Voltage Generator cage that extend
through the console to the right side panel. Turn the fasteners 1/4 turn CCW to release
the right side panel. -
E. Move around to the right side of the unit and remove the panel in the same manner as
in step C.
5.3.3 DATAPORT Keyboard and Panel
The Keyboard Panel is removed to gain access to the Keyboard, the Microprocessor
Board, the Peripheral Interface Board, or the Low Voltage Power Supply fuse block.
A. Lift the front edge of the keyboard panel and carefully slide it toward you.
B. Two hooks on the inside top edge of the panel make it easy to hang the panel on the front
molding for servicing the Microprocessor Board, the Peripheral Interface Board, or the Low
Voltage Power Supply Fuse Block.
5.3.4 Rear Vertical Travel Assembly Cover Panel
A. Release the two 1/4-turn fasteners, one at each side of the top of the Rear VT A panel.
B. Slide the single-piece cover panel upward.
5.3.5 Upper Front VT A Cover Panel
A. Release the two 1/4-turn fasteners; one on each side of the top of the Upper VTA Cover.
panel.
Page 5-7 Revision - 4.

B. Lower the C-Arm by pressing the C-ARM DOWN button. Rotate it 90 degrees by pressing
the C-ARM ROTATION button.
C. Slide the Upper cover up about an inch, stretch the sides outward and slide the panel
away from the console in the C-arm direction to clear the inside components.
5.3.6 Lower Front VTA Cover Panel
A. Remove the upper front VTA cover panel as described above.
B. Using the C-ARM UP/DOWN switches, center the C-Arm at approximately 1/2 of its travel
distance.
C. Release the 1/4 turn fasteners on each side of the bottom panel.
D. Slide this panel up about an inch and then stretch its sides outward so that the panel can
slide toward the C-arm and off the VTA frame.
5.3.7 High Voltage Generator
A. Disconnect the input power cable from the M-lii.
B. Remove the Left and Right side panels. (Refer to Section 5.3.2.).
C. Locate the neon bulb within the High Voltage Generator cage. It indicates the charge
condition of the high voltage capacitor in the generator. It stays lit, even with power OFF,
when 100 or more volts is present in the capacitor. MAKE SURE THE NEON BULB IS
EXTINGUISHED FOR 5 MINUTES BEFORE PROCEEDING.
D. Remove the high voltage cable to the generator (the top plug of two at the patient left of
the generator).
E. Disconnect the ribbon cable that connects the High Voltage Generator to the
Microprocessor Board, and the in-line harness connector that supplies the 230-volt input
near the rear of the generator.
F. Remove the four 1/4-20 bolts at the corner tabs of the generator cage.
G. Lift the generator out of the unit with the cage attached.

5.3.8 Low Voltage Power Supply and LVPS Fuse Block
A. Remove the left side console cover.
B. Remove a/l electrical connections from the Low Voltage Power Supply, the uppermost
board on the left side.
C. Remove the screws that secure the board to the metal standoffs and lift the board off.
D. The Low Voltage Power Supply fuse block is accessed as stated in Section 5.3.3.
5.3.9 Power Control Board
B. Remove all electrical connections from the Power Control Board, located beneath the Low
Voltage Power Supply.
C. Remove the screws that secure the board to the metal standoffs and lift the board off.
-~
5.3.10 X-Ray Tube Control Board
B. Remove all electrical connections from the Tube Control Board.
c. Remove the screws that secure the board to the metal standoffs and lift the board off.
5.3.11 Microprocessor Board
A. Suspend the keyboard panel as directed in Section 5.3.3.
B. Note the positions of the cable connections to the Microprocessor Board. Then disconnect
all power and control connectors.
c. Remove the screws that secure the Microprocessor Board to the metal standoffs and lift
the board out.
5.3.12 Peripheral Interface Board
--, Follow the instructions for removing the Microprocessor Board.

5.3.13 CRT Assembly _
A. Detach the cable enclosure to the rear of the left side panel by removing four 6-32 screws.
This enclosure routes the CRT video cable to the Microprocessor Board and the power
cord to the CRT.
B. Remove the left side console panel (Section 5.3.2) and the DATAPORT keyboard panel
(Section 5.3.3); unplug the video cable from the Microprocessor Board and the power
cable from the rear of the CRT monitor.
C. Stand behind the CRT screen and remove the CRT monitor from the assembled
baseplates on the inner console shelf by turning the brass coned nut counterclockwise
beneath the slider base.
D. Lift the CRT from the slider base. (The CRT is removed with the plastic base attached by
a wave washer and stamped nut.). -
5.3.14
A. Remove the left side panel from the Control Console.
B. Note the positions of the wires on the terminals of the Input Power Panel, then remove
the wires.
C. Remove the four 1/4-20 bolts that hold the Input Power Panel to the base.
5.3.15 Printer Power Supply
A. Remove the right side panel from the Control Console.
B. Remove the printer power supply and mounting plate at the bottom of the console by
removing the four mounting bolts attached to the mainframe.
5.4 C-ARM ASSEMBLY LAYOUT (Figure 5-5)
The C-Arm is a separate subassembly containing the x-ray tubehead assembly, compression
device, image receptor tray, and the switches and sensors that communicate status and operator
requests to the Microprocessor Board. The C-Arm assemblies are supported by a rigid frame,
attached through

3-POS ITION 7-PosmON

C-ARM SWITCH C-ARM SWITCH
BUC~ __
CONNECTOR
------====:=:==l
IMAGE RECEPTOR
TRAY
Figure 5-5: C-Arni Assembly Location

the pivot tube to the Vertical Travel Assembly in the Control Console. The pivot tube is hollow,
and cable interconnections between Control Console components and C-Arm components pass
through it. The C-Arm frame is provided with a lead counterweight to offset the weight of the x-ray
tubehead, providing a weight balance with respect to the pivot point. Two slots in the front of the
C-Arm frame permit the Mag tray or StereoLoc device to be installed.
5.4.1 X-Ray Tubehead Assembly
The x-ray tubehead assembly at the top of the C-Arm contains the x-ray tube and beam
limiting assembly. The x-ray tube is enclosed within two covers, an upper and a lead-lined
lower. The lower cover contains the attachment point for the protective face shield. The
dual focal spot, oil-insulated, rotating anode x-ray tube is mounted in a cradle between two
arms that extend out from the C-Arm frame. Just behind the x-ray tube, there is a terminal
block that connects the x-ray tube wiring harness to the system wiring harness. Attached
to the terminal block is a small printed circuit board (the Tube Protection Board) that
contains zener diodes for filament protection and a 1% tolerance 10-ohm resistor, across
which x-ray tube current is measured.
Mounted below the x-ray tube is the Beam Limiting Assembly, consisting of slides to
mount interchangeable fixed apertures, the Auto-Aperture board (motor, linkage, and
aperture sensors), a beam depth slide, and the Light Field assembly, which consists of
an adjustable lamp bracket and a fixed-mount mirror.
5.4.2 'Compression Device (Figure 5-6)
The compression device consists of a DC motor, electromagnetic motor brake, and

gearbox mounted behind and slightly below the image receptor tray; a chain tensioner,
located near the top of the C-Arm; a continuous loop of chain; and the compression
carriage assembly. The compression carriage is enclosed within upper and lower covers,
which are also attached to the compression bellows. The compression carriage slides on
linear bearings up and down two shafts at the front of the C-Arm frame. A spring/pulley
counterbalance arrangement at the right side of the C-Arm balances the weight of the
carriage. The carriage contains a sprocket and idler assembly, through which the chain.
is threaded, a handwheel shaft and one-way clutch, and -
Page 5-12 Revision - 4·

____
, LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
-._- _----- .•. _----

Chain Tensioner I
·
···
·
Compression
Carriag~__-------
-- --_--
------- -----
---~----~
~-- Compression
Motor
------ ----- --
:----,----
Compression
Motor Brake
Lead Counterweight
Figure 5-6: Compression Device and Single COllimator Blade

an electromagnetic compression force brake. The compression carriage also contains a

sprocket and idler through which a stationary timing belt is threaded. As the carriage
moves up and down, the sprocket turns on the stationary timing belt. A potentiometer
attached to the sprocket supplies a variable voltage to the microprocessor which uses it
to determine compression thickness. The Localization Tray Sensor, a sensor device
behind the front wall of the compression carriage, detects a reflective label on the LORAD
Localization Compression Tray and. communicates its presence or absence to the
microprocessor.
5.4.3 Image Receptor Tray
The image receptor tray attaches to the C-Arm frame and contains, under a leaded top
cover, the AEC Sensor assembly, the Accessory Detect Board, and the AEC Sensor
Position Detector. A shaft extends downward. from the AEC Sensor assembly, through a
slot at the bottom of the image receptor tray, to permit the operator to move the AEC
sensor (attached to the slide) forward or back. Two electrical connectors under the top
cover connect the image receptor tray wiring to the system harness.
5.4.4 SWitches
Four 7-position switch panels and one 3-position switch panel are present on thee-Arm.
Two of the 7-switch panels are housed on opposite sides of the tubehead; the other two
are on the opposite sides of the image receptor tray frame. Both 7-position panels on the
right side of the unit are mirror images of the ones on the left. The 7-position switch
panels each contain three LED indicators. One LED at a time lights to indicate the position
of the AEC Sensor board, although the AEC sensor may be positioned anywhere in
between. The 3-position switch panel is housed on the top of the tubehead.
5.4.5 MIscellaneous C-ArmComponent Layout
Just inside the Mag Tray/StereoLoc slot, the Mag Tray/Stereo Detect board, containing
two photointerrupter devices, is mounted. Below the left Mag Tray/Stereo slot. an edge-
type electrical connector, which is provided some movement by a flexible mount, is
provided for automatic insertion of the Bucky electrical connector,

5.5 REMOVAL and REPLACEMENT of C-ARM COMPONENTS (Figure 5-7)
5.5.1 Patient Handle
A. Rotate the C-Arm to + or - 90 degrees.
B. Remove the four decorative plastic hole plugs; two on each side of the patient handle.
C. Remove the 1/4-20 socket head cap screws and spacers beneath each decorative hole
plug.
D. Lift off the Patient Handle.
5.5.2 C-Arm Side Covers
A. Rotate the C-arm to + or - 90 degrees.
-~- B. Remove the bottom safety switch panel. The safety switch panel is detached by removing
the two hole plugs at the bottom; then removing the two 8-32 socket head cap screws
inside.
C. Note the positions of the wires on the safety switch terminal and then unpluq the wire
connections to the safety switch panel. Set the safety switch panel aside.
D. Slide the C-Arm side covers outward from the bottom.
5.5.3 c-Arm Top Cover
A. Remove the two decorative hole plugs on the covers top surface, then remove the two
10-32 socket head cap screws beneath.
B. Slide the C-Arm top cover off toward the console.
5.5.4 c-Arrn Upper Rear Cover
A. Remove the C-Arm top cover (Section 5.5.3).
-----. B. Slide the upper rear cover up and out.

".
..•.. __
.....•.•.
Hole Plugs
~ 1/4-20 Socket
Head Cap Screws
M
U .i-> C-arm Lower
Rear Cover
. . I ill:: Ii!
C-arm Bottom p~nel . !!:Ji Iii --- C-arm SIde Panel

;;:il
1/4-20 Socket :. i'l·,ti
Head Cap Screws ~~U
Hole Plugs 1
Figure 5-7: C-Arm Component/Cover Removal

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M·III SERVICE MANUAL
5.5.5 C-Arm Lower Rear Cover
A. Remove the C-arm bottom safety switch panel as described in Section 5.5.2.
B. Remove the two hole plugs and then the two 1/4-20 socket head cap bolts of the patient
handle (Section 5.5.1) to swing the handle away from the cover exit path.
C. Pull out the C-Arm lower rear cover from the assembly side flanges, and remove the cover
by sliding it down.
5.5.6 Compression Carriage Covers
A. Remove the four small screws (two on each side) next to the handwheel shaft.
B. Each half of the cover, attached to the compression bellows, will pull away from the
compression carriage .
.---~ 5.5.7 Tubehead Enclosure Covers
A. Remove the fixed aperture assembly from the slide in the front surface of the tubehead.
B. Squeeze the sides of the bottom tubehead enclosure inward to snap it loose from the top
cover. This releases the bottom cover. Use caution not to damage the cover's lead lining
during removal.
C. From beneath the front edge of the upper cover, remove the two socket head screws that
pass through two brackets into the upper enclosure casting.
D. Pull the upper enclosure cover away from the C-Arm so the four locating pins on its rear
edge are released from the holes in the C-Arm frame.
5.5.8 Compression Motor Assembly
The compression motor, gearbox, drive sprocket, compression motor brake, and
compression motor mounting bracket are removed as a unit. Individual components can
be replaced once the assembly is removed from the machine. See Figure 5-6.
A. Remove the upper and lower rear C-Arm covers (Sections 5.5.4 and 5.5.5).

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-IIJ SERVICE MANUAL
B. Remove the lower compression carriage cover (Section 5.5.6); then raise the compression
carriage to its maximum. Allow the lower compression carriage cover, which remains
attached to the lower compression bellows, to lie on the image receptor tray.
C. Using the chain tension adjuster (Section 9.1), make the chain slack.
D. From behind the C-Arm, loosen and remove the single socket head shoulder screw (screw
A, Figure 5-6) that holds the compression motor brake to the side rail.
E. From the front side of the C-Arm, reach in behind the image receptor tray, and loosen and
remove the two recessed socket head cap screws that thread downward, through the
crossmember, into the top of the compression motor bracket (screw B, Figure 5-6). The
front screw is quite close to the back side of the compression bellows, and may be difficult
to locate. Use of a. "T" handle hex key (9/64") is recommended.
F. The compression motor assembly should now be loose. Note the polarity of the wires to
the motor, then disconnect them. Likewise, note the placement of the wires on the
compression motor brake and remove them; then lift the compression motor assembly
from the machine.
G. When replacing the compression motor, note that the motor terminals must be rotated 90
degrees upward and away from the rear C-Arm cover. This adjustment ensures that the
motor terminal wires do not short against the back panel.
5.5.9 Beam Limiting Assembly (Figure 5:-8)
The Beam Limiting Assembly attaches to the tubehead frame with four socket head cap
screws. Remove the unit as an assembly to access the component parts.
A. Remove the upper and lower tubehead enclosures (Section 5.5.7).
B. Note the positions of the wires on the Auto-Aperture Board and then disconnect the
electrical connections on the console side of the Auto-Aperture PC Board.

BEAM LIMITING
ASSEMBLY COMPRESSION THICKNESS
-+-H~-- POTENTIOMETER AND
TIMING BELT
IMAGE RECEPTOR
AEC POSITION
DETEGORAND
AMPLIFIER LOCATION
NEEDLE LOC TRAY SENSOR

AND POTENTIOMETER
Figure 5-8: C-Arm Component & Detector Board Locations

C. From beneath the tubehead, remove the four socket head cap screws that secure the
Beam Limiting Assembly to the tubehead frame.
D. Lower the Beam Limiting Assembly to remove it from the machine.
5.5.10 Image Receptor Tray Cover (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the two socket head set screws from beneath the image receptor tray cover.
B. Slide the image receptor tray cover off, away from the C-Arm.
5.5.11 AEC Position Detector PCB (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the image receptor tray cover as described in Section 5.5.10.
.--
-, B. Remove the metal plate by removing the six screws that hold it to the frame and lift the
plate off. . .
C. Remove the AEC Position Detector Board, attached to the left of the AEC amplifier slide
mount, by unscrewing two 8~32 panhead screws on the side of the mount.
5.5.12 AEC Amplifier PCB (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the image receptor tray cover as described in Section 5.5.10 and the metal plate
underneath in Section 5.5.11.
B. Remove the cable bracket and slide the AEC Sensor Assembly to the rear.
C. Remove the 6 10-32 flat head screws securing the lead cover to the AEC slide mount. Be
sure not to damage the foil window of the AEC cover which filters x-rays to the light
sensor of the AEC amplifier board. Then detach two panhead screws along with two lock
washers and two regular washers to remove the slide handle of the AEC slide mount.
D. Remove the remaining 6 4-40 screws that secure the AEC amplifier board to the bottom
slide mount.

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-J11SERVICE MANUAL
5.5.13 Accessory Detect PCB (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the image receptor tray cover and metal plate underneath (Sections 5.5.10 and
5.5.11).
B. Remove the four slotted pan head screws that secure the Accessory Detect board to the
patient right of the inner image receptor tray. (The Accessory Detect Board is identified
by the four visible pots on the board.)
5.5.14 X-Ray Tube. (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the C-Arm top cover, behind the tubehead, from the C-Arm (Section 5.5.3).
B. Remove the upper and lower tubehead enclosures described in Section 5.5.7.
c. Loosen the band clamp near the rear end of the x-ray tube, enough to slip the clamp
rearward over the stud at the bottom.
D. From beneath the Beam Limiting Assembly, remove the two socket head cap screws that
thread upward through the mirror mounting bracket to the x-ray tube port, and remove the
mirror mounting bracket and mirror.
Remove the two socket head cap screws that thread upward through the tubehead frame
at the front edge of the tube port.
F. Disconnect the high tension lead from the x-ray tube by turning it counterclockwise to
release it and then pulling it out.
G. Unscrew the retaining ring on the low tension connector; then pull it from the x-ray tube
receptacle.
H. Lift the x-ray tube from the cradle.
I. After reinstalling the x-ray tube, verification or adjustment of the light field (Section 6) as
well as adjustment of the x-ray field is required (Section 2.22.3 or Section 7.1).
5.5.15 Light Field Lamp (Figure 5-S)
A. Remove the upper and lower covers from the tubehead enclosure as described in Section
5.5.7.

B. From the left side of the tube head, reach in and remove the lamp from its socket.
c. When installing a new lamp, use care not to touch the bulb. Grease deposited by the
fingers can cause the bulb to fail.
5.5.16 Mag Tray/Stereo Detector PCB (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the left C-Arm side cover described in Section 5.5.2.
B. Remove the two flat head socket screws in the front of the C-Arm, above and below the
mag tray slot. that hold the backing plate.
C. Disconnect the electrical connection, and remove the two recessed socket head cap
screws to detach the circuit board from the backing plate.
5.5.17 Rotation Sensors
---. The M-III rotation sensor, attached to the rear of the VTA near the cam disc, is made up
of two separate assemblies: a microswitch (for a digital signal) and a 10-turn, 500-ohm
potentiometer/14-tooth gear/timing belt assembly (for an analog signal).
5.5.17.1 Detent Position Mlcroswitch
A. Remove the rear VTA cover (Section 5.3.4).
B. Detach the two panhead screws that hold the switch to its mount.
C. When replacing the switch, note that the position of the mounting screws controls
the height of the switch. Adjust switch height with the arm in a detent position, so
that the switch is only actuated when the arm is in a detent position.
5.5.17.2 Rotation Angle Potentiometer

A. Remove the rear VTA cover (Section 5.3.4).
B. Remove the two regular type screws which hold the potentiometer bracket on.
C. Loosen the clamp screw inside the potentiometer

mounting bracket. Remove the clamp and sprocket together. See Figure 5-9.
D. Remove the 1/2-inch potentiometer nut and the potentiometer.
E. Unsolder the three wires from the potentiometer (green, yellow, and white), and
replace the potentiometer. See Figu re 5-10.
F. Disconnect the detent microswitch.
G. When reinstalling the potentiometer leave the clamp screw loose.
H. Rotate the C-Arm fully to patient left (-165 degrees).
I. With a bladed screwdriver, turn the pot fully clockwise; then back off 1/4-turn
counterclockwise.
J. Tighten the clamp screw.
K. Reconnect the detent microswitch. Repower the machine and test.
POTENTIOMETER
CLAMP SCREW
- -.
- -- ____ J
\ SPROCKET
CLAMP
Figure 5-9: Rotation Angle Potentiometer

7/64-INCH
HEX HEAD
SCREW
CLAMP SCREW
POTENTIOM ETER
WHITE
SPROCKET
CLAMP
Figure 5-10: Rotation Potentiometer Assembly
5.5.18 Compression Sensor
A. Remove the compression carriage covers (Section 5.5.6) to access the 1O-turn, 500-ohm
potentiometer at the left rear of the compression carriage assembly.
B. Remove the two screws that hold the potentiometer bracket in place. See Figure 5-11.
c. Loosen the clamp screw on the outside of the potentiometer mounting bracket; then
remove the clamp and sprocket together.
D. Remove the 112-inch potentiometer nut and remove the pot.
E. Desolder the three wire connections (white, red. and black) from the pot; then replace the
pot. See Figure 5-12.
F. Reinstall everything in reverse order except for the clamp. Leave the clamp screw loose;
an adjustment must be made before it is tightened. See Section 9.

·LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
HARNESS GUIDE
I----RED
'----BLACK
BRACKET MOUNTING
SCREWS 7/64-INCH
HEX HEAD
Figure 5-11: Compression Potentiometer
7/64-INCH
HEX HEAD
SCREW
CLAMP SCREW
POTENTIOMETER
SOOr\. 2. WHITE
[((~3- 1-
BLACK RED
SPROCKET
CLAMP
Figure 5-12: Compression Potentiometer Assembly

5.5.19 Auto-Aperture Board (Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the Beam Limiting Assembly from the tubehead (Section 5.5.9).
B. Remove the two screws that attach the board to its mounting bracket.
c. Disconnect the two front electrical connectors on the Auto-Aperture Board.
D. Note the connections from the circuit board to the aperture motor, then unsolder the motor
wires from the board.
E. The Auto-Aperture board should now be free.
5.5.20 Localization Tray Sensor PCB and Potentiometer

(Figure 5-8)
A. Remove the compression carriage covers as described in Section 5.5.6.
Locate the Localization Tray Sensor PCB at the front center of the compression carriage
assembly, and remove the four 4-40 pan head screws, round spacers, lock-internal tooth
washers.
c. Detach the 3-wire electrical connector to the Localization Tray Sensor board and remove
the board.
5.5.21 LED Angle Display Board
A. Remove the upper front VTA panel (Section 5.3.5) and locate the mounts for the right and
left LED displays.
B. Remove two 6-32 socket head screws to detach each display.
c. Disconnect the ribbon cable to each LED display board to lift the board off.

5.6 FUSE LOCATIONS AND RATINGS (Figure 5-13)
Microprocessor and Low Voltage Logic Power Supply:
F1 2.0 (120 V AC)/1.0 Amp (208 V AC), Slow Blow 250 V AC Maximum Line
Voltage.
Low Voltage Power Supply Fuse Block:
F1 5.0 Amps Slow Blow, +5 V DC to Microprocessor.

F2 1.0 Amp Slow Blow, -15 V DC to Microprocessor.
F3 1.0 Amp Slow Blow, +15 V DC to Microprocessor.
Power Control Board:
F1 3 Amps, Slow Blow - AC Input to +90V Power Supply.

F2 3 Amps, Slow Blow - AC Input to +90V Power Supply.
F3 15 Amps, Slow Blow - AC Input to Vm Supply
F4 2 Amps, Slow Blow - DC Input to Compression Drive.
F5 5 Amps, Slow Blow - Vm Output to Filament Supply on Tube Control Board
and V m to Auto-Aperture Board.
F6 8 Amps, Slow Blow - AC for Actuator.
Tube Control Board:
F1 4 Amps, Slow Blow - X-Ray Tube Filament.

F2 8 Amps, Normal Blow - Rotor Drive AC Input.
F3 8 Amps, Normal Blow - Rotor Drive AC Input.
F4 8 Amps, Normal Blow - 0 V AC Common.
High Voltage Generator:
F1 15 Amps, 600 V Fast Blow - 300 Volt DC Bus.

F2 1/32 Amp, Slow Blow - AC in to +15V Bias Power Supply.
F3 10 Amps, 500 V Slow Blow - 200 V AC Input to High Voltage Generator.
F4 10 Amps, 500 V Slow Blow - 200 V AC Input to High Voltage Generator.
Input Power Panel:
F1 0.1 Amp, Slow Blow - AC Input to Input Power Panel Onboard Power
Supply.
F2 0.1 Amp, Slow Blow - AC Input to Input Power Panel Onboard Power
Supply.

1-----..------7
u
7
V~= \.LVPS FB
-
-~.
=Fl
LVPS
-0 DF5
@OF4Jg
I
DF~,
IgJ
TCB
~
F2=
F3=
F4= '--
-
r=:
LVPS= (Fl) 2.0A (120V) / 1.0A (20BV). S.B. 250V
.-----..,.. ~
HVG
N;cess LVPS FB= (Fl) 5A S.B. (F2) lA S.B. (F3) lA S.B.
Fl (] From
F30[] FRONT PCB= 3A S.B. (Fl) 3A S.B (F2) 15A S.B. (F3)
F2 [] F4 2A S.B. (F4) SA S.B. (FS) 3A S.B. (F6)
TCB= 4A S.B. (Fl) ?A N.B. (F2) SA N.B. (F3) SA N.S. (F4)

IPP
HVG= lSA600V(Fl) 1/32AS.B.(F2)
[]F1 []F2
lOA SOOVS.B. (F3) lOA SOOV S.B. (F4)
JJ
c::::JI
0)
Access From
r)
'-:J
IPP= O.lAS.B. (Fl) O.lAS.B. (F2)
Opposite Side
Figure 5-13: Fuse Locations and Ratings

SECTION SIX:
CHECKING AND ADJUSTING
LIGHT FIELD
6.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
Because the technologist uses the light field to collimate the x-ray beam, it is important that the
borders of the light field coincide with the borders of the x-ray beam.
The x-ray beam borders are controlled by the aperture used and the position of the single
collimator blade. Apertures are supplied to correspond with focal spot size and cassette size.
Three apertures are used with the M-III unit: the 18 x 24/24 x 30 centimeter auto-aperture, the
D-shaped spot aperture, and the coned-down aperture.
Light Field borders are controlled in the same manner as the x-ray beam - by the aperture and
by the position of the adjustable rear edge blade. The Light Field appears to originate from the
same point as' the x-ray beam by means of a mirror mounted diagonally in the x-ray beam path,
below the tube port. The Light Field lamp is mounted on an adjustable bracket which permits
precise alignment with the x-ray beam field.
6.2 ILLUMINANCE OF LIGHT FIELD CERTIFICATION TEST
Intensity and consistency of the Light Field is checked by performing the following procedure.
A. Insert the large auto-aperture (24 x 30 cm) into the slides below the tubehead. Slide the
rear edge plate control knob all the way back (towards the C-Arm).
B. Place a light meter probe on the image receptor tray with its sensor facing up.
C. At each location shown in Figure 6-1, take a background light reading (Light Field lamp
OFF), and another one with the Light Field lamp ON.

I I
C D
A B
Image Receptor Tray

(Top View}
Figure 6-1: Receptor Tray Light Field Test Points
Figure 6-2: Coned-Down Fixed Aperture

D. For each location (quadrant), convert both the background and lighted readings to lux
values (use the conversion table on the meter or in the meter manual), and subtract
background lux from Light Field lux.
E. If the difference in any quadrant is less than 200 lux, the Light Field Illuminance Test is
considered failed.
F. If the Light Field test fails, clean the mirror. If no improvement is obtained, replace the
Light Field lamp. If the lamp is changed, Light Field alignment must be rechecked per the
next section.
6.3 LIGHT FIELD ALIGNMENT CERTIFICATION
To perform this test, the following equipment will be necessary:
1. 24 x 30 centimeter cassette and film/screen;
2. Straight pieces of wire or solder;
3. Front Loading 24 x 30 cm cassette holder.

B. Insert the Coned-Down Spot Aperture pictured in Figure 6-2.
C. Turn the Light Field ON. Move the single slide control all the way back to project the
lighted area pictured in Figure 6-3.
D. Using straight pieces of wire or solder, accurately mark the outline of the light field on the
image receptor surface.
E. Change the DATAPORT Setup Column; E::XP MODE to MANUAL and SPOT SIZE:: to
LARGE. On the DATAPORT E::xposureTechnique Data Line, set kVp to 25 and EXP TIME
to O.S. .

6"
(15.2 em)
I~ 4"
(10.2 em)
Figure 6-3: Coned-Down Aperture Projected LIght Field

F. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button. Remove the
cassette and develop the film. Compare the edges of the image area with the white marks
caused by the pieces of wire or solder. All boundaries must coincide within 1.3
centimeters (0.51 inch).
G. If the Light Field borders are more than one centimeter away from the x-ray beam,
adjustment per Section 6.4 is indicated.
6.4 LIGHT FIELD ALIGNMENT PROCEDURES
6.4.1 Light Field Alignment

B. Insert the Coned-Down Spot Aperture (Figure 6-2).
C. Remove the lower cover from the tubehead to gain access to the Light Field lamp and
bracket at the right side of the tubehead frame.
D. Turn the Light Field ON. Move the single slide control all the back to project the lighted
area pictured in Figure 6-3.
E. Examine the edges of the projected Light Field pattern. They should be sharp and well-
defined. If not,rotate the lamp socket in the lamp bracket until edge definition is adequate.
F. Using straight pieces of wire or solder, accurately mark the outline of the light field on the
image receptor surface.
G. Change the DATAPORT Setup Column, EXP MODE to MANUAL and SPOT SIZE to
LARGE. On the DATAPORT Exposure Technique Data Line, set kVp to 25 and EXP TIME
to 0.6.

H. Remove the cassette and develop the film. Compare the edges of the image area with the
white marks caused by the pieces of wire or solder. See Figure 6-4.
I. Examine the field and determine which aspect of the Light Field pattern must be changed:
Size - overall area (combined length and width) of pattern.
Lateral Position - alignment of left and right edges.
Longitudinal Position - alignment of top and bottom edges.
X-RAY FILM IMAGE X-RAY FILM IMAGE

COWMATOR MISAUGNED COLLIMATOR AUGNED
'---"'. Figure 6-4: Collimator Light Alignment Sample

•.••.......•....•. LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
J. The bracket on which the lamp is mounted (See Figure 6-5) permits adjustment in three
-directions:
SIZE (screw "A" in Figure 6-5) - Moving the entire bracket forward
(toward patient) expands the Light Field area; moving it back
contracts the Light Field area.
LATERAL POSITION (screws "8" and "C" in Figure 6-5) - Loosening the screws and
moving the lamp towards the right moves the Light Field area to the
left; moving the lamp to the left moves the Light Field to the right.
LONGITUDINAL POSITION (screw "0" in Figure 6-5) -Loosening the screw and raising the
position of the lamp moves the Light Field area forward (towards
the patient); lowering the lamp position. moves the Light Field
toward the C-arm .
. -. \
K. Adjust the Light Field lamp bracket as determined in step I. It may be helpful to carefully
place and align the developed film on the top surface of the cassette. This will provide a
target on which to position the Light Field area.
L. When adjustment of the bracket seems complete. repeat the steps of the Light Field
Alignment Certification procedure (Section 6.3) and confirm ±1.3 centimeter accuracy.
M. Inability to accurately align the Light Field with the x-ray image area indicates that the
aperture plate may require adjustment.
N. Repeat the above steps to adjust for the small focal spot.

~, --------------------------------------------------
ROTATE FOR
SHARPEST
EDGE DEFINITION
SCREW "0"
LAMP.
J)
UGHT
FIELD
..
Figure 6-5: Light Field Bracket Adjustment

SECTION SEVEN:
X-RAY FIELD
ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
7.1 ALIGNMENT OF X-RAY BEAM
This procedure must be performed if the x-ray tube is replaced in the field.
To perform x-ray beam alignment, the following equipment is necessary:
1. Reflective tape, aluminum foil, or mirror;

2. LORAD Field Alignment Template;
3. Fluorescent Screen Material.
A. The tube head enclosure covers must be removed according to Section 5.5.7 to permit any
adjustment of the beam limiting assembly. Four button head screws on each aperture must
be loosened also: four buttonhead screws on the small (18 x 24 cm) auto-aperture and
four buttonhead screws on the large fixed (24 x 30 ern) auto-aperture.
B. Remove the large fixed (24 x 30 cm) auto-aperture so that the small auto-aperture beam
field can be adjusted. Block the Ie interrupter (H21 B2) toward the right rear of the auto-
aperture or unplug J441 on the Auto-Aperture board to prevent the system from defaulting
to standby (XRAY: STANDBY).
C. Place the LORAD Field Alignment template on a piece of fluorescent screen material and
place both on the image receptor tray flush against the C-Arm. Initially center it on the
tray. The template is pictured in Figure 7-1.
D. Open the beam depth slide completely.
E. Make the DATAPORT selections as follows:
SPOT SIZE: LARGE

EXP MODE: MANUAL
On the DATAPORT Exposure Technique Data Line, set kVp to 25 and EXP TIME to 1
second.

F. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button.
G. While the exposure is taking place, compare the right edge of the field pattern (glowing
area) on the fluorescent screen material with the 18 x 24 centimeter right-side alignment
marks on the template.
H. Move the right auto-aperture lead to match the right side of the LORAD template (Figure
7-2).
I. Prepare to make two x-ray exposures with the same settings of step E. This time,
compare the field pattern at the left and rear edges of the 18 x 24 centimeter pattern.
J. Step behind the radiation shield. Press and hold the X-ray button for the 1-second
exposure. noting the left alignment of the aperture on the template.
K. Move the left auto-aperture to match the left-side of the LORAD template (Figure 7-2).
Take the second exposure and adjust the rear edge in the same manner as above.
L. Take a final exposure for the 18 x 24 centimeter aperture, verifying that all edges align
(right, left, and rear) according to the template markings.
M. Tighten the four buttonhead screws on the small auto- aperture:
N. Remove the block from the Ie interrupter (H21 B2) or reconnect J441 and insert the large
fixed auto-aperture (24 x 30 em) into the beam limiting assembly.

1J 1J
Fluah Ag_lnst c....••
~
i
~1If.~·I ,,",I 11111111
...... ~I--
..O •••••• : '8X24 em )>-------I·~I..o..
I
~.~~--------------------~.
24X30e_~--------------------~1
Figure 7-1: LORAD Field Alignment Template

Figure 7-2: Beam Limiting Assembly, Including

the M-III 18 x 24 em Auto-Aperture
Revision - 1
Page 7-4
LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-/II SERVICE MANUAL
O. Place reflective tape, aluminum foil, or a mirror over the accessory detector at the right
of the image receptor tray. This will cause the retraction of the small auto-aperture out of
the beam so that the large auto-aperture may be adjusted. (It should be necessary to
cover only the right sensor of the accessory detector to cause the retraction of the small
auto-aperture.)
P. Place the LORAD Field Alignment template and fluorescent screen material on the image
receptor tray, flush against the C-Arm. Center the template with respect to the tray
centerline. .
Q. Open the beam depth slide completely.
R. Make the DATAPORT selections as follows:
SPOT SIZE: LARGE

EXP MODE: MANUAL
On the DATAPORT Exposure Technique Data line, set KVP to 25 and EXP TIME to 1.
S. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button.
T. While the exposure is taking place, compare the right edge of the 24 x 3~ centim~ter fi~ld
pattern (glowing area) on the fluorescent material with the 24 x 30 centimeter right-Side
alignment mark on the template.
U. Move the right auto-aperture lead of the fixed aperture to match the right side ·of the
LORAD template (Figure 7-3).

LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS
M-IU SERVICE MANUAL
@ @
RIGHT
LEAD
LEFT
LEAD
@ @
0 0
(BOTTOM VIEW)
"
Figure 73"
-" Mill
- 24 x 30 em Fixed Auto-Aperture

V. Repeat the exposure described in step R so that an adjustment of the right auto-aperture
lead may be made for the front edge. Then adjust the left auto-aperture lead (Figure 7-3).
Take the exposures as necessary to align the left and rear edges of the 24 x 30 cassette
exposure beam.
W. Take a final exposure for the 24 x 30 centimeter fixed aperture, verifying that all edges
align (right. front, left, and rear) with the alignment marks on the LORAD template. Tighten
the four button head screws on the large fixed auto-aperture.

SECTION EIGHT:
M-III ELECTRICAL CALIBRATION
PROCEDURES
8.1 DAC REFERENCE AND BUCKY OFFSET
A) To set the DAC reference voltage, connect a DVM to the Microprocessor board (-) lead
to TP7 (GND) and (+) lead to TP8. Adjust R42 for 10.00 ±C.005 volts DC.
B) To set the Bucky offset voltage, leave the (-) lead on TP7 and move the (+) lead to either
side of R28. Adjust R41 for ·20 ±4 millivolts.
C- ) ~ +5 V {;, ~ 't -t 5, 62,V . ~J..,.t sv fS . ~ ~ "»~ .
8.2 KVP CALIBRATION
A) Ensure that system power is turned off. Allow sufficient time for the high voltage capacitor
to discharge. A neon bulb indicates the charge condition of the capacitor: while the red
bulb is glowing, the capacitor is charged. When it goes out, the capacitor voltage is below
100 volts. Allow the red bulb to stop glowing. Then ·wait another 5 minutes before
continuing.
B) Connect a DC voltmeter to the low-voltage terminals of a 10,000:1 or 1000:1 voltage

divider, and position the meter where it can be read from behind the protective radiation
shield.
C) Connect the ground terminal of the voltage divider to the chassis ground stud on the High
Voltage Generator. Using the LORAD High Voltage Adapter, connect the free end of the
high voltage divider test cable to the high voltage test well on the generator.
D) Close the beam depth slide in the beam limiting assembly completely, and turn the system
ON.
E) Set the system for a 2 second, 22 kV exposure in Manual mode.

F) While monitoring the meter from behind the protective radiation shield, press and hold the
X-Ray pushbutton to make an exposure.
G) Confirm that the meter reading falls into the ranges below:

21.56 - 22.44 volts (using a 1000:1 divider)
H) Adjust R80 (labelled "20 kV") on the High Voltage Generator, if necessary, to bring the
meter reading within the specified range at 22 kV (Figure 8-1).
3'+ .
I) Set the system for a 2 second, ~ kV exposure in Manual mode.
'\
J) While monitoring the meter from behind the protective radlatlon shield, press and hold the
X-Ray pushbutton to make an exposure.
K) Confirm that the meter reading falls into the ranges below:

38.22 - 39.78 volts (using a 1000:1 divider)
L) Adjust R20 (labelled "40 kV") on the High Voltage Generator, if necessary, to bring the
meter reading within the speCified range at ~ kV (Figure 8-1).
]<I
M) Return the system to 22 kV, and repeat steps F through H to recheck the previous
calibration.
N) Select intermediate kV settings, and confirm that the meter readings are within 2% of their
kV settings divided by 10,000 (using a 10,000:1 divider) or divided by 1000 (using a
1000:1 divider).

~. ----------------------------~~~-----------
"-tA~~·
(ut ~~i'vt.fr- ~ {.J...v.L.
',O'voJ' o-: ~,Jr..f ~y. (O)Jv
IV "'". ~ (p;;u,,,,, ~ 1
fo
."--,
Figure 8-1: High Voltage Generator Adjustment Points

8.3 FILAMENT CALIBRATION
This procedure requires the use of the calibration EPROM.. With the power turned OFF, remove
the normal operating system EPROM at U34 on the Microprocessor Board and replace it with the
Calibration EPROM. Turn the power back on, and press Enter when instructed. Select option 0
from the calibration menu, "F1LAMENT CALIBRATION", then proceed with the instructions below.
This procedure determines the filament current required for each KV level and spot size to
achieve the specified tube current. This current is defined by a number ranging from 0 to 255
which is written to a digital-to-analog converter on the Microprocessor board and translated to a
filament current by the Tube Control board. The relationship between these is as follows:
DAC Number DAC Voltage Filament Current
o 0 v .. , '" 2.0 A
26 1V . .. ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.4 A
51 2 V 2.8 A
77 3 V 3.2 A
102 '. . . . . . . . .. 4 V . .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.6 A
128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 V .'. 4.0 A
153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 V ... ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.4 A
179 7 V 4.8 A
204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 V ' 5.2 A .
230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 V ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.6 A
255 10 V 6.0 A
1. Turn power OFF, replace IC U34, Operating Program EPROM, with CALIBRATION
EPROM (notch toward the operator station).
2. Connect a voltmeter across R42 on the Tube Control Board.
3. Connect Channel 1 of a storage oscilloscope to the ungrounded end of the 10 ohm

calibration resistor on the terminal block behind the tube head. Connect the probe ground
to the other end of the resistor.

4. Turn power ON, and press the ENTER key when instructed. Select option 1. "FILAMENT
CALIBRATION" from the menu.
5. The SMALL FOCAL SPOT - 22 kV DAC number will be displayed. Using kV UP/DOWN,
preset the number to 100.
6. Check the voltage on the meter connected across R42. It should read 0.5400 volts,
indicating a standby current of 2.5 amps (.5400V + .22,Q = 2.4 amperes).
7. Disconnect the meter.
8. Set the oscilloscope to acquire and store a single sweep. Set the scope controls as
follows:
Trigger: Channel 1
Vertical: DC Volts 0.1/division (for Small Focal Spot tests) DC
Volts 0.2/division (for Large Focal Spot tests).
Horizontal: 50 milliseconds Single Sweep.
Set the unit for 1 second, 22 kV, manual mode, and small focal spot. Press the X-RAY button and
examine the acquired waveform. An example of the ideal waveform is shown in Figure 8-2.
A. The waveform amplitude is 1/100 of the tube current. For a 22 kV small focal spot
exposure, the waveform should be 0.2 volts. Refer to Table 1 for voltages at the remaining
kV/focal spot settings. If the waveform amplitude is below the specification, increase the
DAC number, if the waveform amplitude is above the specification, decrease the DAC
number. The DAC number is increased or decreased using the KV UP/DOWN keys.
B. Examine the leading edge of the waveform for under- or over-shoot, as illustrated in
Figures 8-2. The DAC number should be increased (to cure undershoot), or decreased
(to cure overshoot) in small increments (usually 1 or 2). .
C. If the current measured is stable, but not at the specified level for the given spot size and
kV, adjust R82 (mA Sense Cal) on the High Voltage Generator and try the shot again (CW
lowers current; CCW raises current).
9. When current for the first kV has been calibrated, press the CLEAR key to move on to the
next kV step, and continue as instructed above until all kV (up to 34) stations have been
checked using both the LARGE and SMALL focal spots.

Note:
Wave forms shown are for
80 mA. Adjust oseilliseope
occordingly for other mA levels.
ADJUSTMENT CORRECT
See
.t __
.2
DACTOO LOW
BOmA
60mA
40mA
20mA
OmA
.1 .2
lee ••••
DAC TOO HIGH
--
.1
•...
.2
Figure 8-2: Waveform Patterns

.-, LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
LARGE SPOT SMALL SPOT

kVp DAC mA DVM DAC mA DVM
22 141 80 0.8V 110 20 0.2V

23 139 80 0.8V 109 20 0.2V
24 13S SO O.SV 108 20 0.2V
25 137 80 0.8V 106 20 0.2V
26 138 SO 0.8V 106 20 0.2V
27 136 80 0.8V 105 20 0.2V
28 135 80 0.8V 106 20 0.2V
29 131 70 O.7V 100 17 0.17V
30 130 70 O.7V 101 17 0.17V
31 130 70 0.7V 100 17 0.17V
32 129 70 O.7V 100 17 0.17V
33 130 70 O.7V 100 17 0.17V
34 129 70 O.7V 99 17 O.17V
This completes filament current calibration. Turn power off and return the main operating program
EPROM to the Microprocessor board for the next test.
8.4 AEC CALIBRATION PROCEDURES (Figure 5-3)
Calibration of the AEC is performed at the factory to result in a consistent 1.2 density. If it is
necessary to readjust density to a different value to suit the user, or to calibrate a different
film/screen combination, the following items are necessary:
1. Film/Screen/Cassette per user's choice (NOTE: Same cassette must be used for all
exposures in this procedure).
2. 4 and 7 cm thick acrylic attenuators (for Min-R E T FILM TYPE selection: T-Mat Film).
3. 3 and 7 cm thick acrylic attenuators (for all other FILM TYPE selections).
4. Flim densitometer.
To readjust density, follow the procedure below.
A. Locate the M-III Microprocessor Board per section 5.3.3 and short R40 by turning the
potentiometer fully counter-clockwise. Then, re-assemble the unit for the following test
exposures.
B. Place a loaded cassette beneath 3 centimeters of acrylic on the image receptor tray. Use
4 centimeters of acrylic

----.LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-UI SERVICE MANUAL
for Min-R E T film selection.
C. ~ Set the M-III for AUTO-TIME Mode, DENSITY at "0", and 25 kVp. Set the FILM TYPE to
the proper setting.
D. Make an exposure; then, remove the cassette and develop the film.
E. Measure the optical density of the developed film. If the density is not correct within .1 of
the "0" target value, enter the AEC Calibration Mode (press and hold the (-), then press
KV DOWN; GAIN and OFFSET numbers will appear at the bottom of the screen.
F. To increase density, decrease- the GAIN by pressing KV DOWN; to decrease density,

increase GAIN by pressing KV UP. Adjust the GAIN, exit the AEC Calibration Mode by
pressing ENTER, then retake the exposure with 3 centimeters of acrylic. (Use 4
centimeters of a crylic for this exposure with Min-R E T film selections.) Measure density,
re-adjust GAIN, and repeat exposures until the desired density is achieved.
G. Once the GAIN has been adjusted to achieve the desired density with 3 or 4 centimeters
of acrylic (repeat steps A through E as necessary), place 7 centimeters of acrylic on the
same cassette.
H. Remove the cassette, develop the film, and measure optical density. If density is not
within .1 of the value set with 3 centimeters of acrylic (4 centimeters of acrylic for Min-R
E T film selection), enter the AEC Calibration Mode again.
I. To increase density, decrease the OFFSET by pressing TIME DOWN; to decrease

density, increase the OFFSET by pressing TIME UP. Adjust the OFFSET, exit the AEC
Calibration Mode, then retake the exposure with 7 centimeters of acrylic. Measure density,
readjust OFFSET, and repeat exposures until the density is within .1 of the value achieved
with 3 or 4 centimeters of acrylic.

M-m AEC CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

NOlES:
1 USE SAME CASSEITE FOR All. SfEPS.
5E'TUP ••...ut
MOO£: A.l1tO.11ME 2 AFI'I!R MAKING GAIN OR OFPSET

D!l'II!I1'Y:O
"""25
ADJUSTMI!NTS PRESS *ENTIlR" TO WARNING
EXn' AI!C CAL MODE TO MAKE . 11I1S SYMBOL APPEARS
AN EXPOSUlU!. NEXT TO STEPS 11IAT
RESULT IN X-RAY EMISSION.
OBSERVE All. POssmLE SAPETV
PRECAUfIONS TO PREVENT
EXPOSING YOURSELF OR
011lERS TO X-RAY EMISSIONS!
DEaEASEGAJN
PRlSS ·ItVP ON"
(DARKER]
Figure 8-3: AEC Calibration Flowchart

J. Once the OFFSET has been adjusted to achieve the necessary density (repeat steps F
through H as necessary), retake an exposure using 3 centimeters of acrylic, or 4
centimeters of acrylic is using Min-R E T film. Measure the density of the developed film
and, if readjustment is necessary, return to step E to readjust GAIN, then steps F through
H to adjust OFFSET.
8.5 COMPRESSION TRAY
8.5.1 Compression Force Calibration
For this test,' turn the power OFF and install the Calibration EPROM in the Microprocessor
Board in place of the normal operating system EPROM. Turn the unit back on. Press
Enter when instructed, and select Option #1: COMPRESSION FORCE CALIBRATION
from the menu.
This procedure allows the operator to define the compression motor current required to
achieve the specified compression force at two positions so that the machine can
calculate all points in between. This motor current is shown as a number from 0 to 255
which corresponds to a DAC value. The DAC output is translated into a fixed current on
the power control board. The compression force is calculated by the following equation:
force = {(force @ 1BO)-(force @ O))"'{C-Arm anglel180j+(force @ 0)
A. Position the C-Arm at 0 degrees and measure the compression force. Adjust the force to
15 to 20 pounds using the KV-UP and KV-DOWN buttons to raise and lower the motor
current, respectively .
B. . Position the C-Arm at 180 degrees and measure the compression force. Adjust the force
from 15 to 20 pounds using the TIME-UP and TIME-DOWN buttons to raise and lower the
motor current, respectively.
C. DAC values will be in the approximate range of 100 at 0 degrees and 190 at 180 degrees.
8.5.2 Compression Thickness Calibration,
For this test, return to the Calibration Menu, and select Option #2: COMPRESSION
THICKNESS CALIBRATION.
This procedure allows the operator to define the position of the image receptor tray for the
machine so it can calculate the compression thickness.

LOAAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS M-III SERVICE MANUAL
A. Bring the compression device all the down so that it is in contact with the image rece~tor
tray and press the CLEAR button. The display will show the calculated compression
thickness.
B. Adjust the potentiometer throuoh the hole in the ~ide of the C..Arm de~cribed in Section
9.2, step F, if the compression thickness indicated does not read zero.
C. After calibration. the display lTlay toggle bgt\Neen0.0 CITland UNCALI8RAT~D. This is
due to slight variations in the voltage read by the position potentiometer and is normal.
This toggling should disappear if the compression device is moved upward slightly.
8.S BUCKY CALIBRATION
For this test, return to the Calibration Menu, and select Option #3: BUCKY CALIBRATION.
This procedure allows the operator to adjust the gain potentiometer on a Bucky to optimize the
speed profile of the grid.
A. Slide the Bucky onto the image receptor tray and press the X-RAY button - no x-rays will
be emitted. The grid will go through a normal exposure cycle and measure its travel time.
B. If it is outside the specified "window", a message will appear on the screen instructing the
operator to adjust the gain accordingly. The message will read, "Gain too high, turn R3
CCW" or "Gain too low, turn R3 CW".
C. R3 is' located on the Bucky Driver Board accessible through a hole in the bottom panel
of the Bucky assembly.
D. When the gain is adjusted properly, a message will inform the operator that the calibration
is complete.
6.7 ACCESSORY DETECT CALI6RATION
For this test, return to the Calibration Menu and select Option #4: ACCESSORY DETECT
CALIBRATION.
This test indicates whether the Accessory Detect Board is calibrated properly or if an adjustment
is necessary.
A. Tape a reflective material (e.g., cardboard covered with aluminum foil) over the Accessory
Detect Window at the
Page 9-11 .Revision - 9

right rear of the image receptor tray.
B. The display will indicate "O.K." for each of the four potentiometers on the Accessory
Detect Board if no adjustment is required.
C. If a message other than "O.K." has appeared for any of the four potentiometers, perform
the Accessory Detect Calibration Procedure that ts outlined below.
8.7.1 Accessory Detect Calibration Procedure
In order to access the Accessory Detect Board, remove the Image Receptor Tray Cover
(Section 5.5.10) and the metal plate within the receptor tray described in Section 5.5.11.
The Accessory Detect Board is located on the underside of this plate. Then slide the
plastic image receptor tray cover over the metal plate now detached. BE SURE the
reflective material is still in place, and that with the tray cover attached the four
potentiometers can be adjusted.
A. With the Calibration EPROM in place, and power ON, select Option #4 from the
Calibration Menu.
B. Four messages appear for the four potentiometers on the Accessory Detect Board..The
messages will read either "O.K:", or an adjustment direction "CW" or "CCW".
C. Adjust the potentiometers until the display reads' "O.K." for each of the four
potentiometers.
D. When the "O.K." message is indicated for the four potentiometers, turn the power OFF
and re-assemble the image receptor tray components.
E. Reset the Accessory Detect function as stated previously in Section 8.7.

SECTION NINE:
M-III MECHANICAL
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
9.1 COMPRESSION TRAY CHAIN TENSION ADJUSTMENT
A. Remove the compression carriage covers (Section 5.5.6), C-Arm side covers (Section
5.5.2), and C-Arm top cover (Section 5.5.3).
B. Move the compression carriage all the way up.
C. Loosen the clutch assembly adjacent to the sprocket/gear assembly on the compression
carriage with an allen wrench.
D. Adjust the two hex nuts of the chain tension assembly to raise or lower the tension
sprocket.
E. The clutch assembly is then retightened once the appropriate chain tension is fixed. See
Figure 9-1.
F. Replace the covers removed in step A. .
SUNK
TENSION
ADJUST
BRAKE
SOLENOID
Figure 9-1: Compression Tray Chain Tension Adjustment

9.2 COMPRESSION SENSOR ADJUSTMENT
If the compression sensor potentiometer has been replaced, the following adjustment must be
made before the compression carriage is reassembled.
A. Reinstall the potentiometer mounting bracket disassembled in Section 5.5.18. Leave the
clamp screw loose.
B. Rotate the C-Arm to patient right (+90 degrees).
C. Remove the C-Arm safety switch; it is held in with two 9/64-inch hex head screws.
D. Slide out (to the patient's view left) the o-Arrn side cover.
E. Move the compression device all the way down to the image receptor tray.
F. Stick a small straight blade screwdriver through the hole in the side of the C-Arm, and
adjust the potentiometer fully clockwise. Then, back off a 1/4 turn counter-clockwise. See·
Figure 9-2.
G. Finally, tighten the clamp screw.
CIaIprnsioa Cantaga
AsHAlbir (TOIl Vlaw)
Brlasl Trar
lTotVllw)
Figure 9-2: Compression Potentiometer Adjustment Location

9.3 ROTATION SENSOR ADJUSTMENT
Refer to Section 5.5.17.2.
9.4 LOCALIZATION TRAY SENSOR ADJUSTMENT
A. Remove the compression carriage covers as described in Section 5.5.S.
B. Locate the Localization Tray Sensor PC Board at the front center of the compression
carriage assembly and potentiometer R1 on it (Figure 4-4).
c. Place a needle localization tray (complete with the reflective tag beneath the tray) into the
compression carriage assembly.
D. Adjust R1 until the Setup Column data line called COMP RELEASE r.eads LOCKED OUT.
Page 9-3 Revision" ~ 7

®
M3 l\1ICROPROCESSOR
Corporation ABC CALffiRATION PROCEDURE
i
,~'
."
s:
WARNING
THIS SYMBOL APPEARS NEXT TO
STEPS THAT RESULT IN X-RAY
SET UP UNIT AutO-11MB EMISSION. OBSERVE AIL
DHNSlTY - 0 KVP - 2.5 POSSIBLE SAFEI'Y PRECAUTIONS
) )
TO PREVENT YOURSBLP OR 0THBR3
';
..
CUSTOMERS FILMlSCREBN COM60 FROM BEING EXPOSED TO X-RAY
':.
.-~:~ j EMISSIONS!
.}
~~ ;
(.~ LOAD CASSBTI'B
MAKE AN EXPOSURE r=:::::::::=::;==============j
WITH LO ACRYUC (12 - 24 mAa)
NOTBS: USB SAME CASSEI'TB FOR ALL STEPS

ENSURE R40 OP ras MICROPROCBSSOR.
IS SHORTED (ecH).
ENTER. ABC CAt

'p;~=C>l DECREASE GAIN
PRESS "'kVp DN-
YES ENTER. ABC CAL

INCREASE GAIN
PRESS "kVpUP'"
LOAD CASSB'ITB
MAKE AN IrllMrolm I-~==::J================~
I-
wrm m ACRYUC ( "'200 mAt)
NOTES: TO ENTER ras ABC CAL MODE PRESS

-: + "kVp DN-.
Ar"t'ml MA!aHO A OAJN OK of'I'SEI'
ADIUS'I'MFl'IT. PRESS "ENTER- TO
BXIT ABC CAL MODB IN ORDER TO
CONDOcr AN B.XPOSURB.
LOAD CASSB'ITB
I~ MAKE AN BXPOSDRB
WITH LO ACRYUC ( 12 • 24 mAA)

Lorad M-III Mammography System Service Manual 9-500A-0029

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,LORAD M-III

PAGE REVISION PAGE REVISION

Revision zero (0) Indicates Initial release of manual.

REVISION NUMBER DATE

o (Initial Release) . 6/90

The total number of pages in this document is 170. Except for

This manual is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under

LORAD, Permagrid and StereoLoc are registered trademarks

© LO RAD Medical Systems, Inc. 1990

M-III SERVICE MANUAL

SECTION ONE - GENERAL INFORMATION AND INSTALLATION

1.1 Introduction to the M-III 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 1-1

1.1.1 Unit Description 1-1

1.2 Receiving Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5

1.2.1 Unpacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

1.3 Installation -, . . .. 1-8

1.3.1 Installation of the Radiation Shield 1-8

1.4 Transfer to User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-13

1.4.1 Initial Testing 1-13

SECTION TWO - M-III SYSTEM CHECKS

2.1 Pre-Turn On Checks 2-1

2.1.1 Cabling 2-1

(Table of Contents continued)

2.1.3 Mechanical Integrity . 2-1

2.2 Power-Up Checks . 2-1

2.3 Menu/Front Panel Controls Checks . 2-3

2.3.1 Power-Up CRT Display . 2-3

2.4 C-Arm Functional Checks . 2-4

2.4.1 C-Arm UP and DOWN - . 2-4

2.5,1 C-Arm Safety Switch . 2-5

2.6 Accessory Detection and Recognition . 2-6

2.6.1 Image Receptor Detection - . 2-6

2.7 Compression System Checks . 2-8

2.7.1 Motorized Compression Drive . 2-8

2.8 Footswitch Check 2-9

2.9 Printer Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

(Table of Contents continued)

2.10 X-Ray Tube Current Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.10.1 mA Measurement Setup 2-10

2.11 Tube Voltage Potential Check 2-13

2.11.1 Tube Potential Check Procedure 2-13

2.12 Automatic Exposure Control Check 2-15

2.12.1 AEC Check Procedure 2-15

2.13 Bucky Grid Performance Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

2.14 Checking Half Value Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

2.15 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity - Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18

2.16 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity - Auto-Time Mode 2-20

2.18 Timing Accuracy - Manual Mode 2-22

2.19 Maximum mAs In Auto-Time Mode 2-23

2.21 Checking the X-Ray Shielding of the Tubehead 2-26

2.22 Light Field 2-26

2.22.1 Light Field Illuminance Test 2-26

2.23 Checking the E¥xposureCounter 2-35

SECTION THREE - X-RAY CONTROL THEORY OF OPERATION

.----... 3.1 Introduction 3-1

iii Revision - -10

(Table of Contents continued)

3.2 Power Distribution . . . . 3-1

3.2.1 Input Power Panel 3-1

3.3 Microprocessor Board ... :..................................... 3-4

3.3.1 CRT Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

.-. 3.4 Tube Control Board 3-17

" 3.4.1 Anode Motor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

3.5 High Voltage Generator .. "...................................... 3-22