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Tigawa temple
100 AD – 160 AD
Harappan
•Drainage syste
•Rectangular intersecting roads
•Sanitary system
Mauryan
•Monolithic Pillars
•Finely carved capitols – Bull capitol and Sarnath capitol
•Stupas start during this period – 4 gateways
•Surface built with bricks
•Viharas and Chaityas
•Rock Cut Architecture
Shunga – Satvahanas
· Early classic architecture
· Carved railings and gateways around Buddhist shrines
Kushan
· Sculpture developed
· The emperor himself was a divine authority
· Buddha was first time given a human form during this time
Gupta period
· Beginning of Hindu temples – temple at Deoghar, Udaigiri caves in Orissa
· Vaishnavite temple in Vidisha
Chalukyas
• Blend of Aryan and Dravidian style of architecture
Pallavas
· Mandaps, Rathas and finely carved panels and pillars
· Shore temple at Mahabs is a structural temple
· Ratha temple is a rock cut temple
· Kanchipuram also has temples.
Panels depict shiva as Natraja, History of Pallavas
Cholas
· Tanjaur Temple: 65 m tall vimana
· Pillared halls and sculptures depicting Bharata’s natyashastra
· Fine paintings
Pandyas
· Built high outer walls and gopuram
· Their gopurams can be seen from long distances
Hoysalas
· Belur and Halebeed temples
· Profusion of manifold pillars with rich and intricate carvings
· Panels depict gods and goddesses
Orissa Temples
· Lingraja temple 40 m high
· Sun Temple
Hindu temples
• The temple is a holy site (tirtha), where they practitioners can perform
circumambulation (pradaksina).
• They also perform the pious act of gazing at the deity (darsan) and
offering prayers, flowers and food (puja).
• The temple is never a meeting place for a congregation, but it came to be
a focal point of the community.
• The heart of the temple is the dark hall called garbha grha (womb hall),
where the most important icon is placed. It is the most important area.
• Pillared halls (mandapa) and porticos were added to the garbha graha,
which was surmounted with a tower (sikhara)--center of the universe
(axis mundi).
• Many varieties: wood, brick, terracotta, and variety of stone (e.g., schist,
chlorite, marble)
• Temples required to be heavily ornamented (things lacking in ornament
were considered imperfect or incomplete.
• Motifs: narrative reliefs, animal motifs, floral and vegetation motifs.
Brahma-God of Creator
Vishnu-God of Preserver (has many incarnations such as Rama and Krishna)
Shiva-God of Destroyer (also the protector of animals)
Devi-goddess (e.g., Laksmi (“Good Fortune”) and Parvati); symbolizing
beauty, benevolent, and wealth as well as power and wrath
10 scientific reasons behind the rituals in Hinduism according
to the ancient texts
1. Garbhagriha
2. Mandapa.
3. Antarala.
4. Mahamandapa.
5. Enclosing wall
6. Pradhikshana path.
•Shikara has the repetition of architectural motifs, converted into an element
of decoration. These architectural motifs have much deeper
meaning.Symbolically it means to reach or get closer to the GOD
•There are two style of temple architecture were followed.
•Dravidian style in south
•Indo Aryan in north.
1. In one concept it was the derivation from the peaked or domed huts.
2. Temple developed form stupa-elongated form of the dome.
3. Temple is referred as ratha or car.so the sikhara
North Indian Nagara Style South Indian Dravida Style Combined Style
Elements of Hindu temple
• The sanctuary as whole is known as the
• Vimana that consists of two parts.
• The upper part of the Vimana is called as the Sikhara
• the lower portion inside the Vimana is called as the Garbhagriha (cella or
inner chamber).
Elements of Hindu temple
‘Sikhara’ meaning the tower or the spire.
• It is nucleus and the innermost chamber of the temple where the image
or idol of the deity is placed.
• The chamber is mostly square in plan and is entered
by a doorway on its eastern side.
• The visitors are not allowed inside the
Elements of Hindu temple
• Pradakshina patha’ meaning the ambulatory passageway for
circumambulation.
• In some of the earlier temples the mandapa was an isolated and separate
structure from the sanctuary like in Mahabalipuram
• It unites the main sanctuary and the pillared hall of the temple.
Their architecture was dedicated to building stone temples for the various gods.
They made structures called Stupas, this form of architecture made its way to china, where it was altered
slightly and renamed the Pagoda.
They invented manuals which described how to build the temples.
•Sophisticated urban culture, people of prime. Lot of literature, scultpure, texts, art etc
•Best knows old poets from this period Kalidas,Kama Sutra came from this period
•Establishment of Sanskrit culture, high culture of city elites AND Bhramanical Architecture. Rituals were
imbibed in the Temple Architecture. Scientific reasoning was given for all. And were reserved for upper
class.
Revival of Arya concepts as a new civic culture.
Constructed using sandstone, granite, and brick, Gupta-era temples added to this architectural
heritage with horseshoe gavakshas arches and distinctive curved shikhara towers which are
frequently topped with a ribbed disk ornamentation known as an amalaka,t he crown.
These elaborate buildings are further decorated with a mass of ornate mouldings and
sculptures set in niches.
In Gupta architecture, the square was considered the most perfect form and temples were
designed to be appreciated from all sides so that each carries decorative architectural features.
Most temples also adopt a square plan with the single cubicle garbhagriha in the centre. This is
normally entered by a short columned porch set over a single, highly decorated doorway with a
projecting lintel.
Columns can support a pot-and-foliage capital, and roofs were generally flat, as in surviving
examples at Tigawa and Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. Other typical Gupta decorative features
include triangle motifs inside doorways and lion's heads at the ends of stone beams.
Evolution of Temple Architecture in India during Gupta Period:
During the Gupta period, a firm foundation of temple architecture was laid when the basic
elements of the Indian temple consisting of a square sanctum and pillared
porch emerged.
The evolved Gupta temple also had a covered processional path for circumambulation
(Pradakshana Path) that formed a part of the worship-ritual.
Earlier temples of the period had a monolithic flat
slab roof.
1. TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
2. ROCK-CUT TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
Temple of Bhitargaon:
•The most important feature of the temple is Sikhara instead of the conventional flat roof
•Another most important feature of this temple is the arrangement of its portico.
•In the centre of the over-door slab is a plaque of Vishnu on the great naga
•To the right and the left at the top and outside the main zone of the frame are reliefs of the river
goddess Ganga and Jamuna.
•Dvarpalas or door guardians and female divinities are carved on the overlapping frames of the door.
GUPTA IRON PILLAR 4th c.
• Shaft
• Lion abacus ; Bell capital
• Supports a statue of god Vishnu with a halo
• 43’ high
• At present it is the iron pillar at Delhi
• Erected by Kumaragupta,Original site near Mathura
• Erected 415 BC
• Later shifted to a mosque site
• 23’ 8” high, made of pure malleable iron
• 6 tons weight
• First it bore the image of Garuda
• Moldings on top
• Can be divided into three parts
o Uppermost- square abacus
o Below melon capital
o Campani form capital
The iron pillar is 7.21 metres tall, with 93 cm buried below the present floor level, and has a
diameter of 41 cm
The pillar, made up of nearly seven tones of 98 per
cent wrought iron of pure quality, is 7.21m (23 feet
8 inches) high, with 93 cm buried below the
present floor level, and has a diameter of 41cm (16
inches)
According to the inscription on it, the pillar was erected at its
original venue by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–414
C.E.
EARLY CHALUKYAN PERIOD-5th – 8th c. AD
(550 – 750 AD, 973 – 1190 AD)
The birth of the Chalukyan Dynasty was in the 5th c. with its capitals
at Aihole, Badami, Pattadakkal
Constituted the center of influence for medieval Indian art
The contributions of the Pallavas and Orissa along with Northern influences were absorbed
Aihole illustrates 2 distinct variants in the development of dressed stone Hindu architecture
•The Pallavas and the Chalukyas were rival dynasties battling the control of south India
•There was hence a style that combined Dravidian and Nagara Styles
•Hence the Structures of this period have Pallavan influence. Most of the later chalukyan
temples were build by Dravidian labourers
•The only dated monument in Aihole, the Meguti Temple was built atop a small hill in 634
AD.
•Now partly in ruins, possibly never completed, this temple provides an important evidence
of the early development of the Dravidian style of Architecture
•Later it was turned into a temple – first Surya Temple and then Shivalaya.
•Since it is early construction, the pillars are relatively carving free.
•The most beautiful part of the temple is the lattice windows with intricate carvings
taking inspiration from northern temples.
• The carving could have been a later addition to the temple once the appropriate skills
had developed.
•The central square with flat roof houses the Nandi.
•The Nandi is surprisingly completely intact.
•Over the central square there is a broken shikhar which again could be a later addition.
• The temple got its name either from a general or a mendicant who lived here.
Plan – 50’ square
•3 sides walled, two sides of which have perforated stone
grilles
•4th side on east-open pillared porch projecting outwards
•Entered through a 12 pillared portico in an expansion of
the 9 square plan
•Interior consists of a 16 pillared hall like a pillared pavilion
•2 square groups of columns, one within the other thus
providing a double aisle.
Roofing:
•Roofed with huge slabs of stone laid almost flat A ENTRY
•Inclined to permit run off
•Carried on pillars and corbels in imitation of a wood frame
structure
•Stone battens between the roofing stones helped to make it
water tight
•Primitive roofing technique which gave way to successive
layers of horizontal corbelling
Ornamentation:
•The holy shrine was introduced at the end for the
deity.
•Plain square shaft pillars existed
•Bracket capital, neck and wave mouldings
•Handsome jali whose perforations compose
geometrical motifs and relief structures
•Kudu friezes in upper part of the temple base and
around sides of roof – celestial city
•On the roof a little square aedicule has the reliefs of
the 3 divinities-Vishnu, Surya, Devi
•Roof-Joints-covered all along by another stone
•Disproportionate structures
•Wasteful materials used unnecessarily
•The Durga Temple is the most unique temple you have ever seen.
• It almost resembles a mini fort. And therefore probably it is named Durg or a fortress
rather than dedicated to Goddess Durga.
•The sign says that it has apsidal plan but non-apsidal curvilinear shikhar.
•the temple is a delight to look at and is emblematic of Aihole town.
• A colonnaded corridor runs around the temple that allows parikrama or
circumambulation.
•The pillars have some great carvings.
•The garbha griha or the sanctum sanctorum is topped with a broken shikhar.
•The temple was built in the 8th century during the times of the later king Vikramaditya
II.
•The exquisite and detailed carving clearly shows that in 2 centuries since they started
temple construction, the Chalukyan Architecture had reached its peak.
•This is the brahmanical version of the
Buddhist Chaitya hall adapted to suit the
service of the former belief.
•The durga temple which mostly follows
this model was probably erected during
the sixth century.
•The temple includes mukha
mandapa,sabha mandapa and
garbhagriha.
•It has an apsidal ended structure
measuring 60’ by 36’.
pteroma •It is an improvement over the
Ladhkhan Temple
•Derived from the Budhist Chaitya
halls-6th Century
•The temple derives its name from
36
’ Durgadagudi meaning 'temple near the
fort'.
60 24’ •Dedicated to Vishnu,
’
Gabagriha - ardha-mandpa - sabha-mandapa - mukhamandapa
Papanath temple – Pattadakal
•90’ x 30’ in dimension. The Papanath temple erected before the end of the 17 th
century reveals in
•experience in architectural design.
•This plan lacks correct placement of the main parts and a logical inter relationship
between them.
•The sikhara at the eastern end of the building is too short and under sized
•For the LENGHT, low building and the antrala is too big.
•It looks like square assembly hall than a vestibule more like a mandapa than an
ante chamber to the sanctuary.
•Temple has on plan a sanctum (garbhagriha ) surrounded by a
circumambulatory path (pradakshinapatha)
•With devakoshtha pavilions in its three walls, an ardha-mandpa, a sabha-
mandapa and an entrance porch (mukhamandapa)
•There is no Nandi-mandapa but an ornate image of Nandi is housed in the
eastern half of the sabha-mandapa.
•The temple is built on a plinth of five mouldings, embellished with animal
motifs, floral designs and kudus.
• The wall surfaces are relieved with niches (devakoshthas) housing Saiva and
Vaishnava deities and depicting episodes from the Ramayana.
• These niches are topped by various designs of chaitya-arch motifs and
interspersed with perforated windows.
• The amalaka and kalasa are, however, missing.
•Dedicated to Lord Vishnu
•Built as the chief temple after the capital was founded
•Later on converted into Shiva’s temple
•Clearly shows the evolution of the temple
•90’ long. Tower on the eastern end- too small and stunted
•Illogical arrangement of the plan as evolution of the temple took place.
Uncertainty of positioning the elements.
•Antarala or Vestibule is wrongly positioned
•Too large, takes the shape of a square court with 4 pillars.
•Instead of a connecting chamber it becomes another hall.
•Disproportion in plan has created disproportion in elevation.
•Both the plan and the elevation does not harmonize.
•The interior still bears the influence of rock cut architecture .
•The string courses surrounding the building resemble strong braces holding the
structure together. the decoration of the outer surface consisting of repetitions of
elements.
•Of bas relief shrines in a triangular pattern on the canopies, shows little under
standing of architectural ornamentation.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE – PATTADAKAL 740 AD
•This temple, in worship, known as ‘Shri Lokeswara- was built by Lokamahadevi,
the Queen of Vikaramaditya II in A.D.740 to commemorate her husband’s victory
over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.
• All these projections of the sanctum walls carry niches housing images of Saiva and
Vaishnava deities
•It has a beautifully shaped square roof (shikhara) with a round finial kalasa above.
•The whole of the interior of this temple is embellished with elegant carvings and
aesthetically modeled sculptures.
•Episodes from the Ramayana (e.g. abduction of Sita) Mahabharata (e.g. Bhishma
lying in a bed of arrows), Bhagavata (e.g. Krishna lifting the Govardhan mountain) and
Kiratarjuniya (e.g. Arjuna receiving the Pasupatastra from Siva) are depicted on the
pillars of the sabha- mandapa and the pilasters here have the sculptures of amorous
couples and Rati and Manmatha.
• Flora, fauna and geometrical patterns adorn various parts of the temple.
• Doorjambs (dwara-shakhas) with their delicate carvings, pillars and pilasters with
various types of capitals and carvings on their faces
• lintels relieved with animals, birds and architectural motifs, ceilings depicting divine
beings and the majestically standing dwarapalas - attest to the heights reached by the
Chalukyan sculptures.
The Nandi-mandapa situated to the east of the temple, is a square pavilion open on all
the four sides.
Virupaksha Temple
Virupaksha Temple
The Kailash (, Kailasa, Kailasha, Kailasanatha Temple
Kailasanatha) temple is the unmatched
structure in the world situated in Ellora.