> name<-c("Ram", "Raj", "Rajesh", "Raheem", "Rahul")

> age<-c("26", "28", "30", "35", "32")

> height<-c("5.7", "5.9", "5.6", "5.5", "5.8")
> child<-c("TRUE", "FALSE", "TRUE", "FALSE", "TRUE")
>
> data.frame(name, age, height, child)
name age height child
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE
> employees<-data.frame(name, age, height, child)
> employees
name age height child
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE
> employees[3, 2]
[1] 30
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees[3, "age"]
[1] 30
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees[3,]
name age height child
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE
> employees[,3]
[1] 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.8
Levels: 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
> employees
name age height child
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE
> employees(3, 4), c("age", "child")
Error: unexpected ',' in "employees(3, 4),"
> employees[c(3, 4), c("age", "child")]
age child
3 30 TRUE
4 35 FALSE
> employees[c(4,5), c("name", "age", "height")]
name age height
4 Raheem 35 5.5
5 Rahul 32 5.8
> employees[c(1,2), c("name", "age")]
name age
1 Ram 26
2 Raj 28
> employees[c(2,5), c("age", "child")]
age child
2 28 FALSE
5 32 TRUE
> employees[2]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> employees[,2]
[1] 26 28 30 35 32
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees[2]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> employees[3]
height
1 5.7
2 5.9
3 5.6
4 5.5
5 5.8
> employees[4]
child
1 TRUE
2 FALSE
3 TRUE
4 FALSE
5 TRUE
> employees$age
[1] 26 28 30 35 32
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees$child
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
Levels: FALSE TRUE
> employees$name
[1] Ram Raj Rajesh Raheem Rahul
Levels: Raheem Rahul Raj Rajesh Ram
> employees["age"]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> employees[["age"]]
[1] 26 28 30 35 32
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees[2]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> employees[[2]]
[1] 26 28 30 35 32
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> employees["age"]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> employees[2]
age
1 26
2 28
3 30
4 35
5 32
> smoking<-c("yes", "no", "yes", "yes", "no")
> smoking
[1] "yes" "no" "yes" "yes" "no"
> employees$smoking<-smoking
> employees["smoking"]<-smoking
> employees
name age height child smoking
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no
> weight<-c(50, 60, 70, 50, 60)
> cbind(employees$weight)
NULL
> employees
name age height child smoking
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no
> cbind(employees, weight)
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
> employees
name age height child smoking
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no
> employees<-cbind(employees, weight)
> employees
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
> basha<-c("Basha", 30, 5.8, TRUE, "no", 68)
> rbind(employees, basha)
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
6 <NA> 30 5.8 TRUE no 68
> rbind(employees, basha)
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
6 <NA> 30 5.8 TRUE no 68
Warning message:
In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "Basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
> rbind(employees, "basha")
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
6 <NA> <NA> <NA> <NA> basha basha
Warning messages:
1: In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
2: In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
3: In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
4: In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
> rbind(employees, basha)
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
6 <NA> 30 5.8 TRUE no 68
Warning message:
In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "Basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
> rbind(employees, basha)
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
6 <NA> 30 5.8 TRUE no 68
Warning message:
In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = "Basha") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
> employees
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
> sort(employees$age)
[1] 26 28 30 32 35
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> sort[employees$age]
Error in sort[employees$age] :
object of type 'closure' is not subsettable
> sort[(employees$age)]
Error in sort[(employees$age)] :
object of type 'closure' is not subsettable
> sort(employees$age)
[1] 26 28 30 32 35
Levels: 26 28 30 32 35
> ranks
Error: object 'ranks' not found
> ranks<- order(employees$age)
> ranks
[1] 1 2 3 5 4
> employees
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
> employees[ranks,]
name age height child smoking weight
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
> employees[order(employees$age, decreasing = TRUE),]
name age height child smoking weight
4 Raheem 35 5.5 FALSE yes 50
5 Rahul 32 5.8 TRUE no 60
3 Rajesh 30 5.6 TRUE yes 70
2 Raj 28 5.9 FALSE no 60
1 Ram 26 5.7 TRUE yes 50